Reaction Process: Reactome:R-OSA-73817

Adenosine triphosphate

C10H16N5O13P3 (506.9957)

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as atp or atriphos, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside triphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside triphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with a triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Adenosine triphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adenosine triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as lichee, alpine sweetvetch, pecan nut, and black mulberry, which makes adenosine triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Adenosine triphosphate can be found primarily in blood, cellular cytoplasm, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Adenosine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, adenosine triphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(16:0/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), carteolol action pathway, phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis PE(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/15:0), and carfentanil action pathway. Adenosine triphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase deficiency 1 (PEPCK1), propionic acidemia, and the oncogenic action of d-2-hydroxyglutarate in hydroxygluaricaciduria. Moreover, adenosine triphosphate is found to be associated with rachialgia, neuroinfection, stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Adenosine triphosphate is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Adenosine triphosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes. Found in all forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts to either the di- or monophosphates, respectively ADP and AMP. Other processes regenerate ATP such that the human body recycles its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day. It is also a precursor to DNA and RNA . ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells. ATP also plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids. ATP can be produced by various cellular processes, most typically in mitochondria by oxidative phosphorylation under the catalytic influence of ATP synthase. The total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mole. The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 200 to 300 moles of ATP daily. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 2000 to 3000 times during a single day. ATP cannot be stored, hence its consumption must closely follow its synthesis (DrugBank). Metabolism of organophosphates occurs principally by oxidation, by hydrolysis via esterases and by reaction with glutathione. Demethylation and glucuronidation may also occur. Oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides may result in moderately toxic products. In general, phosphorothioates are not directly toxic but require oxidative metabolism to the proximal toxin. The glutathione transferase reactions produce products that are, in most cases, of low toxicity. Paraoxonase (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates. PON1 can inactivate some organophosphates through hydrolysis. PON1 hydrolyzes the active metabolites in several organophosphates insecticides as well as, nerve agents such as soman, sarin, and VX. The presence of PON1 polymorphisms causes there to be different enzyme levels and catalytic efficiency of this esterase, which in turn suggests that different individuals may be more susceptible to the toxic effect of organophosphate exposure (T3DB). ATP is an adenosine 5-phosphate in which the 5-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. It is an adenosine 5-phosphate and a purine ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. It is a conjugate acid of an ATP(3-). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine-5-triphosphate is a natural product found in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arabidopsis thaliana, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine Triphosphate is an adenine nucleotide comprised of three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety, found in all living cells. Adenosine triphosphate is involved in energy production for metabolic processes and RNA synthesis. In addition, this substance acts as a neurotransmitter. In cancer studies, adenosine triphosphate is synthesized to examine its use to decrease weight loss and improve muscle strength. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (A3367, A3368, A3369, A3370, A3371). Adenosine triphosphate is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473). 5′-ATP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-65-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-65-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Adenosine monophosphate

C10H14N5O7P (347.0631)

Adenosine monophosphate, also known as adenylic acid or amp, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenosine monophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adenosine monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as kiwi, taro, alaska wild rhubarb, and skunk currant, which makes adenosine monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Adenosine monophosphate can be found primarily in most biofluids, including blood, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout all human tissues. Adenosine monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, adenosine monophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include josamycin action pathway, methacycline action pathway, nevirapine action pathway, and aspartate metabolism. Adenosine monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria [hhh-syndrome], molybdenum cofactor deficiency, xanthinuria type I, and mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome. Adenosine monophosphate is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a Bitter Blocker additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem sweeter. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Guanine (exact mass = 151.04941) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Adenosine monophosphate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=67583-85-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-19-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction. Adenosine monophosphate is a key cellular metabolite regulating energy homeostasis and signal transduction.

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

C5H13O14P3 (389.9518)

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, also known as PRPP or PRib-PP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate through its interaction with the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. In addition, guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine monophosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. In humans, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is involved in adenosine deaminase deficiency. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is a pentosephosphate and it is the key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase. It plays a role in transferring phosphate groups in several reactions. Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) is a pentosephosphate. The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID P023 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Adenosine diphosphate

C10H15N5O10P2 (427.0294)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. 5′-ADP. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-64-0 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 58-64-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (Adenosine diphosphate) is a nucleoside diphosphate. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. Adenosine 5'-diphosphate induces human platelet aggregation and inhibits stimulated adenylate cyclase by an action at P2T-purinoceptors.

Guanosine diphosphate

C10H15N5O11P2 (443.0243)

Guanosine diphosphate, also known as gdp or 5-diphosphate, guanosine, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Guanosine diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanosine diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as strawberry, onion-family vegetables, walnut, and scarlet bean, which makes guanosine diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanosine diphosphate can be found primarily in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Guanosine diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine diphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include betahistine h1-antihistamine action, fexofenadine h1-antihistamine action, clocinizine h1-antihistamine action, and bepotastine h1-antihistamine action. Guanosine diphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), canavan disease, gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Moreover, guanosine diphosphate is found to be associated with epilepsy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neuroinfection, and stroke. Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine . Guanosine diphosphate, also known as 5-GDP or 5-diphosphate, guanosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Guanosine diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine diphosphate is involved in intracellular signalling through adenosine receptor A2B and adenosine. Outside of the human body, Guanosine diphosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as devilfish, java plums, green beans, almonds, and orange mints. Guanosine diphosphate is a purine ribonucleoside 5-diphosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at the 5 position of guanosine with pyrophosphoric acid. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Guanosine triphosphate

C10H16N5O14P3 (522.9907)

Guanosine-5-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate. It is one of the building blocks needed for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. Its structure is similar to that of the guanosine nucleoside, the only difference being that nucleotides like GTP have phosphates on their ribose sugar. GTP has the guanine nucleobase attached to the 1 carbon of the ribose and it has the triphosphate moiety attached to riboses 5 carbon. GTP is essential to signal transduction, in particular with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) through the action of GTPases. Guanosine triphosphate, also known as 5-GTP or H4GTP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside triphosphates. These are purine ribonucleotides with a triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Thus, a GTP-bound tubulin serves as a cap at the tip of microtubule to protect from depolymerization; and, once the GTP is hydrolyzed, the microtubule begins to depolymerize and shrink rapidly. Guanosine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine triphosphate is involved in intracellular signalling through adenosine receptor A2B and adenosine. Guanosine-5-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate. Outside of the human body, guanosine triphosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), coconuts, new zealand spinachs, sweet marjorams, and pepper (capsicum). Cyclic guanosine triphosphate (cGTP) helps cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activate cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in the olfactory system. It also has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, like that of ATP, but more specific. It is used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis. For instance, a GTP molecule is generated by one of the enzymes in the citric acid cycle. GTP is also used as an energy source for the translocation of the ribosome towards the 3 end of the mRNA. During microtubule polymerization, each heterodimer formed by an alpha and a beta tubulin molecule carries two GTP molecules, and the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP when the tubulin dimers are added to the plus end of the growing microtubule. The importing of these proteins plays an important role in several pathways regulated within the mitochondria organelle, such as converting oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in gluconeogenesis. GTP is involved in energy transfer within the cell. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical energy into specific biosynthetic pathways. GTP activates the signal transducing G proteins which are involved in various cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and activation of several intracellular kinase cascades. Proliferation and apoptosis are regulated in part by the hydrolysis of GTP by small GTPases Ras and Rho. Another type of small GTPase, Rab, plays a role in the docking and fusion of vesicles and may also be involved in vesicle formation. In addition to its role in signal transduction, GTP also serves as an energy-rich precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. [HMDB]. Guanosine triphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are oat, star fruit, lingonberry, and linden. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

AICAR

C9H15N4O8P (338.0627)

Aicar, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides are organic compounds containing the imidazole ring linked to a ribose ring through a 1-2 bond. Aicar is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Aicar can be found in a number of food items such as safflower, greenthread tea, common pea, and wild leek, which makes aicar a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Aicar can be found primarily in saliva, as well as in human skeletal muscle tissue. Aicar exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, aicar is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include azathioprine action pathway, mercaptopurine action pathway, purine metabolism, and thioguanine action pathway. Aicar is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, xanthinuria type II, and gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome. AICAR also known as ZMP is an analog of AMP that is capable of stimulating AMP-dependent protein kinase activity(AMPK). AICAR is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate. AICAR is being clinically used to treat and protect against cardiac ischemic injury. AICAR can enter cardiac cells to inhibit adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase. It enhances the rate of nucleotide re-synthesis increasing adenosine generation from adenosine monophosphate only during conditions of myocardial ischemia. AICAR increases glucose uptake by inducing translocation of GLUT4 and/or by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Corona-virus KEIO_ID A133 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP)

C10H13N4O8P (348.0471)

Inosinic acid, also known as inosine monophosphate, IMP, 5-inosinate or 5-IMP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. IMP is also classified as a nucleotide (a nucleoside monophosphate). Inosinic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. IMP is widely used as a flavor enhancer. In the food industry it is known as E number reference E630. Inosinic acid can be converted into various salts including disodium inosinate (E631), dipotassium inosinate (E632), and calcium inosinate (E633). These three inosinate compounds are used as flavor enhancers for the basic taste umami. These inosinate salts are mostly used in soups, sauces, and seasonings for the intensification and balance of the flavor of meat. Inosinic acid is typically obtained from chicken byproducts or other meat industry waste. Inosinic acid or IMP is important in metabolism. It is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and the first nucleotide formed during the synthesis of purine nucleotides. It can also be formed by the deamination of adenosine monophosphate by AMP deaminase. GMP is formed by the inosinate oxidation to xanthylate (XMP). Within humans, inosinic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, inosinic acid can be converted into phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide; which is catalyzed by the bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein. In addition, inosinic acid can be converted into xanthylic acid; which is catalyzed by the enzyme inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1. Origin: Microbe; Formula(Parent): C10H13N4O8P; Bottle Name:Inosine-5-monophosphate; PRIME Parent Name:Inosine-5-monophosphate; PRIME in-house No.:0258, Purines A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials, COVID-19 Disease Map Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.056 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.057 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Inosinic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

Guanosine monophosphate

C10H14N5O8P (363.058)

Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), also known as 5′-guanidylic acid or guanylic acid (conjugate base guanylate), is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine; hence it is a ribonucleoside monophosphate. Guanosine monophosphate is commercially produced by microbial fermentation. Guanosine monophosphate, also known as guanylic acid or 5-GMP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature. Guanosine monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, guanosine monophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, guanosine triphosphate and guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from diguanosine tetraphosphate through its interaction with the enzyme bis(5-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical]. In addition, guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from guanosine diphosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5. In humans, guanosine monophosphate is involved in the metabolic disorder called the lesch-nyhan syndrome (lns) pathway. Outside of the human body, guanosine monophosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common cabbages, tea, winter squash, spearmints, and sugar apples. Guanosine-5-monophosphate, also known as 5-gmp or guanylic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Guanosine-5-monophosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanosine-5-monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as mustard spinach, swiss chard, watercress, and colorado pinyon, which makes guanosine-5-monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanosine-5-monophosphate can be found primarily in blood and saliva, as well as throughout most human tissues. Guanosine-5-monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine-5-monophosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include clarithromycin action pathway, erythromycin action pathway, minocycline action pathway, and tetracycline action pathway. Guanosine-5-monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency (xanthinuria), aICA-Ribosiduria, and molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Guanosine monophosphate is known as E number reference E626.[7] In the form of its salts, such as disodium guanylate (E627), dipotassium guanylate (E628) and calcium guanylate (E629), are food additives used as flavor enhancers to provide the umami taste.[7] It is often used in synergy with disodium inosinate; the combination is known as disodium 5′-ribonucleotides. Disodium guanylate is often found in instant noodles, potato chips and snacks, savoury rice, tinned vegetables, cured meats, and packet soup. As it is a fairly expensive additive, it is usually not used independently of glutamic acid or monosodium glutamate (MSG), which also contribute umami. If inosinate and guanylate salts are present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be, the glutamic acid is likely provided as part of another ingredient, such as a processed soy protein complex (hydrolyzed soy protein), autolyzed yeast, or soy sauce. 5'-Guanylic acid (5'-GMP) is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway. 5'-Guanylic acid (5'-GMP) is involved in several metabolic disorders, including the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria pathway.

Nadide

[C21H28N7O14P2]+ (664.1169)

[Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

C21H29N7O14P2 (665.1248)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed) [HMDB]. NADH is found in many foods, some of which are dill, ohelo berry, fox grape, and black-eyed pea. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Xanthylic acid

C10H13N4O9P (364.042)

Xanthylic acid, also known as xmp or (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5-phosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. Purine ribonucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Xanthylic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Xanthylic acid can be found in a number of food items such as common grape, black-eyed pea, java plum, and wild rice, which makes xanthylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Xanthylic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, xanthylic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include azathioprine action pathway, glutamate metabolism, mercaptopurine action pathway, and purine metabolism. Xanthylic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, xanthine dehydrogenase deficiency (xanthinuria), and molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Xanthosine monophosphate is an intermediate in purine metabolism. It is a ribonucleoside monophosphate. It is formed from IMP via the action of IMP dehydrogenase, and it forms GMP via the action of GMP synthaseand is) also, XMP can be released from XTP by enzyme deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase containing (d)XTPase activity . Xanthylic acid is an important metabolic intermediate in the Purine Metabolism, and is a product or substrate of the enzymes Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205), Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8), Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.22), 5-Ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.5), Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.17), Nucleoside-triphosphate diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.19), Phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase (EC 6.3.4.1), and glutamine amidotransferase (EC 6.3.5.2). (KEGG) Xanthylic acid can also be used in quantitative measurements of the Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities in purine metabolism. This measurement is important for optimal thiopurine therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). (PMID: 16725387). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

10-Formyltetrahydrofolate

C20H23N7O7 (473.1659)

10-formyltetrahydrofolate, also known as 10-formyl-thf or 10-formyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as tetrahydrofolic acids. Tetrahydrofolic acids are heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with at least one L-glutamic acid unit. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 10-formyltetrahydrofolate can be found in a number of food items such as agave, black salsify, white cabbage, and lemon, which makes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include mercaptopurine action pathway, methionine metabolism, purine metabolism, and folate malabsorption, hereditary. 10-formyltetrahydrofolate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), molybdenum cofactor deficiency, and cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (10-CHO-THF) is a form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-CHO-THF is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions. This is important in purine biosynthesis, where 10-CHO-THF is a substrate for phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase, as well as in the formylation of the methionyl initiator tRNA (fMet-tRNA), when 10-CHO-THF is a substrate for methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase . 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (10-CHO-THF) is form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In particular, 10-CHO-THF is used as a substrate in a number of formyltransferase reactions. It plays an important role in purine biosynthesis, where 10-CHO-THF is a substrate for phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase, as well as in the formylation of the methionyl initiator tRNA (fMet-tRNA), when 10-CHO-THF is a substrate for methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase. 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate is a substrate for Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (mitochondrial), 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, Folylpolyglutamate synthase (mitochondrial), Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH and C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase (cytoplasmic).

Water

H2O (18.0106)

Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .

Pyrophosphate

H4O7P2 (177.9432)

The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Iron

Fe (55.9349)

D001697 - Biomedical and Dental Materials

Tetrahydrofolic acid

C19H23N7O6 (445.171)

Tetrahydrofolate is a soluble coenzyme (vitamin B9) that is synthesized de novo by plants and microorganisms, and absorbed from the diet by animals. It is composed of three distinct parts: a pterin ring, a p-ABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and a polyglutamate chain with a number of residues varying between 1 and 8. Only the tetra-reduced form of the molecule serves as a coenzyme for C1 transfer reactions. In biological systems, the C1-units exist under various oxidation states and the different tetrahydrofolate derivatives constitute a family of related molecules named indistinctly under the generic term folate. (PMID 16042593). Folate is important for cells and tissues that rapidly divide. Cancer cells divide rapidly, and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer. Methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form, tetrahydrofolate. Unfortunately, methotrexate can be toxic, producing side effects such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally. -- Wikipedia; Signs of folic acid deficiency are often subtle. Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders. Women with folate deficiency who become pregnant are more likely to give birth to low birth weight and premature infants, and infants with neural tube defects. In adults, anemia is a sign of advanced folate deficiency. In infants and children, folate deficiency can slow growth rate. Some of these symptoms can also result from a variety of medical conditions other than folate deficiency. It is important to have a physician evaluate these symptoms so that appropriate medical care can be given. -- Wikipedia; Folinic acid is a form of folate that can help rescue or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate. Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy. There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in patients receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy. It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements. -- Wikipedia. Low concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, or vitamin B6 may increase the level of homocysteine, an amino acid normally found in blood. There is evidence that an elevated homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for heart disease and stroke. The evidence suggests that high levels of homocysteine may damage coronary arteries or make it easier for blood clotting cells called platelets to clump together and form a clot. However, there is currently no evidence available to suggest that lowering homocysteine with vitamins will reduce your risk of heart disease. Clinical intervention trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6 can lower your risk of developing coronary heart disease. -- Wikipedia. Tetrahydrofolate is a soluble coenzyme (vitamin B9) that is synthesized de novo by plants and microorganisms, and absorbed from the diet by animals. It is composed of three distinct parts: a pterin ring, a p-ABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and a polyglutamate chain with a number of residues varying between 1 and 8. Only the tetra-reduced form of the molecule serves as a coenzyme for C1 transfer reactions. In biological systems, the C1-units exist under various oxidation states and the different tetrahydrofolate derivatives constitute a family of related molecules named indistinctly under the generic term folate. (PMID 16042593)

Phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide

C10H15N4O9P (366.0577)

This compound is an intermediate in purine metabolism, where it is the byproduct of phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.3) and IMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.10). It is also a byproduct of Ligases (EC 6.3.4.-). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

SAICAR

C13H19N4O12P (454.0737)

SAICAR, also known as succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide or phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide, is a substrate for the multifunctional protein ADE2. SAICAR is an intermediate in purine metabolism. SAICAR is converted from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyribonucleotide (CAIR) via phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthetase (EC: 6.3.2.6) or SAICAR synthase. This enzyme catalyzes the eighth step in the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. SAICAR (a ribotide) can lose its phosphate group leading to the appearance of a riboside known as succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICAriboside) in cerebrospinal fluid, in urine, and, to a lesser extent, in plasma. This particular riboside (called SAICAr) is characteristic of a heritable deficiency known as adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency (ADSL). On the other hand, the ribotide (SAICAR) is generally harmless and is an essential intermediate in purine metabolism. When present in sufficiently high levels, SAICAR can act as an oncometabolite. An oncometabolite is a compound that promotes tumour growth and survival. As an oncometabolite, high levels of SAICAR stimulate pyruvate kinase isoform M2 and promote cancer cell survival in glucose-limited conditions such as aerobic glycolysis (PMID: 23086999). SAICAR (or (S)-2-[5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate) is a substrate for the multifunctional protein ADE2. SAICAR is an intermediate in purine metabolism. (S)-2-[5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate is converted from 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl) imidazole-4-carboxylate via phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase [EC: 6.3.2.6] or SAICAR synthase. This enzyme catalyses the seventh step out of ten in the biosynthesis of purine nucleotides. The appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICAriboside) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and to a lesser extent in plasma is characteristic of a heritable deficiency Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. [HMDB]. SAICAR is found in many foods, some of which are sweet potato, black chokeberry, common wheat, and globe artichoke. SAICAR. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3031-95-6 (retrieved 2024-08-20) (CAS RN: 3031-95-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Hydrogen Ion

H+ (1.0078)

Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])

Trisulfur

S3 (95.9162)

5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine

C5H12NO7P (229.0351)

Phosphate Ion

O4P-3 (94.9534)

N(1)-(5-phospho-D-Ribosyl)glycinamide

C7H15N2O8P (286.0566)

2-Azaniumylacetate

C2H5NO2 (75.032)

Aspartyl adenylate

C14H18N5O11P (463.074)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids

(2S)-2-ammoniobutanedioate

C4H6NO4- (132.0297)

D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018846 - Excitatory Amino Acids

L-glutamate(1-)

C5H8NO4- (146.0453)

An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group

(2S)-5-amino-2-ammonio-5-oxopentanoate

C5H10N2O3 (146.0691)

Hydrogen fumarate

C4H3O4- (115.0031)

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5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole

C8H14N3O7P (295.0569)

N(2)-Formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamide

C8H15N2O9P (314.0515)

A glycinamide ribonucleotide having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a formyl group on the glycine nitrogen.

2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine

C8H16N3O8P (313.0675)