Gene Association: GH2
UniProt Search:
GH2 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: growth hormone 2
found 30 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Coniferaldehyde
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223). Coniferyl aldehyde, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or 4-hm-ca, is a member of the class of compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferyl aldehyde is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Coniferyl aldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as pear, common walnut, kelp, and citrus, which makes coniferyl aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Coniferyl aldehyde is a low molecular weight phenolic compound susceptible to be extracted from cork stoppers into wine . Coniferyl aldehyde is a member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. It has a role as an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of cinnamaldehydes, a phenylpropanoid and a member of guaiacols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamaldehyde. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a natural product found in Pandanus utilis, Microtropis japonica, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells[1]. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells Coniferaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=458-36-6 (retrieved 2024-09-04) (CAS RN: 458-36-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
beta-Lactose
Beta-lactose is the beta-anomer of lactose. beta-Lactose contains a Lactosylceramide motif and is often attached to a Cer aglycon. beta-Lactose is a natural product found in Hypericum perforatum with data available. A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry. Beta-Lactose is the beta-pyranose form of the compound lactose [CCD]. D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives D010592 - Pharmaceutic Aids > D005421 - Flavoring Agents Beta-pyranose form of the compound lactose [CCD] The beta-anomer of lactose. Lactose, a major sugar in the milk of most species, could regulate human’s intestinal microflora. Lactose, a major sugar in the milk of most species, could regulate human’s intestinal microflora. α-Lactose (α-D-Lactose) is the major sugar present in milk. Lactose exists in the form of two anomers, α and β. The α form normally crystallizes as a monohydrate[1][2]. α-Lactose (α-D-Lactose) is the major sugar present in milk. Lactose exists in the form of two anomers, α and β. The α form normally crystallizes as a monohydrate[1][2].
Sinapaldehyde
(E)-sinapaldehyde is a member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. It has a role as an antifungal agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of cinnamaldehydes, a dimethoxybenzene and a member of phenols. It is functionally related to an (E)-cinnamaldehyde. Sinapaldehyde is a natural product found in Stereospermum colais, Aralia bipinnata, and other organisms with data available. A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 5. D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Sinapaldehyde, also known as (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenal or (E)-sinapoyl aldehyde, is a member of the class of compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Sinapaldehyde is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Sinapaldehyde can be synthesized from cinnamaldehyde. Sinapaldehyde can also be synthesized into 4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethoxy-trans-cinnamaldehyde. Sinapaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as angelica, saskatoon berry, rubus (blackberry, raspberry), and lemon verbena, which makes sinapaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this compound is part of the lignin biosynthesis pathway. The enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase uses sinapaldehyde and NADPH to produce sinapyl alcohol and NADP+ . Annotation level-2 Sinapaldehyde exhibits moderate antibacterial against Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli with MIC values of 128 and 128 μg/mL[1]. Sinapaldehyde exhibits moderate antibacterial against Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli with MIC values of 128 and 128 μg/mL[1].
Acetochlor
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1174; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9499; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9495 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1174; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9451; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9447 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1174; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX503; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9445; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9442 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1174; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9479; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9474 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1174; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9585; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9582 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1174; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 9473; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 9469 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 104 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8482 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 3221 D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, also known as 3-hydroxybenzoate or 3-carboxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration in american cranberries and beers. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in a few different foods, such as bilberries, citrus, and corns. As well, 3-Hydroxybenzoic Acid can be found in the pineapple fruit. It can also be formed by a Pseudomonas species from 3-Chlorobenzoic acid. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be obtained by the alkali fusion of 3-sulfobenzoic acid between 210-220 °C. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a component of castoreum, the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the European beaver (Castor fiber), used in perfumery. Present in fruits. Isolated from Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 13 KEIO_ID H019 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 325; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5072; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5067 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 325; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5010; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5009 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 325; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4998; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4994 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 325; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4994; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4991 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 325; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4980; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4977 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 325; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX505; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4981; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4979 D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals KEIO_ID T113
7-Methylguanine
7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882). 7-Methylguanine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882) [HMDB] KEIO_ID M043
4-Hydroxybutyric acid
4-Hydroxybutyric acid (also known as gamma-hydroxybutyrate or GHB) is a precursor and a metabolite of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GHB acts as a central nervous system (CNS) neuromodulator, mediating its effects through GABA and GHB-specific receptors, or by affecting dopamine transmission (PMID: 16620539). GHB occurs naturally in all mammals, but its function remains unknown. GHB is labeled as an illegal drug in most countries, but it also is used as a legal drug (Xyrem) in patients with narcolepsy. It is used illegally (under the street names juice, liquid ecstasy, or G) as an intoxicant for increasing athletic performance and as a date rape drug. In high doses, GHB inhibits the CNS, inducing sleep and inhibiting the respiratory drive. In lower doses, its euphoriant effect predominates (PMID: 17658710). When present in sufficiently high levels, 4-hydroxybutyric acid can act as an acidogen, a neurotoxin, and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A neurotoxin is a compound that adversely affects neural cells and tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 4-hydroxybutyric acid are associated with two inborn errors of metabolism: glutaric aciduria II and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH). SSADH deficiency leads to a 30-fold increase of GHB and a 2-4 fold increase of GABA in the brains of patients with SSADH deficiency as compared to normal brain concentrations of the compounds. As an acidogen, 4-hydroxybutyric acid is an organic acid, and abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Particularly for SSADH deficiency, the most common features observed include developmental delay, hypotonia, and intellectual disability. Nearly half of patients exhibit ataxia, seizures, behaviour problems, and hyporeflexia. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. As a neurotoxin, GHB appears to affect both GABA (a neurotransmitter) signaling and glutamate signaling (another neurotransmitter). Glutamine metabolism may also play a role in the pathophysiology of excessive levels of GHB. High levels of GHB have been shown to depress both the NMDA and AMPA/kainite receptor-mediated functions and may also alter glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission as well. 4-Hydroxybutyric acid is a microbial metabolite found in Aeromonas, Escherichia and Pseudomonas (PMID: 19434404). 4-hydroxybutyric acid may cause bradycardia and dyskinesias.
Chlorpropham
D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2623 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8450 D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals
6-O-Glucosylmaltose
alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-[beta-D-mannopyranosyl-(1->4)]-D-mannose is isolated from partial acid hydrolysates of sickle senna Cassia tora and Lucerne (Medicago sativa) from enzymatic hydrolysates of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba), carob (Ceratonia siliqua) galactomannans. Isolated from the partial acid hydrolysate of amylopectin (waxy rice starch). 6-O-Glucosylmaltose is found in cereals and cereal products. COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
gamma-Butyrolactone
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood. Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates. Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover. Present in morello cherry, melon, pineapple, blackberry, quince, strawberry jam, wine, soybeans, black tea, Bourbon vanilla, wheat bread, crispbread and other breads. Flavour ingredient [DFC]. gamma-Butyrolactone is found in many foods, some of which are yellow bell pepper, pepper (c. annuum), red bell pepper, and pulses. D012997 - Solvents
Nonadecanoic acid
Nonadecanoic acid, also known as n-nonadecanoic acid or nonadecylic acid or C19:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms, with nonadecanoic acid (its ester is called nonadecanoate) having 19 carbon atoms. Nonadecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water). It is a solid with a melting point of 69.4°C. It can be found in bacteria, plants, and animals (including animal milk) (Nature 176:882; PMID: 14168161). It is secreted by termites (Rhinotermes marginalis) as part of its defence mechanism (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 71:731). Nonadecanoic acid is a C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth. It has a role as a fungal metabolite. It is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and a long-chain fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a nonadecanoate. Nonadecanoic acid is a natural product found in Staphisagria macrosperma, Malva sylvestris, and other organisms with data available. An odd-numbered long chain fatty acid, likely derived from bacterial or plant sources. Nonadecanoic acid has been found in ox fats and vegetable oils. It is also used by certain insects as a phermone. [HMDB]. A C19 straight-chain fatty acid of plant or bacterial origin. An intermediate in the biodegradation of n-icosane, it has been shown to inhibit cancer growth. Nonadecanoic acid is a 19-carbon long saturated fatty acid. Nonadecanoic acid is the major constituent of the substance secreted by Rhinotermes marginalis to defence[1]. Nonadecanoic acid is a 19-carbon long saturated fatty acid. Nonadecanoic acid is the major constituent of the substance secreted by Rhinotermes marginalis to defence[1].
3-Hydroxybenzoicacid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
4-Hydroxybutyric acid
A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.
gamma-Butyrolactone
A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. D012997 - Solvents
carob galactomannan
chlorpropham
D006133 - Growth Substances > D010937 - Plant Growth Regulators D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Ferulaldehyde
Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells[1]. Coniferaldehyde (Ferulaldehyde) is an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Coniferaldehyde exerts anti-inflammatory properties in response to LPS. Coniferaldehyde inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis through the PKCα/β II/Nrf-2/HO-1 dependent pathway in RAW264.7 macrophage cells[1].
AI3-36442
Nonadecanoic acid is a 19-carbon long saturated fatty acid. Nonadecanoic acid is the major constituent of the substance secreted by Rhinotermes marginalis to defence[1]. Nonadecanoic acid is a 19-carbon long saturated fatty acid. Nonadecanoic acid is the major constituent of the substance secreted by Rhinotermes marginalis to defence[1].
Galactomannan
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2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D016573 - Agrochemicals
