Classification Term: 2187
Proline and derivatives (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0004322)
Compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom." []
found 57 associated metabolites at no_class-level_7 metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Alpha amino acids and derivatives
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
L-Proline
Proline (Pro), also known as L-proline is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Proline is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Proline is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Proline is derived from the amino acid L-glutamate in which glutamate-5-semialdehyde is first formed by glutamate 5-kinase and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (which requires NADH or NADPH). This semialdehyde can then either spontaneously cyclize to form 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, which is reduced to proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, or turned into ornithine by ornithine aminotransferase, followed by cyclization by ornithine cyclodeaminase to form proline. L-Proline has been found to act as a weak agonist of the glycine receptor and of both NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. It has been proposed to be a potential endogenous excitotoxin/neurotoxin. Studies in rats have shown that when injected into the brain, proline non-selectively destroys pyramidal and granule cells (PMID: 3409032 ). Therefore, under certain conditions proline can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of proline are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. People with hyperprolinemia type I often do not show any symptoms even though they have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with hyperprolinemia type I exhibit seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological or psychiatric problems. Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Hyperprolinemia type II has signs and symptoms that vary in severity and is more likely than type I to involve seizures or intellectual disability. L-proline is pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a proline and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-prolinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-prolinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-proline. It is a tautomer of a L-proline zwitterion. Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Proline is a cyclic, nonessential amino acid (actually, an imino acid) in humans (synthesized from glutamic acid and other amino acids), Proline is a constituent of many proteins. Found in high concentrations in collagen, proline constitutes almost a third of the residues. Collagen is the main supportive protein of skin, tendons, bones, and connective tissue and promotes their health and healing. (NCI04) L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.
Trans-4-hydroxyproline
Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is an optically active form of 4-hydroxyproline having L-trans-configuration. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a tautomer of a trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion. Hydroxyproline is a neutral heterocyclic protein amino acid. It is found in collagen and as such it is common in many gelatin products. Hydroxyproline is mostly used as a diagnostic marker of bone turnover and liver fibrosis. Therapeutically, hydroxyproline is being studied as an an experimental medicine but is approved in France as a combination topical gel product called Cicactive for small, superficial wounds. Hydroxyproline is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Hydroxyproline is a nonessential amino acid derivative formed during post-translational protein modification through hydroxylation of the amino acid proline by the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase which requires vitamin C as a co-factor. Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen and plays a key role in the stability of the collagen triple helix. It can be used as an indicator to determine the amount of collagen. Increased hydroxyproline levels in the urine and/or serum are normally associated with degradation of connective tissue. Vitamin C deficiency decreases the conversion of proline to hydroxyproline, which leads to reduced collagen stability. 4-Hydroxyproline (or hydroxyproline or Hyp) is a major component of the protein collagen. Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline and is, therefore, a post-translationally modified amino acid. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability. In particular, they permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. Hydroxyproline is found in few proteins other than collagen. The only other mammalian protein which includes hydroxyproline is elastin. For this reason, hydroxyproline content has been used as an indicator to determine collagen and/or gelatin amount in tissue or biological samples. Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline have been found in Pagets disease Hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in biological fluids is used as a parameter of collagen catabolism, especially bone resorption or tissue degradation. Bedridden and elderly individuals show significantly elevated serum levels of hydroxyproline in comparison to normal, active individuals Elevated levels of urinary hydroxyproline are also indicative of muscle damage Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also known to accelerate collagen degradation. Hydroxyproline levels increase in cases of depression and stress (A3486, A3487, A3488, A3489). See also: Hydroxyproline; niacinamide (component of); Hydroxyproline; octinoxate (component of) ... View More ... 4-Hydroxyproline (hydroxyproline or Hyp) is a major component of the protein collagen. Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline and is, therefore, a post-translationally modified, non-essential amino acid. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles in collagen stability. In particular, they permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. Hydroxyproline is found in few proteins other than collagen. The only other mammalian protein which includes hydroxyproline is elastin. For this reason, hydroxyproline content has been used as an indicator to determine collagen and/or gelatin amount in tissue or biological samples. Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline have been found in Pagets disease (PMID: 436278). Hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in biological fluids is used as a parameter of collagen catabolism, especially bone resorption or tissue degradation. Bedridden and elderly individuals show significantly elevated serum levels of hydroxyproline in comparison to normal, active individuals (PMID: 10706420). Elevated levels of urinary hydroxyproline are also indicative of muscle damage (PMID: 21988268). Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also known to accelerate collagen degradation. Hydroxyproline levels increase in cases of depression and stress (PMID: 21483218). 4-Hydroxyproline is found to be associated with Alzheimers disease, and also hydroxyprolinemia and iminoglycinuria which are both inborn errors of metabolism. 4-Hydroxyproline is also involved in metabolic disorders such as hyperprolinemia type I, hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy (HOGA), L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, creatine deficiency, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation (PubChem). trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline is a biomarker for the consumption of processed meat. Constituent of proteins [DFC]. 4-hydroxyproline is a biomarker for the consumption of processed meat An optically active form of 4-hydroxyproline having L-trans-configuration. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.
N-Methyl-L-proline
N-Methyl-L-proline, also known as N-methyl-L-proline, (2S)-1-methylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, hydric acid, or monomethyl proline, is classified as a proline or a proline derivative. It is not naturally produced by humans and can only be obtained from the diet. In particular, it is a metabolically inert cell protectant found in many plants and is used by plants to protect against extremes in osmolarity and growth temperatures. N-Methyl-L-proline is found in the fruit juices of yellow orange, blood orange, lemon, mandarin, and bitter orange (PMID: 21838291). N-methylproline is an L-proline derivative obtained by replacement of the amino hydrogen by a methyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a L-proline derivative and a tertiary amino compound. It is a tautomer of a N-methylproline zwitterion. An L-proline derivative obtained by replacement of the amino hydrogen by a methyl group. Hygric acid (N-Methyl-L-proline) is a proline analogue found in the citrus juices and the juice of bergamot[1].
Cis-Hydroxyproline
Cis 4-hydroxyproline, also known as L-allo-hydroxyproline or (2s,4s)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, belongs to proline and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Cis 4-hydroxyproline is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Cis 4-hydroxyproline can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, wheat, nanking cherry, and oat, which makes cis 4-hydroxyproline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline is l-Proline in which a hydrogen at the 4-position of the pyrrolidine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group (S-configuration). It has a role as a metabolite. It is a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid and a 4-hydroxyproline. It is a tautomer of a cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion. A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. cis-4-Hydroxyproline is classified as a proline derivative. It is considered to be a soluble (in water), acidic compound. cis-4-Hydroxyproline can be found in numerous foods such as dills, green zucchinis, saskatoon berries, and Japanese pumpkins. L-Proline in which a hydrogen at the 4-position of the pyrrolidine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group (S-configuration). [Spectral] 4-Hydroxy-L-proline (exact mass = 131.05824) and L-Threonine (exact mass = 119.05824) and Taurine (exact mass = 125.01466) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. KEIO_ID H004 cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a proline analogue, is an inhibitor of collagen production. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline could inhibit fibroblast growth by preventing the deposition of triple-helical collagen on the cell layer. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline also depresses the growth of primary N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors[1][2][3][4]. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline, a proline analogue, is an inhibitor of collagen production. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline could inhibit fibroblast growth by preventing the deposition of triple-helical collagen on the cell layer. cis-4-Hydroxy-L-proline also depresses the growth of primary N-nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors[1][2][3][4]. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.
Captopril
Captopril is a potent, competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Captopril may be used in the treatment of hypertension. C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C783 - Protease Inhibitor > C247 - ACE Inhibitor D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline
Trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline is a substrate for: Trans-L-3-hydroxyproline dehydratase.
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. It may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration. Clindamycin, also known as cleocin or 7-CDL, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Clindamycin is a drug. Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). In humans, clindamycin is involved in clindamycin action pathway. Orally and parenterally administered clindamycin has been associated with severe colitis (pseudomembranous colitis) which may result in patient death. Use of the topical formulation of clindamycin results in absorption of the antibiotic from the skin surface. Clindamycin is a potentially toxic compound. Rapidly absorbed after oral administration with peak serum concentrations observed after about 45 minutes. Oral; topical; parenteral (intramuscular, intravenous). Systemic/vaginal clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis of bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits of the bacteria. Clindamycin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=18323-44-9 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 18323-44-9). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Lincomycin
Lincomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [PubChem]Lincomycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the 50 S subunits of bacterial ribosomes and preventing peptide bond formation upon transcription. It is usually considered bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used against highly susceptible organisms. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use > J01F - Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins > J01FF - Lincosamides D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D055231 - Lincosamides D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011500 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitors C784 - Protein Synthesis Inhibitor > C82922 - Lincosamide Antibiotic C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic
Fosinopril
Fosinopril is a phosphinic acid-containing ester prodrug that belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of medications. It is rapidly hydrolyzed to fosinoprilat, its principle active metabolite. Fosinoprilat inhibits ACE, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Fosinopril may be used to treat mild to moderate hypertension, as an adjunct in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and to slow the rate of progression of renal disease in hypertensive individuals with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy. C - Cardiovascular system > C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system > C09A - Ace inhibitors, plain > C09AA - Ace inhibitors, plain D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D000806 - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3324
Stachydrine
Proline betaine is an osmoprotective compound found in urine. It is thought to serve an osmoprotective role for the kidney. Proline betaine is a glycine betaine analogue found in many citrus foods. Elevated levels of proline betaine in human urine are found after the consumption of citrus fruits and juices (PMID: 18060588). Proline betaine is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. Alkaloid from Citrus spp Medicago sativa and Stachys subspecies(alfalfa). L-Stachydrine or also called proline betaine is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits. L-Stachydrine is found in many foods, some of which are capers, pulses, lemon, and alfalfa. Proline betaine, also known as stachydrine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Proline betaine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Proline betaine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within capers (Capparis spinosa). Proline betaine has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as soy beans (Glycine max), crosnes (Stachys affinis), domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica), limes (Citrus aurantiifolia), and triticales (X Triticosecale rimpaui). This could make proline betaine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Proline betaine is a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Proline betaine. Stachydrine is a major constituent of Chinese herb leonurus heterophyllus sweet used to promote blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Stachydrine can inhibit the NF-κB signal pathway. Stachydrine is a major constituent of Chinese herb leonurus heterophyllus sweet used to promote blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Stachydrine can inhibit the NF-κB signal pathway.
Betonicine
Betonicine (4-hydroxy-L-prolinebetaine) and its cis isomer, turicine, are naturally occurring substituted pyrrolidines. It is not naturally produced by humans and can only be obtained through consumption of certain plant products. Betonicine was used as an analgesic 1000 years ago and is still available commercially from herbalists today. Betonicine has been isolated from Achillea millefolium L. (common yarrow) and probably from A. atrata L. (black yarrow); it is an alkaloid. Betonicine has been identified as a metabolically inert cell protectant that protects plants against extremes in osmolarity and growth temperatures. Betonicine is found in the fruit juices of yellow orange, blood orange, lemon, mandarin and bitter orange (PMID: 21838291) KEIO_ID B090
Quercetin 3-O-sophoroside
D004396 - Coloring Agents > D050858 - Betalains
N-Nitrosoproline
N-nitrosoproline belongs to the family of Pyrrolidine Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are compounds containing a pyrrolidine ring which bears a carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof.
D-Proline
D-proline is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid, L-Proline. D-amino acids have been found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva (PMID: 16480744). These amino acids may be of bacterial origin, but there is also evidence that they are endogenously produced through amino acid racemase activity. (PMID: 1426150) [HMDB] D-proline is an isomer of the naturally occurring amino acid, L-Proline. D-amino acids have been found in relatively high abundance in human plasma and saliva (PMID: 16480744). These amino acids may be of bacterial origin, but there is also evidence that they are endogenously produced through amino acid racemase activity (PMID: 1426150). (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite. (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline
cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxyl group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. KEIO_ID H048 cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline is a precursor of conformationally restricted PNA adenine monomer. cis-4-Hydroxy-D-proline can be used to study the specificity and kinetics of D-alanine dehydrogenase[1][2].
DL-Proline
Proline, also known as dl-proline or hpro, belongs to proline and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Proline is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Proline can be found in a number of food items such as yellow zucchini, swiss chard, spinach, and cucumber, which makes proline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Proline (abbreviated as Pro or P; encoded by the codons CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated NH2+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain pyrrolidine, classifying it as a nonpolar (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate . CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 53 (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite. (R)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
Dehydronuciferine
Dehydronuciferine is found in coffee and coffee products. Dehydronuciferine is an alkaloid from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera (East Indian lotus). Dehydronuciferine is an isoquinoline alkaloid. Dehydronuciferine is a natural product found in Nelumbo nucifera with data available. Dehydronuciferine is isolated from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, a acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 25 μg/mL[1]. Dehydronuciferine is isolated from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, a acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor with an IC50 of 25 μg/mL[1].
3-Hydroxy-L-proline
Constituent of collagen and the antibiotic Telomycin (Combined Chemical Dictionary).
4-Hydroxystachydrine
4-hydroxystachydrine is a biomarker of citrus consumption found in urine.
N-Acetylproline
N-Acetyl-L-proline or N-Acetylproline, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetylproline can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetylproline is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-proline. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\% of all human proteins and 68\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetylproline can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free proline can also occur. Many N-acetylamino acids, including N-acetylproline are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557).
D-1-Amino-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
D-1-Amino-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is obtained from linseed mea
Penmacric acid
Penmacric acid is a constituent of the seeds of the famine feed Pentaclethra macrophylla
L-cis-4-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
(2R,4S)-4-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in fruits. (2R,4S)-4-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is a constituent of the seeds of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat). Constituent of the seeds of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat). (2R,4S)-4-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in fruits.
L-cis-3-Amino-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
L-cis-3-Amino-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in mushrooms. L-cis-3-Amino-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is isolated from Morchella esculenta (common morel
L-trans-4-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
L-trans-4-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in pomes. L-trans-4-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is a constituent of young apple fruit and perry
(2S,3'S)-alpha-Amino-2-carboxy-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidinebutanoic acid
(2S,3S)-alpha-Amino-2-carboxy-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidinebutanoic acid is found in mushrooms. (2S,3S)-alpha-Amino-2-carboxy-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidinebutanoic acid is a amino acid from the basidiomycete Lactarius piperatus. Amino acid from the basidiomycete Lactarius piperatus. (2S,3S)-alpha-Amino-2-carboxy-5-oxo-1-pyrrolidinebutanoic acid is found in mushrooms.
Ascorbalamic acid
Ascorbalamic acid is found in brassicas. Ascorbalamic acid is a constituent of cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
(±)-4-Methylene-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
(±)-4-Methylene-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in fruits. (±)-4-Methylene-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is present in loquat seeds (Eriobotrya japonica Present in loquat seeds (Eriobotrya japonica). (±)-4-Methylene-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in fruits.
(2S,2'S)-Pyrosaccharopine
(2S,2S)-Pyrosaccharopine is found in cereals and cereal products. (2S,2S)-Pyrosaccharopine is isolated from edible dried shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum). Isolated from edible dried shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and buckwheat seeds (Fagopyrum esculentum). (2S,2S)-Pyrosaccharopine is found in mushrooms and cereals and cereal products.
Nigellimine N-oxide
Nigellimine N-oxide is found in herbs and spices. Minor alkaloid from the seeds of Nigella sativa (blcak cumin).
2-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-carboxy-1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienylidene]pyrrolidinium
2-Carboxy-1-[5-(2-carboxy-1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienylidene]pyrrolidinium is a maillard product from reaction of L-proline and 2-Furancarboxaldehyde
N-(1-Deoxy-1-fructosyl)proline
Fructose aminoacids are naturally occurring compounds derived from D-fructose and L-aminoacids. They are amadori products resulting from sugar-aminoacid interactions in food products, especially cooked foods [CCD] N-(1-Deoxy-1-fructosyl)proline is classified as a Natural Food Constituent (code WA) in the DFC.
(2R,3S)-3-Hydroxy-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium-2-carboxylate
(2R,4S)-Pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
(2R,4S)-1-(Tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
2-(1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-4-{[5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid
3-Hydroxyproline
Constituent of collagen. L-trans-3-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid is found in animal foods.
Clindamycin phosphate
eribaxaban
Ivosidenib
Phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine nitrile
[(2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoyl] (2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylate
Alpelisib
L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01E - Protein kinase inhibitors > L01EM - Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (pi3k) inhibitors C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C2152 - Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C129825 - Antineoplastic Enzyme Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C1742 - Angiogenesis Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor
