Classification Term: 1620
Acyclic diterpenoids (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001357)
Diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle." []
found 68 associated metabolites at category metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Diterpenoids
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
(all-E)-Crocetin
Crocetin is a 20-carbon dicarboxylic acid which is a diterpenoid and natural carotenoid. Found in the crocus flower, it has been administered as an anti-fatigue dietary supplement. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a metabolite and an antioxidant. It is a carotenoic acid, a diterpenoid and a polyunsaturated dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a crocetin(2-). Vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma. Crocetin is a natural product found in Verbascum lychnitis, Gardenia jasminoides, and other organisms with data available. cis-Crocetin is found in herbs and spices. cis-Crocetin is occurs as glycoside in saffro COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Occurs as glycoside in saffron. cis-Crocetin is found in herbs and spices. D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Phytol
Phytol, also known as trans-phytol or 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, phytol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Phytol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phytol can be found in a number of food items such as salmonberry, rose hip, malus (crab apple), and black raspberry, which makes phytol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phytol can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol that can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. In ruminants, the gut fermentation of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, which is then converted to phytanic acid and stored in fats. In shark liver it yields pristane . Phytol is a diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a schistosomicide drug and an algal metabolite. It is a diterpenoid and a long-chain primary fatty alcohol. Phytol is a natural product found in Elodea canadensis, Wendlandia formosana, and other organisms with data available. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol and a constituent of chlorophyll. Phytol is commonly used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Furthermore, phytol also was shown to modulate transcription in cells via transcription factors PPAR-alpha and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Acyclic diterpene used in making synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Phytol is a natural linear diterpene alcohol which is used in the preparation of vitamins E and K1. It is also a decomposition product of chlorophyll. It is an oily liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. -- Wikipedia. A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1].
Geranylgeranyl-PP
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, also known as geranylgeranyl-PP or GGPP, is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. This compound belongs to the family of acyclic diterpenes. These are diterpenes (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, GGPP is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. GGPP is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. [HMDB]. Geranylgeranyl-PP is found in many foods, some of which are burdock, longan, calabash, and cloves.
alpha-Bixin
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Principal colouring matter of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds [DFC] Principal colouring matter of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds. Bixin (BX), isolated from the seeds of Bixa orellana, is a carotenoid, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation[1].
Phytanate
Phytanic acid (or 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a 20-carbon branched-chain fatty acid that humans can obtain through the consumption of dairy products, ruminant animal fats, and certain fish. It is primarily formed by bacterial degradation of chlorophyll in the intestinal tract of ruminants. Unlike most fatty acids, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation (because of a methyl group in the beta position). Instead, it undergoes alpha-oxidation in the peroxisome, where it is converted into pristanic acid by the removal of one carbon. Pristanic acid can undergo several rounds of beta-oxidation in the peroxisome to form medium-chain fatty acids that can be converted into carbon dioxide and water in mitochondria. Refsum disease, an autosomal recessive neurological disorder caused by mutations in the PHYH gene, is characterized by having impaired alpha-oxidation activity. Individuals with Refsum disease accumulate large stores of phytanic acid in their blood and tissues. This frequently leads to peripheral polyneuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, and hearing loss. Therefore, chronically high levels of phytanic acid can be neurotoxic. Phytanic acids neurotoxicity appears to lie in its ability to initiate astrocyte/neural cell death by activating the mitochondrial route of apoptosis. In particular, phytanic acid can induce the substantial generation of reactive oxygen species in isolated mitochondria as well as in intact cells. It also induces the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid, Phytanic acid is present in animal (primarily herbivores or omnivores) tissues where it may be derived from the chlorophyll in consumed plant material. Phytanic acid derives from the corresponding alcohol, phytol, and is ultimately oxidized into pristanic acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (Refsum disease) this lipid may comprise as much as 30\\% of the total fatty acids in plasma. These high levels in Refsum disease (a neurological disorder) are due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.; A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (Refsum disease) this lipid may comprise as much as 30\\% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. [HMDB]
2-hydroxyphytanic acid
A methylated long-chain hyroxy fatty acid formed during alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid by liver mitochondria and peroxisomes, but it is detected in tissues only in patients with peroxisomal disorders.
Phytyl diphosphate
Phytyl diphosphate participates in biosynthesis of steroids as well as porphyrin and metabolism. Phytyl diphosphate is produced from Geranylgeranyl diphosphate in biosynthesis of steroids. [HMDB]. Phytyl diphosphate is found in many foods, some of which are highbush blueberry, wild leek, evergreen huckleberry, and allium (onion). Phytyl diphosphate participates in biosynthesis of steroids as well as porphyrin and metabolism. Phytyl diphosphate is produced from Geranylgeranyl diphosphate in biosynthesis of steroids.
Norbixin
Norbixin is a water-soluble food colour. Commercial forms contain mixtures of isomers and their methyl esters. Norbixin is used to colour butter, margarine and other fat-related products. Upon exposure to alkali, the bixins methyl ester is hydrolyzed to produce the dicarboxylic acid norbixin, a water-soluble derivative. Bixin is an apocarotenoid found in annatto, a natural food coloring obtained from the seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana). (Wikipedia Water-soluble food colour. Commercial forms contain mixts. of isomers and their Me esters. It is used to colour butter, margarine and other fat-related products D000074385 - Food Ingredients > D005503 - Food Additives > D005505 - Food Coloring Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D004396 - Coloring Agents
(3S,6E,10E)-1,6,10,14-Phytatetraen-3-ol
(3S,6E,10E)-1,6,10,14-Phytatetraen-3-ol is found in herbs and spices. (3S,6E,10E)-1,6,10,14-Phytatetraen-3-ol is a constituent of Jasmine oil Constituent of Jasmine oil. (3S,6E,10E)-1,6,10,14-Phytatetraen-3-ol is found in tea and herbs and spices.
Beta-1,4-D-Mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol
Beta-1,4-D-Mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol is a lipid-linked oligosaccharide. It is part of the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway. Beta-1,4-D-Mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol is formed by chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.142) via the reaction: GDP-mannose + chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol = GDP + beta-(1->4)-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol. It is also a reactant or product of glycolipid 3-alpha-mannosyltransferase or mannosyltransferase II. This enzyme transfers an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose to a lipid-linked (dolichol) oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage. [HMDB] Beta-1,4-D-Mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol is a lipid-linked oligosaccharide. It is part of the N-glycan biosynthesis pathway. Beta-1,4-D-Mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol is formed by chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.142) via the reaction: GDP-mannose + chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol = GDP + beta-(1->4)-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol. It is also a reactant or product of glycolipid 3-alpha-mannosyltransferase or mannosyltransferase II. This enzyme transfers an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose to a lipid-linked (dolichol) oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.
2-cis,6-trans,10-trans-Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
This compound belongs to the family of Acyclic Diterpenes. These are diterpenes (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle.
beta-Bixin
beta-Bixin is a constituent of the pigment annatto found in Bixa orellana (achiote). Annatto has been linked with many cases of food-related allergies, and is the only natural food coloring believed to cause as many allergic-type reactions as artificial food coloring. Because it is a natural colorant, companies using annatto may label their products "all natural" or "no artificial colors". Annatto, sometimes called Roucou, is a derivative of the achiote trees of tropical regions of the Americas, used to produce a red food coloring and also as a flavoring. Its scent is described as "slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly sweet and peppery". It is a major ingredient in the popular spice blend "Sazn" made by Goya Foods D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) Beta-Bixin is a diterpenoid. Bixin (BX), isolated from the seeds of Bixa orellana, is a carotenoid, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-oxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation[1].
meso-Pristane
Pristane is a norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group. It has a role as a biomarker and an immunological adjuvant. It is a norterpene and a long-chain alkane. Pristane is a natural product found in Salvia officinalis, Sergia lucens, and Cynomorium songaricum with data available. Pristane is a natural or synthetic isoprenoid hydrocarbon (C19) derivative, Pristane is commonly used in research to prime the abdomen prior to hybridoma implantation in experimental animals. An irritant that induces granulomatous inflammation and interferes with local lymphatic drainage, it increases ascitic yields. Pristane has a low margin of safety and is toxic at levels slightly higher than used to prime animals. (NCI04) See also: Shark Liver Oil (part of). Meso-pristane, also known as 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane or norphytan, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Meso-pristane can be found in fishes, which makes meso-pristane a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. meso-Pristane is found in fishes. meso-Pristane is isolated from fish liver oi D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens Pristane (Norphytane) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon oil found in small quantities in many plants, in various marine organisms, and as the most active component of mineral oil[1]. Pristane is a non-antigenic adjuvant, and induces MHC class II-restricted, arthritogenic T cells in the rat[2]. Pristane (Norphytane) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon oil found in small quantities in many plants, in various marine organisms, and as the most active component of mineral oil[1]. Pristane is a non-antigenic adjuvant, and induces MHC class II-restricted, arthritogenic T cells in the rat[2].
3D,7D,11D-Phytanic acid
3D,7D,11D-Phytanic acid is an isomer of Phytanic acid, an unusual 20-carbon branched-chain fatty acid; Phytanic acid accumulates in blood and tissues of patients with Refsum disease (RD, an inborn error of lipid metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (OMIM 266500)), and is a reliable identifier of RD from a large number of other neurological disorders. Phytanic acid also accumulates in a number of other disorders with a very different clinical course: disorders of peroxisome biogenesis (Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510)) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, type 1 (OMIM 215100). Phytanic acid is a 3-methyl fatty acid that cannot be beta-oxidized directly, and first undergoes an alpha-oxidation a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, which is deficient in RD, the only true disorder of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease).
Cavipetin D
Cavipetin D is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin D is a constituent of the edible mushroom (Boletinus cavipes) Constituent of the edible mushroom (Boletinus cavipes). Cavipetin D is found in mushrooms.
Cavipetin C
Cavipetin C is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin C is a constituent of the edible mushroom Boletinus cavipes Constituent of the edible mushroom Boletinus cavipes. Cavipetin C is found in mushrooms.
Phytyl acetate
Phytyl acetate is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]") It is used as a food additive .
Cavipetin A
Cavipetin A is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin A is a constituent of the edible mushroom Boletinus cavipes Constituent of the edible mushroom Boletinus cavipes. Cavipetin A is found in mushrooms.
Cavipetin B
Cavipetin B is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin B is a constituent of the edible mushroom (Boletinus cavipes) Constituent of the edible mushroom (Boletinus cavipes). Cavipetin B is found in mushrooms.
Methyl (9Z)-8'-oxo-6,8'-diapo-6-carotenoate
Methyl (9Z)-8-oxo-6,8-diapo-6-carotenoate is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto).
6,10,14-Trimethyl-5,9,13-pentadecatrien-2-one
Farnesylacetone is found in garden tomato. Farnesylacetone is present in tomatoe It is used as a food additive .
Methyl (9Z)-6'-oxo-6,5'-diapo-6-carotenoate
Methyl (9Z)-6-oxo-6,5-diapo-6-carotenoate is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto).
cis-Methylbixin
cis-Methylbixin is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto). Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto)
6-Geranylgeranyl 8'-methyl 6,8'-diapocarotene-6,8'-dioate
6-Geranylgeranyl 8-methyl 6,8-diapocarotene-6,8-dioate is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds
trans-Geranylgeranylbixin
trans-Geranylgeranylbixin is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds.
(+)-Aspidospermidine
(+)-Aspidospermidine is an alkaloid from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho
Pristanate
Pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) is a terpenoid acid present at micromolar concentrations in the plasma of healthy individuals. It is also found in the lipids from many sources such as freshwater sponges, krill, earthworms, whales, human milk fat, bovine depot fat, butterfat or Californian petroleum. It is usually present in combination with phytanic acid. In humans, pristanic acid is obtained from two sources: either directly from the diet or as the alpha oxidation product of phytanic acid. At physiological concentrations pristanic acid is a natural ligand for PPARalpha. In liver, pristanic acid is degraded by peroxisomal beta oxidation to propionyl-CoA. Together with phytanic acid, pristanic acid accumulates in several inherited disorders such as Zellweger syndrome. Pristanic acid is a branched chain fatty acid that arises from the breakdown of phytanic acid. It is present at micromolar concentrations in the plasma of healthy individuals. Pristanic acid is normally degraded by peroxisomal beta-oxidation. In patients affected with generalized peroxisomal disorders, degradation of both phytanic acid and pristanic acid is impaired owing to absence of functional peroxisomes. Pristanic acid has been found to activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {alpha} (PPAR{alpha}) in a concentration dependent manner. Component of butterfat and sheep perinephric fat
Phytal
Constituent of Tetragonia tetragonoides (New Zealand spinach). Phytal is found in green vegetables and new zealand spinach. Phytal is found in green vegetables. Phytal is a constituent of Tetragonia tetragonoides (New Zealand spinach)
Digeranyl
Digeranyl is found in citrus. Digeranyl is isolated from bergamot oi Isolated from bergamot oil. Digeranyl is found in citrus.
Methyl (9Z)-6'-oxo-6,6'-diapo-6-carotenoate
Methyl (9Z)-6-oxo-6,6-diapo-6-carotenoate is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto).
gamma-Crocetin
gamma-Crocetin is found in herbs and spices. gamma-Crocetin is isolated from saffro Isolated from saffron. gamma-Crocetin is found in saffron and herbs and spices. Crocetine dimethyl ester (Dimethylcrocetin) is found in the stigmas of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), and has antioxidant activity[1].
Geranylcitronellol
Geranylcitronellol is found in fruits. Geranylcitronellol is isolated from Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date Isolated from Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date). Geranylcitronellol is found in fruits.
3L,7D,11D-Phytanic acid
3L,7D,11D-Phytanic acid is an isomer of Phytanic acid, an unusual 20-carbon branched-chain fatty acid; Phytanic acid accumulates in blood and tissues of patients with Refsum disease (RD, an inborn error of lipid metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (OMIM 266500)), and is a reliably identifier of RD from a large number of other neurological disorders. Phytanic acid also accumulates in a number of other disorders with a very different clinical course: disorders of peroxisome biogenesis (Zellweger syndrome (OMIM 214100), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (OMIM 202370), infantile Refsum disease (OMIM 266510)) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, type 1 (OMIM 215100). Phytanic acid is a 3-methyl fatty acid that cannot be beta-oxidized directly, and first undergoes an alpha-oxidation a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, which is deficient in RD, the only true disorder of phytanic acid alpha-oxidation. (The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease). 3L,7D,11D-Phytanic acid is an isomer of Phytanic acid, an unusual 20-carbon branched-chain fatty acid; Phytanic acid accumulates in blood and tissues of patients with Refsum disease (RD, an inborn error of lipid metabolism inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (OMIM 266500)), and is a reliably identifier of RD from a large number of other neurological disorders.
Pristanal
Intermediate in the metabolism of phytanic acid and pristanic acid [HMDB] Intermediate in the metabolism of phytanic acid and pristanic acid. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Homophytanic acid
Homophytanic acid is a very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) that is a derivative of phytanic acid. It is a branched chain fatty acid that has a methyl group in the gamma position. A very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) that is a derivative of phytanic acid. It is a branched chain fatty acid that has a methyl group in the gamma position. [HMDB]
Geranylgeranylcysteine
C23H37NO3S (407.2494012000001)
Geranylgeranylcysteine is a modified thioether amino acid in which an isoprenyl group (geranylgeranyl) has been attached to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine through a thioether bond. Geranylgeranylcysteine is typically formed through posttranslational (prenylation) protein modification whereupon degradation of the parent protein leaves the modified (prenylated) amino acid. Prenylation is a relatively recently discovered post-translational modification of proteins that directs cytosollic proteins to membranes while at the same time activating them functionally. The change in hydrophobicity that is essential for membrane binding is done via the covalent attachment of a polyisoprene (such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group) to a C-terminal cysteine by a thioether bond. Prenylated proteins can comprise up to 2\\% of total cellular protein. Prenylcysteine lyase is an enzyme that is capable of cleaving the thiother bond in prenylcysteines and is used to help in the turnover of prenylated proteins. Prenylcysteine lyase deficiency leads to the accumulation of farnesylcysteine and geranylgeranylcysteine in brain and liver. (PMID: 9287348) [HMDB] Geranylgeranylcysteine is a modified thioether amino acid in which an isoprenyl group (geranylgeranyl) has been attached to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine through a thioether bond. Geranylgeranylcysteine is typically formed through posttranslational (prenylation) protein modification whereupon degradation of the parent protein leaves the modified (prenylated) amino acid. Prenylation is a relatively recently discovered post-translational modification of proteins that directs cytosollic proteins to membranes while at the same time activating them functionally. The change in hydrophobicity that is essential for membrane binding is done via the covalent attachment of a polyisoprene (such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group) to a C-terminal cysteine by a thioether bond. Prenylated proteins can comprise up to 2\\% of total cellular protein. Prenylcysteine lyase is an enzyme that is capable of cleaving the thiother bond in prenylcysteines and is used to help in the turnover of prenylated proteins. Prenylcysteine lyase deficiency leads to the accumulation of farnesylcysteine and geranylgeranylcysteine in brain and liver. (PMID: 9287348).
Pristanoylglycine
Pristanoylglycine is an acylglycine with Pristanoic acid as the acyl moiety. Acylglycines 1 possess a common amidoacetic acid moiety and are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. Elevated levels of certain acylglycines appear in the urine and blood of patients with various fatty acid oxidation disorders. They are normally produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine ↔ CoA + N-acylglycine. Pristanoylglycine is an acylglycine with Pristanoic acid as the acyl moiety.
2,2,6,10,14-Pentamethylpentadecanoic acid
2,2,6,10,14-Pentamethylpentadecanoic acid is found in fishes. 2,2,6,10,14-Pentamethylpentadecanoic acid is isolated from the oil of the redfish (Sebastes sp. Isolated from the oil of the redfish (Sebastes species). 2,2,6,10,14-Pentamethylpentadecanoic acid is found in fishes.
2,3,7,11,15-Pentamethylhexadecanoic acid
2,3,7,11,15-Pentamethylhexadecanoic acid is found in fishes. 2,3,7,11,15-Pentamethylhexadecanoic acid is isolated from the oil of the redfish (Sebastes sp. Isolated from the oil of the redfish (Sebastes species). 2,3,7,11,15-Pentamethylhexadecanoic acid is found in fishes.
cis-Geranylgeranylbixin
cis-Geranylgeranylbixin is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto) seeds.
trans-Methylbixin
trans-Methylbixin is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto). Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto)
Cavipetin E isomer 1
Cavipetin E isomer 1 is an isomer of Cavipetin E. Cavipetin E is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin E is a constituent of the edible mushroom (Boletinus cavipes). Cavipetin E belongs to the family of Diterpenes. These are terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units.
Cavipetin E isomer 2
Cavipetin E isomer 2 is an isomer of Cavipetin E. Cavipetin E is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin E is a constituent of the edible mushroom (Boletinus cavipes). Cavipetin E belongs to the family of Diterpenes. These are terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units.
3-hydroxypristanic acid
3-Hydroxypristanic acid fatty acid that is formed via hydroxylation of pristanic acid at the 3-poisition. This reaction has been found to occur in the human liver.
3,7R,11R,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid
3,7R,11R,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid is classified as a member of the Acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. 3,7R,11R,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 3,7R,11R,15-tetramethyl-hexadecanoic acid is an isoprenoid lipid molecule
2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoylcarnitine
C26H51NO4 (441.38178860000005)
2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(18E)-20-Methoxy-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxoicosa-2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid
2,6,10,14-Hexadecatetraenoic acid, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (Z,E,E)-
3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,10,14-hexadecapentaenoic acid
Antagonist G
C49H66N12O6S (950.4948736000001)
(3E,7E,11R,12E)-11-Hydroxy-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-14-oxohexadeca-3,7,12-trienoic acid
Geranylgeraniol diphosphate
4-(2,6-Dimethylhepta-1,5-dienyl)-7,11-dimethyldodeca-6,10-dien-2-one
Phosphono 2,6,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,14-tetraen-8-yl hydrogen phosphate
(9Z,9'Z)-Methylbixin
Constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto).
bixin aldehyde
Bixin aldehyde is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Bixin aldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as bamboo shoots, sago palm, welsh onion, and globe artichoke, which makes bixin aldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
crocetin dialdehyde
Crocetin dialdehyde is a member of the class of compounds known as acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Crocetin dialdehyde is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Crocetin dialdehyde can be found in a number of food items such as purple laver, sweet bay, rowanberry, and yellow wax bean, which makes crocetin dialdehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
dihydrogeranylgeranyl-PP
Dihydrogeranylgeranyl-pp is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihydrogeranylgeranyl-pp can be found in a number of food items such as chives, nanking cherry, muscadine grape, and towel gourd, which makes dihydrogeranylgeranyl-pp a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
Phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate, also known as paps or 3-phosphonato-5-adenylyl sulfate, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside 3,5-bisphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside 3,5-bisphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with one phosphate group attached to 3 and 5 hydroxyl groups of the ribose moiety. Phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate can be found in a number of food items such as cloves, abiyuch, cocoa bean, and jute, which makes phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
phytyl monophosphate
Phytyl monophosphate is also known as phytyl monophosphoric acid. Phytyl monophosphate is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phytyl monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as vanilla, chinese cabbage, lovage, and oat, which makes phytyl monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl-PP
Tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl-pp is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl-pp can be found in a number of food items such as muskmelon, wax gourd, deerberry, and pineapple, which makes tetrahydrogeranylgeranyl-pp a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.