NCBI Taxonomy: 147549

Umbelliferone

C9H6O3 (162.0317)

Umbelliferone is a hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. It has a role as a fluorescent probe, a plant metabolite and a food component. Umbelliferone is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Artemisia ordosica, and other organisms with data available. See also: Chamomile (part of). Occurs widely in plants including Angelica subspecies Phytoalexin of infected sweet potato. Umbelliferone is found in many foods, some of which are macadamia nut, silver linden, quince, and capers. Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7. [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_50eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_40eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_30eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_10eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_pos_20eV_CB000077.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_40eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_10eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_30eV_000039.txt [Raw Data] CB220_Umbelliferone_neg_20eV_000039.txt Umbelliferone. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=93-35-6 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 93-35-6). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.

L-Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

L-valine is the L-enantiomer of valine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a valine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-valinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-valinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-valine. It is a tautomer of a L-valine zwitterion. Valine is a branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. L-Valine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Valine is an aliphatic and extremely hydrophobic essential amino acid in humans related to leucine, Valine is found in many proteins, mostly in the interior of globular proteins helping to determine three-dimensional structure. A glycogenic amino acid, valine maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. Valine is obtained from soy, cheese, fish, meats and vegetables. Valine supplements are used for muscle growth, tissue repair, and energy. (NCI04) Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an -amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH(CH3)2. It is named after the plant valerian. L-Valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons are GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG. This essential amino acid is classified as nonpolar. Along with leucine and isoleucine, valine is a branched-chain amino acid. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point. These three amino acids are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAA denotes valine, isoleucine and leucine which are branched chain essential amino acids. Despite their structural similarities, the branched amino acids have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates, leucine solely to fats and isoleucine to both. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt; aromatic amino acids (AAA) tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, as well as methionine are increased in these conditions. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. All the BCAA probably compete with AAA for absorption into the brain. Supplemental BCAA with vitamin B6 and zinc help normalize the BCAA:AAA ratio. In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine is hydrophobic, the hemoglobin does not fold correctly. Valine is an essential amino acid, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and ... Valine (Val) or L-valine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-valine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Valine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Valine was first isolated from casein in 1901 by Hermann Emil Fischer. The name valine comes from valeric acid, which in turn is named after the plant valerian due to the presence of valine in the roots of the plant. Valine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-valine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. Like other branched-chain amino acids, the catabolism of valine starts with the removal of the amino group by transamination, giving alpha-ketoisovalerate, an alpha-keto acid, which is converted to isobutyryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by the branched-chain Œ±-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. This is further oxidised and rearranged to succinyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist, and are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is the maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary restriction of BCAA and at least one form is correctable by supplementation with 10 mg of biotin daily. BCAA are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia or portacaval shunt. Valine in particular, has been established as a useful supplemental therapy to the ailing liver. Valine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of valine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID: 25287287). Mice fed a valine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity and feeding of a valine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of valine and the other branched-chain amino acids results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity (PMID: 29266268). In sickle-cell disease, valine substitutes for the hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid in hemoglobin. Because valine ... L-valine, also known as (2s)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid or L-(+)-alpha-aminoisovaleric acid, belongs to valine and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing valine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-valine is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-valine can be found in watermelon, which makes L-valine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. L-valine can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), breast milk, urine, and blood, as well as in human epidermis and fibroblasts tissues. L-valine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, L-valine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include streptomycin action pathway, tetracycline action pathway, methacycline action pathway, and kanamycin action pathway. L-valine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type III, isovaleric aciduria, and methylmalonic aciduria. Moreover, L-valine is found to be associated with schizophrenia, alzheimers disease, paraquat poisoning, and hypervalinemia. L-valine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Valine (abbreviated as Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isopropyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. In the genetic code it is encoded by all codons starting with GU, namely GUU, GUC, GUA, and GUG (Applies to Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine)
This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. The catabolism of all three compounds initiates in muscle and yields NADH and FADH2 which can be utilized for ATP generation. The catabolism of all three of these amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. The first step in each case is a transamination using a single BCAA aminotransferase, with a-ketoglutarate as amine acceptor. As a result, three different a-keto acids are produced and are oxidized using a common branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase, yielding the three different CoA derivatives. Subsequently the metabolic pathways diverge, producing many intermediates.
The principal product from valine is propionylCoA, the glucogenic precursor of succinyl-CoA. Isoleucine catabolism terminates with production of acetylCoA and propionylCoA; thus isoleucine is both glucogenic and ketogenic. Leucine gives rise to acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, and is thus classified as strictly ketogenic.
There are a number of genetic diseases associated with faulty catabolism of the BCAAs. The most common defect is in the branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase. Since there is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids, all three a-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. The disease is known as Maple syrup urine disease because of the characteristic odor of the urine in afflicted individuals. Mental retardation in these cases is extensive. Unfortunately, since these are essential amino acids, they cannot be heavily restricted in the diet; ultimately, the life of afflicted individuals is short and development is abnormal The main neurological pr... L-Valine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7004-03-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 72-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

Adenosine

C10H13N5O4 (267.0967)

Adenosine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a vasodilator agent, an analgesic, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It is functionally related to an adenine. The structure of adenosine was first described in 1931, though the vasodilating effects were not described in literature until the 1940s. Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, though it is rarely used in this indication, having largely been replaced by [dipyridamole] and [regadenson]. Adenosine is also indicated in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Adenosine was granted FDA approval on 30 October 1989. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine is an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. The mechanism of action of adenosine is as an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. Adenosine is a natural product found in Smilax bracteata, Mikania laevigata, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine is a ribonucleoside comprised of adenine bound to ribose, with vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic and analgesic activities. Phosphorylated forms of adenosine play roles in cellular energy transfer, signal transduction and the synthesis of RNA. Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. See also: Adenosine; Niacinamide (component of); Adenosine; Glycerin (component of); Adenosine; ginsenosides (component of) ... View More ... Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. [Wikipedia]. Adenosine is found in many foods, some of which are borage, japanese persimmon, nuts, and barley. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Adenosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-61-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 58-61-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2].

Azelaic acid

C9H16O4 (188.1049)

Nonanedioic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent, a dermatologic drug and a plant metabolite. It is a dicarboxylic fatty acid and an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an azelaate(2-) and an azelaate. Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley. It is also produced by Malassezia furfur, also known as Pityrosporum ovale, which is a species of fungus that is normally found on human skin. Azelaic acid is effective against a number of skin conditions, such as mild to moderate acne, when applied topically in a cream formulation of 20\\\\\%. It works in part by stopping the growth of skin bacteria that cause acne, and by keeping skin pores clear. Azelaic acids antimicrobial action may be attributable to inhibition of microbial cellular protein synthesis. Azelaic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). The physiologic effect of azelaic acid is by means of Decreased Protein Synthesis, and Decreased Sebaceous Gland Activity. Azelaic Acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid produced by Malassezia furfur and found in whole grain cereals, rye, barley and animal products. Azelaic acid possesses antibacterial, keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-oxidant activity. Azelaic acid is bactericidal against Proprionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis due to its inhibitory effect on the synthesis of microbial cellular proteins. Azelaic acid exerts its keratolytic and comedolytic effects by reducing the thickness of the stratum corneum and decreasing the number of keratohyalin granules by reducing the amount and distribution of filaggrin in epidermal layers. Azelaic acid also possesses a direct anti-inflammatory effect due to its scavenger activity of free oxygen radical. This drug is used topically to reduce inflammation associated with acne and rosacea. Azelaic acid is a saturated dicarboxylic acid found naturally in wheat, rye, and barley. It is a natural substance that is produced by Malassezia furfur (also known as Pityrosporum ovale), a yeast that lives on normal skin. It is effective against a number of skin conditions, such as mild to moderate acne, when applied topically in a cream formulation of 20\\\\\%. It works in part by stopping the growth of skin bacteria that cause acne, and by keeping skin pores clear. Azelaic acids antimicrobial action may be attributable to inhibition of microbial cellular protein synthesis. See also: Azelaic acid; niacinamide (component of) ... View More ... Azelaic acid (AZA) is a naturally occurring saturated nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid (COOH (CH2)7-COOH). It possesses a variety of biological actions both in vitro and in vivo. Interest in the biological activity of AZA arose originally out of studies of skin surface lipids and the pathogenesis of hypochromia in pityriasis versicolor infection. Later, it was shown that Pityrosporum can oxidize unsaturated fatty acids to C8-C12 dicarboxylic acids that are cornpetitive inhibitors of tyrosinase in vitro. Azelaic acid was chosen for further investigation and development of a new topical drug for treating hyperpigmentary disorders for the following reasons: it possesses a middle-range of antityrosinase activity, is inexpensive, and more soluble to be incorporated into a base cream than other dicarboxylic acids. Azelaic acid is another option for the topical treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. It offers effectiveness similar to that of other agents without the systemic side effects of oral antibiotics or the allergic sensitization of topical benzoyl peroxide and with less irritation than tretinoin. Azelaic acid is less expensive than certain other prescription acne preparations, but it is much more expensive than nonprescription benzoyl peroxide preparations. Whether it is safe and effective when used in combination with other agents is not known. (PMID: 7737781, 8961845). An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups. Plants biology In plants, azelaic acid serves as a "distress flare" involved in defense responses after infection.[7] It serves as a signal that induces the accumulation of salicylic acid, an important component of a plant's defensive response.[8] Human biology The mechanism of action in humans is thought to be through the inhibition of hyperactive protease activity that converts cathelicidin into the antimicrobial skin peptide LL-37.[9] Polymers and related materials Esters of this dicarboxylic acid find applications in lubrication and plasticizers. In lubricant industries it is used as a thickening agent in lithium complex grease. With hexamethylenediamine, azelaic acid forms Nylon-6,9, which finds specialized uses as a plastic.[4] Medical Azelaic acid is used to treat mild to moderate acne, both comedonal acne and inflammatory acne.[10][11] It belongs to a class of medication called dicarboxylic acids. It works by killing acne bacteria that infect skin pores. It also decreases the production of keratin, which is a natural substance that promotes the growth[clarification needed] of acne bacteria.[12] Azelaic acid is also used as a topical gel treatment for rosacea, due to its ability to reduce inflammation.[11] It clears the bumps and swelling caused by rosacea. In topical pharmaceutical preparations and scientific research AzA is typically used in concentrations between 15\\\% and 20\\\% but some research demonstrates that in certain vehicle formulations the pharmaceutical effects of 10\\\% Azelaic acid has the potential to be fully comparable to that of some 20\\\% creams.[13] Acne treatment Azelaic acid is effective for mild to moderate acne when applied topically at a 15\\\%-20\\\% concentration.[14][15][16][17] In patients with moderate acne, twice daily application over 3 months of 20\\\% AzA significantly reduced the number of comedones, papules, and pustules;[18][19] at this strength, it’s considered to be as effective as benzoyl peroxide 5\\\%, tretinoin 0.05\\\%, erythromycin 2\\\%, and oral tetracycline at 500 mg-1000 mg.[20][21] In a comparative review of effects of topical AzA, Salicylic acid, Nicotinamide, Sulfur, Zinc, and alpha-hydroxy acid, AzA had more high-quality evidence of effectiveness than the rest.[22] Results can be expected after 4 weeks of twice-daily treatment. The effectiveness of long term use is unclear, but it’s been recommended that AzA be used for at least 6 months continuously for maintenance.[20] Whitening agent Azelaic acid is used for treatment of skin pigmentation, including melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, particularly in those with darker skin types. It has been recommended as an alternative to hydroquinone.[23] As a tyrosinase inhibitor,[5] azelaic acid reduces synthesis of melanin.[24] According to one report in 1988, azelaic acid in combination with zinc sulfate in vitro was found to be a potent (90\\\% inhibition) 5α-reductase inhibitor, similar to the hair loss drugs finasteride and dutasteride.[25] In vitro research during mid-1980s evaluating azelaic acid's depigmenting (whitening) capability concluded it is effective (cytotoxic to melanocytes) at only high concentrations.[26] A 1996 review claimed 20\\\% AzA is as potent as 4\\\% hydroquinone after a period of application of three months without the latter's adverse effects and even more effective if applied along with tretinoin for the same period of time.[27][19] Azelaic acid is a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid. Azelaic acid has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis through inhibition of microbial cellular prorein synthesis. Azelaic acid has hypopigmentation action resulting from its ability to scavenge free radicals[1][2]. Azelaic acid is a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid. Azelaic acid has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis through inhibition of microbial cellular prorein synthesis. Azelaic acid has hypopigmentation action resulting from its ability to scavenge free radicals[1][2].

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0739)

Tyrosine (Tyr) or L-tyrosine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tyrosine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tyrosine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it – usually from phenylalanine. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Tyrosine is found in many high-protein food products such as chicken, turkey, fish, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soy products, lima beans, avocados and bananas. Tyrosine is one of the few amino acids that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, including thyroid hormones (diiodotyrosine), catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism have been identified, such as hawkinsinuria and tyrosinemia I. The most common feature of these diseases is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements can help reverse these disease symptoms. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This typically indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can help aleviate biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for treating psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-Dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-Dopa (http://www.dcnutrition.com). In addition to its role as a precursor for neurotransmitters, tyrosine plays an important role for the function of many proteins. Within many proteins or enzymes, certain tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group (phosphorylated) by specialized protein kinases. In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is also needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10. L-tyrosine is an optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. It has a role as an EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tyrosine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a L-tyrosinal. It is a conjugate base of a L-tyrosinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tyrosinate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-tyrosine. It is a tautomer of a L-tyrosine zwitterion. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from [phenylalanine]. It is also the precursor of [epinephrine], thyroid hormones, and melanin. L-Tyrosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). L-Tyrosine is the levorotatory isomer of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring tyrosine and is synthesized in vivo from L-phenylalanine. It is considered a non-essential amino acid; however, in patients with phenylketonuria who lack phenylalanine hydroxylase and cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, it is considered an essential nutrient. In vivo, tyrosine plays a role in protein synthesis and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, thyroxine, and melanin. Tyrosine is an essential amino acid that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, thyroid, catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism occur. Most common is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood of premature infants, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements reverse the disease. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can cure biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-dopa. A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Flavouring ingredient. L-Tyrosine is found in many foods, some of which are blue crab, sweet rowanberry, lemon sole, and alpine sweetvetch. An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. L-Tyrosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-18-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 60-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

DL-Threonine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582)

L-threonine is an optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a threonine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-threoninium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-threoninate. It is an enantiomer of a D-threonine. It is a tautomer of a L-threonine zwitterion. An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. L-Threonine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Threonine is an important residue of many proteins, such as tooth enamel, collagen, and elastin. An important amino acid for the nervous system, threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression. (NCI04) Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans. It is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. Threonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. It also can probably promote cell immune defense function. This amino acid has been useful in the treatment of genetic spasticity disorders and multiple sclerosis at a dose of 1 gram daily. It is highly concentrated in meat products, cottage cheese and wheat germ. The threonine content of most of the infant formulas currently on the market is approximately 20\\\\\\% higher than the threonine concentration in human milk. Due to this high threonine content the plasma threonine concentrations are up to twice as high in premature infants fed these formulas than in infants fed human milk. The whey proteins which are used for infant formulas are sweet whey proteins. Sweet whey results from cheese production. Threonine catabolism in mammals appears to be due primarily (70-80\\\\\\%) to the activity of threonine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.103) that oxidizes threonine to 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate, which forms glycine and acetyl CoA, whereas threonine dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.16) that catabolizes threonine into 2-oxobutyrate and ammonia, is significantly less active. Increasing the threonine plasma concentrations leads to accumulation of threonine and glycine in the brain. Such accumulation affects the neurotransmitter balance which may have consequences for the brain development during early postnatal life. Thus, excessive threonine intake during infant feeding should be avoided. (A3450). An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. See also: Amlisimod (monomer of) ... View More ... Threonine (Thr) or L-threonine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-threonine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Threonine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. Threonine is sometimes considered as a branched chain amino acid. Threonine was actually the last of the 20 amino acids to be discovered (in 1938). It was named threonine because it was similar in structure to threonic acid, a four-carbon monosaccharide. Threonine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. Foods high in threonine include cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils, black turtle bean and sesame seeds. Adult humans require about 20 mg/kg body weight/day. In plants and microorganisms, threonine is synthesized from aspartic acid via alpha-aspartyl-semialdehyde and homoserine. In proteins, the threonine residue is susceptible to numerous posttranslational modifications. The hydroxyl side-chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation and phosphorylation through the action of a threonine kinase. Threonine is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. Threonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. It also can probably promote cell immune defense function. The threonine content of most of the infant formulas currently on the market is approximately 20\\\\\\% higher than the threonine concentration in human milk. Due to this high threonine content the plasma threonine concentrations are up to twice as high in premature infants fed these formulas than in infants fed human milk. The whey proteins which are used for infant formulas are sweet whey proteins. Sweet whey results from cheese production. Increasing the threonine plasma concentrations leads to accumulation of threonine and glycine in the brain. Such accumulation affects the neurotransmitter balance which may have consequences for the brain development during early postnatal life. Thus, excessive threonine intake during infant feeding should be avoided. (PMID 9853925). Threonine is metabolized in at least two ways. In many animals it is converted to pyruvate via threonine dehydrogenase. An intermediate in this pathway can undergo thiolysis with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA and glycine. In humans the gene for threonine dehydrogenase is an inactive pseudogene, so threonine is converted to alpha-ketobutyrate. From wide variety of protein hydrolysates. Dietary supplement, nutrient L-Threonine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=72-19-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 72-19-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). DL-Threonine, an essential amino acid, has the potential to treat hypostatic leg ulceration[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1].

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Leucine (Leu) or L-leucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-leucine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-Leucine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other. Leucine is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans. The vast majority of l-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing alpha-ketoisocaproate (alpha-KIC). alpha-KIC is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, which converts it to isovaleryl-CoA. Isovaleryl-CoA is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and converted to beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MC-CoA), which is used in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA and other compounds. During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme, which convert MC-CoA into HMB-CoA and HMB-CoA into HMB respectively. Leucine has the capacity to directly stimulate myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (PMID 15051860). This effect of leucine arises results from its role as an activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PMID 23551944) a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates protein biosynthesis and cell growth. The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases. Leucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of leucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). BCAAs such as leucine have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Persistently low leucine levels can result in decreased appetite, poor feeding, lethargy, poor growth, weight loss, skin rashes, hair loss, and desquamation. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist and these are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary res... L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. L-Leucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L)[2] is a branched-chain л±-amino acid with the chemical formulaHO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin, and other buffer proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning that the human body cannot synthesize it, and it therefore must be ingested. It is important for hemoglobin formation. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. See also: Isoleucine; Leucine (component of) ... View More ... Dietary supplement, nutrient [DFC]. (±)-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, green zucchini, and red bell pepper. L-Leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-90-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-90-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

L-Proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

Proline (Pro), also known as L-proline is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Proline is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Proline is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Proline is derived from the amino acid L-glutamate in which glutamate-5-semialdehyde is first formed by glutamate 5-kinase and glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (which requires NADH or NADPH). This semialdehyde can then either spontaneously cyclize to form 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid, which is reduced to proline by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, or turned into ornithine by ornithine aminotransferase, followed by cyclization by ornithine cyclodeaminase to form proline. L-Proline has been found to act as a weak agonist of the glycine receptor and of both NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors. It has been proposed to be a potential endogenous excitotoxin/neurotoxin. Studies in rats have shown that when injected into the brain, proline non-selectively destroys pyramidal and granule cells (PMID: 3409032 ). Therefore, under certain conditions proline can act as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of proline are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. People with hyperprolinemia type I often do not show any symptoms even though they have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with hyperprolinemia type I exhibit seizures, intellectual disability, or other neurological or psychiatric problems. Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. Hyperprolinemia type II has signs and symptoms that vary in severity and is more likely than type I to involve seizures or intellectual disability. L-proline is pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. It has a role as a micronutrient, a nutraceutical, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a member of compatible osmolytes. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a proline and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-prolinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-prolinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-proline. It is a tautomer of a L-proline zwitterion. Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Proline is a cyclic, nonessential amino acid (actually, an imino acid) in humans (synthesized from glutamic acid and other amino acids), Proline is a constituent of many proteins. Found in high concentrations in collagen, proline constitutes almost a third of the residues. Collagen is the main supportive protein of skin, tendons, bones, and connective tissue and promotes their health and healing. (NCI04) L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. Proline is sometimes called an imino acid, although the IUPAC definition of an imine requires a carbon-nitrogen double bond. Proline is a non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

Glutamate

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

Glutamic acid (Glu), also known as L-glutamic acid or as glutamate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-glutamic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Glutamic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans it is a non-essential amino acid and can be synthesized via alanine or aspartic acid via alpha-ketoglutarate and the action of various transaminases. Glutamate also plays an important role in the bodys disposal of excess or waste nitrogen. Glutamate undergoes deamination, an oxidative reaction catalysed by glutamate dehydrogenase leading to alpha-ketoglutarate. In many respects glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamic_acid). Glutamate was discovered in 1866 when it was extracted from wheat gluten (from where it got its name. Glutamate has an important role as a food additive and food flavoring agent. In 1908, Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda identified brown crystals left behind after the evaporation of a large amount of kombu broth (a Japanese soup) as glutamic acid. These crystals, when tasted, reproduced a salty, savory flavor detected in many foods, most especially in seaweed. Professor Ikeda termed this flavor umami. He then patented a method of mass-producing a crystalline salt of glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate. L-glutamic acid is an optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a ferroptosis inducer and a neurotransmitter. It is a glutamine family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a glutamic acid and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-glutamate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-glutamic acid. A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Glutamic acid (Glu), also referred to as glutamate (the anion), is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids. It is not among the essential amino acids. Glutamate is a key molecule in cellular metabolism. In humans, dietary proteins are broken down by digestion into amino acids, which serves as metabolic fuel or other functional roles in the body. Glutamate is the most abundant fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. At chemical synapses, glutamate is stored in vesicles. Nerve impulses trigger release of glutamate from the pre-synaptic cell. In the opposing post-synaptic cell, glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor, bind glutamate and are activated. Because of its role in synaptic plasticity, it is believed that glutamic acid is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain. Glutamate transporters are found in neuronal and glial membranes. They rapidly remove glutamate from the extracellular space. In brain injury or disease, they can work in reverse and excess glutamate can accumulate outside cells. This process causes calcium ions to enter cells via NMDA receptor channels, leading to neuronal damage and eventual cell death, and is called excitotoxicity. The mechanisms of cell death include: * Damage to mitochondria from excessively high intracellular Ca2+. * Glu/Ca2+-mediated promotion of transcription factors for pro-apoptotic genes, or downregulation of transcription factors for anti-apoptotic genes. Excitotoxicity due to glutamate occurs as part of the ischemic cascade and is associated with stroke and diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimers disease. glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous depolarization around one second apart, and this firing pattern is similar to what is known as paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epileptic attacks. This change in the resting membrane potential at seizure foci could cause spontaneous opening of voltage activated calcium channels, leading to glutamic acid release and further depolarization. A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. See also: Monosodium Glutamate (active moiety of); Glatiramer Acetate (monomer of); Glatiramer (monomer of) ... View More ... obtained from acid hydrolysis of proteins. Since 1965 the industrial source of glutamic acid for MSG production has been bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate sources such as molasses and corn starch hydrolysate in the presence of a nitrogen source such as ammonium salts or urea. Annual production approx. 350000t worldwide in 1988. Seasoning additive in food manuf. (as Na, K and NH4 salts). Dietary supplement, nutrient Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E;[4] the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is C 5H 9NO 4. Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory l-form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.[5][full citation needed] Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −NH 2. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutions, the molecule assumes an electrically neutral zwitterion structure −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COOH. It is encoded by the codons GAA or GAG. The acid can lose one proton from its second carboxyl group to form the conjugate base, the singly-negative anion glutamate −OOC−CH(NH+ 3)−(CH 2)2−COO−. This form of the compound is prevalent in neutral solutions. The glutamate neurotransmitter plays the principal role in neural activation.[6] This anion creates the savory umami flavor of foods and is found in glutamate flavorings such as MSG. In Europe, it is classified as food additive E620. In highly alkaline solutions the doubly negative anion −OOC−CH(NH 2)−(CH 2)2−COO− prevails. The radical corresponding to glutamate is called glutamyl. The one-letter symbol E for glutamate was assigned in alphabetical sequence to D for aspartate, being larger by one methylene –CH2– group.[7] DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. DL-Glutamic acid is the conjugate acid of Glutamic acid, which acts as a fundamental metabolite. Comparing with the second phase of polymorphs α and β L-Glutamic acid, DL-Glutamic acid presents better stability[1]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Palmitic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402)

Palmitic acid, also known as palmitate or hexadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Palmitic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, spinach, shallot, and corn salad, which makes palmitic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Palmitic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, palmitic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include alendronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, simvastatin action pathway, and cerivastatin action pathway. Palmitic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency (I). Moreover, palmitic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Palmitic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4) . Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation (DrugBank). Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30\\\% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. Palmitic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. It occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. Palmitic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-10-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 57-10-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Ergosterol

C28H44O (396.3392)

Ergosterol is a phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a 3beta-sterol, an ergostanoid, a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid and a member of phytosterols. A steroid of interest both because its biosynthesis in FUNGI is a target of ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS, notably AZOLES, and because when it is present in SKIN of animals, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS break a bond to result in ERGOCALCIFEROL. Ergosterol is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Ramaria formosa, and other organisms with data available. ergosterol is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A steroid occurring in FUNGI. Irradiation with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS results in formation of ERGOCALCIFEROL (vitamin D2). See also: Reishi (part of). Ergosterol, also known as provitamin D2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, ergosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Ergosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Ergosterol is the biological precursor to vitamin D2. It is turned into viosterol by ultraviolet light, and is then converted into ergocalciferol, which is a form of vitamin D. Ergosterol is a component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Ergosterol is not found in mammalian cell membranes. A phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Ergosterol. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-87-4 (retrieved 2024-07-12) (CAS RN: 57-87-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects.

beta-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. It has a role as a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant. It is a cyclic carotene and a carotenoid beta-end derivative. Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors. It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits. Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS). Beta-Carotene is a natural product found in Epicoccum nigrum, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. Beta-Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) beta-Carotene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). See also: Lycopene (part of); Broccoli (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis. Yellow food colour, dietary supplement, nutrient, Vitamin A precursor. Nutriceutical with antioxidation props. beta-Carotene is found in many foods, some of which are summer savory, gram bean, sunburst squash (pattypan squash), and other bread product. A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins

Lycopene

C40H56 (536.4382)

Lycopene is an acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It contains a carotenoid psi-end derivative. Lycopene is a naturally occuring red carotenoid pigment that is responsible in red to pink colors seen in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and other foods. Having a chemical formula of C40H56, lycopene is a tetraterpene assembled from eight isoprene units that are solely composed of carbon and hydrogen. Lycophene may undergo extensive isomerization that allows 1056 theoretical cis-trans configurations; however the all-trans configuration of lycopene is the most predominant isomer found in foods that gives the red hue. Lycopene is a non-essential human nutrient that is classified as a non-provitamin A carotenoid pigment since it lacks a terminal beta ionone ring and does not mediate vitamin A activity. However lycophene is a potent antioxidant molecule that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) singlet oxygen. Tomato lycopene extract is used as a color additive in food products. Lycopene is a natural product found in Rhodobacter capsulatus, Afifella marina, and other organisms with data available. Lycopene is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet. (NCI04) A carotenoid and red pigment produced by tomatoes, other red fruits and vegetables, and photosynthetic algae. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of other carotenoids, and has antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, radioprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Lycopene (molecular formula: C40H56) is a bright red carotenoid pigment. It is a phytochemical found in tomatoes and other red fruits. Lycopene is the most common carotenoid in the human body and is one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidants. Its name is derived from the tomatos species classification, Solanum lycopersicum. Lycopene is a terpene assembled from 8 isoprene units. Lycopene is the most powerful carotenoid quencher of singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen from ultraviolet light is a primary cause of skin aging (Wikipedia). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits. D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents It is used as food colouring

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Isoleucine (Ile) or L-isoleucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-isolecuine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Isoleucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Isoleucine is an essential amino acid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it and that it must be obtained from the diet. In plants and microorganisms, isoleucine is synthesized starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Isoleucine is classified as a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). BCAAs include three amino acids: isoleucine, leucine and valine. They are alpha amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a beta branch point. Despite their structural similarities, BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. Isoleucine is catabolized via with alpha-ketoglutarate where upon it is oxidized and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). The acetyl-CoA can be fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies or fatty acids. The different metabolism of BCAAs accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine are required respectively. Furthermore, these amino acids have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. BCAAs are decreased in patients with liver disease, such as hepatitis, hepatic coma, cirrhosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia. An inability to break down isoleucine, along with other amino acids, is associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) (PMID: 34125801). Isoleucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels (PMID: 24684822). L-isoleucine is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, an isoleucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-isoleucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-isoleucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-isoleucine. It is a tautomer of a L-isoleucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of leucine. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Isoleucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (present in dietary proteins), Isoleucine has diverse physiological functions, such as assisting wound healing, detoxification of nitrogenous wastes, stimulating immune function, and promoting secretion of several hormones. Necessary for hemoglobin formation and regulating blood sugar and energy levels, isoleucine is concentrated in muscle tissues in humans. Isoleucine is found especially in meats, fish, cheese, eggs, and most seeds and nuts. (NCI04) L-Isoleucine is one of the essential amino acids that cannot be made by the body and is known for its ability to help endurance and assist in the repair and rebuilding of muscle. This amino acid is important to body builders as it helps boost energy and helps the body recover from training. L-Isoleucine is also classified as a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA). It helps promote muscle recovery after exercise. Isoleucine is actually broken down for energy within the muscle tissue. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-Isoleucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=73-32-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 73-32-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Octanal

C8H16O (128.1201)

Octanal, also known as 1-caprylaldehyde or aldehyde C-8, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, octanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid). Octanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Octanal exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Octanal is an aldehydic, citrus, and fat tasting compound. Octanal is commonly found in high concentrations in limes, caraway, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine) and in lower concentrations in wild carrots and carrots. Octanal has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cherry tomato, brussel sprouts, alaska wild rhubarbs, sweet marjorams, and sunflowers. N-octylaldehyde is a colorless liquids with a strong fruity odor. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Flash points 125 °F. Used in making perfumes and flavorings. Octanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid). It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a saturated fatty aldehyde, a n-alkanal and a medium-chain fatty aldehyde. Octanal is a natural product found in Eupatorium cannabinum, Thymus zygioides, and other organisms with data available. Octanal is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolated from various plant oils especies Citrus subspeciesand is also present in kumquat peel oil, cardamom, coriander, caraway and other herbs. Flavouring agent, used in artificial citrus formulations A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Octanal shows cytotoxicity against Hela cells[1]. Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Octanal shows cytotoxicity against Hela cells[1].

L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

Arginine (Arg), also known as L-argninine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Arginine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Arginine is an essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. It is classified as a charged, basic, aliphatic amino acid. Arginine is considered to be a basic amino acid as it has a strongly basic guanidinium group. With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic, and even most basic environments. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized. This group is able to form multiple H-bonds. In mammals, arginine is formally classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. Infants are unable to effectively synthesize arginine, making it nutritionally essential for infants. Adults, however, are able to synthesize arginine in the urea cycle. L-Arginine is an amino acid that has numerous functions in the body. It helps dispose of ammonia, is used to make compounds such as nitric oxide, creatine, L-glutamate, and L-proline, and it can be converted into glucose and glycogen if needed. Arginine also plays an important role in cell division, immunity and wound healing. Arginine is the immediate precursor of nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule which can act as a second messenger, as well as an intercellular messenger which regulates vasodilation, and also has functions in the immune systems reaction to infection. Nitric oxide is made via the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (PMID 10690324). Arginine is also a precursor for several important nitrogen-containing compounds including urea, ornithine, and agmatine. Arginine is necessary for the synthesis of creatine and can be used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine, citrulline, and glutamate.) The presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in serum or plasma, a close relative of argninine, inhibits the nitric oxide synthase reaction. ADMA is considered a marker for vascular disease, just as L-arginine is considered a sign of a healthy endothelium. In large doses, L-arginine also stimulates the release of the hormones growth hormone and prolactin. Arginine is a known inducer of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and is responsible for inducing protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin partially reduces arginine-induced protein synthesis (PMID: 20841502). Catabolic disease states such as sepsis, injury, and cancer cause an increase in arginine utilization, which can exceed normal body production, leading to arginine depletion. Arginine also activates AMP kinase (AMPK) which then stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, thereby increasing insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells (PMID: 21311355). Arginine is found in plant and animal proteins, such as dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and nuts. The ratio of L-arginine to lysine is also important: soy and other plant proteins have more L-arginine than animal sources of protein. [Spectral] L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) and L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Arginine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74-79-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 74-79-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

Aspartate

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

Aspartic acid (Asp), also known as L-aspartic acid or as aspartate, the name of its anion, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-aspartic acid is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Aspartic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an acidic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid derived from glutamic acid by enzymes using vitamin B6. However, in the human body, aspartate is most frequently synthesized through the transamination of oxaloacetate. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. As its name indicates, aspartic acid is the carboxylic acid analog of asparagine. The D-isomer of aspartic acid (D-aspartic acid) is one of two D-amino acids commonly found in mammals. Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Auguste-Arthur Plisson and Étienne Ossian Henry by hydrolysis of asparagine, which had been isolated from asparagus juice in 1806. Aspartate has many biochemical roles. It is a neurotransmitter, a metabolite in the urea cycle and it participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases which are key to DNA biosynthesis. In addition, aspartic acid acts as a hydrogen acceptor in a chain of ATP synthase. Aspartic acid is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, which is sometimes found to be increased in epileptic and stroke patients. It is decreased in depressed patients and in patients with brain atrophy. As a neurotransmitter, aspartic acid may provide resistance to fatigue and thus lead to endurance, although the evidence to support this idea is not strong (Wikipedia). Aspartic acid supplements are being evaluated. Five grams can raise blood levels. Magnesium and zinc may be natural inhibitors of some of the actions of aspartic acid. Aspartic acid, when chemically coupled with the amino acid D-phenylalanine, is a part of a natural sweetener, aspartame. This sweetener is an advance in artificial sweeteners, and is probably safe in normal doses to all except phenylketonurics. Aspartic acid may be a significant immunostimulant of the thymus and can protect against some of the damaging effects of radiation. Aspartic acid is found in higher abundance in: oysters, luncheon meats, sausage meat, wild game, sprouting seeds, oat flakes, avocado, asparagus, young sugarcane, and molasses from sugar beets. [Spectral] L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) and Taurine (exact mass = 125.01466) and L-Asparagine (exact mass = 132.05349) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Aspartate (exact mass = 133.03751) and L-Threonine (exact mass = 119.05824) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

L-Cystine

C6H12N2O4S2 (240.0238)

Cystine is an oxidized dimeric form of cysteine. It is formed by linking two cysteine residues via a disulfide bond (Cys-S-S-Cys) between the -SH groups. Cystine is found in high concentrations in digestive enzymes and in the cells of the immune system, skeletal and connective tissues, skin, and hair. Hair and skin are 10-14\\\% cystine. Cystine is the preferred form of cysteine for the synthesis of glutathione in cells involved in the immune system (e.g. macrophages and astrocytes). Lymphocytes and neurons prefer cysteine for glutathione production. Optimizing glutathione levels in macrophages and astrocytes with cystine allows these cells to provide cysteine to lymphocytes and neurons directly upon demand (Wikipedia). (-)-Cystine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-89-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 56-89-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

Histidine (His), also known as L-histidine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Histidine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Histidine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. Histidine is a unique amino acid with an imidazole functional group. The acid-base properties of the imidazole side chain are relevant to the catalytic mechanism of many enzymes such as proteases. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine abstracts a proton from serine, threonine, or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons. It can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively charged intermediate and then use another molecule to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. Histidine forms complexes with many metal ions. The imidazole sidechain of the histidine residue commonly serves as a ligand in metalloproteins. Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896. Histidine is an essential amino acid in humans and other mammals. It was initially thought that it was only essential for infants, but longer-term studies established that it is also essential for adults. Infants four to six months old require 33 mg/kg of histidine. It is not clear how adults make small amounts of histidine, and dietary sources probably account for most of the histidine in the body. Histidine is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis. Inborn errors of histidine metabolism, including histidinemia, maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I, exist and are marked by increased histidine levels in the blood. Elevated blood histidine is accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, from mental and physical retardation to poor intellectual functioning, emotional instability, tremor, ataxia and psychosis. Histidine and other imidazole compounds have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-secretory properties (PMID: 9605177 ). The efficacy of L-histidine in protecting inflamed tissue is attributed to the capacity of the imidazole ring to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cells during acute inflammatory response (PMID: 9605177 ). Histidine, when administered in therapeutic quantities is able to inhibit cytokines and growth factors involved in cell and tissue damage (US patent 6150392). Histidine in medical therapies has its most promising trials in rheumatoid arthritis where up to 4.5 g daily have been used effectively in severely affected patients. Arthritis patients have been found to have low serum histidine levels, apparently because of very rapid removal of histidine from their blood (PMID: 1079527 ). Other patients besides arthritis patients that have been found to be low in serum histidine are those with chronic renal failure. Urinary levels of histidine are reduced in pediatric patients with pneumonia (PMID: 2084459 ). Asthma patients exhibit increased serum levels of histidine over normal controls (PMID: 23517038 ). Serum histidine levels are lower and are negatively associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women (PMID: 23361591 ). Histidine supplementation has been shown to reduce insulin resistance, reduce BMI and fat mass and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with metabolic syndrome. Histidine appears to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly via the NF-κB pathway, in adipocytes (PMID: 23361591 ). Low plasma concentrations of histidine are associated with protein-energy... [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) and L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient L-Histidine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=71-00-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 71-00-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

L-Serine

C3H7NO3 (105.0426)

Serine (Ser) or L-serine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-serine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Serine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. In humans, serine is a nonessential amino acid that can be easily derived from glycine. A non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. Like all the amino acid building blocks of protein and peptides, serine can become essential under certain conditions, and is thus important in maintaining health and preventing disease. L-Serine may be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake; biosynthesis from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate; from glycine; and by protein and phospholipid degradation. Little data is available on the relative contributions of each of these four sources of l-serine to serine homoeostasis. It is very likely that the predominant source of l-serine will be very different in different tissues and during different stages of human development. In the biosynthetic pathway, the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into phosphohydroxypyruvate, in a reaction catalyzed by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3- PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95). Phosphohydroxypyruvate is metabolized to phosphoserine by phosphohydroxypyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.52) and, finally, phosphoserine is converted into l-serine by phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP; EC 3.1.3.3). In liver tissue, the serine biosynthetic pathway is regulated in response to dietary and hormonal changes. Of the three synthetic enzymes, the properties of 3-PGDH and PSP are the best documented. Hormonal factors such as glucagon and corticosteroids also influence 3-PGDH and PSP activities in interactions dependent upon the diet. L-serine is the predominant source of one-carbon groups for the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides and deoxythymidine monophosphate. It has long been recognized that, in cell cultures, L-serine is a conditional essential amino acid, because it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities to meet the cellular demands for its utilization. In recent years, L-serine and the products of its metabolism have been recognized not only to be essential for cell proliferation, but also to be necessary for specific functions in the central nervous system. The findings of altered levels of serine and glycine in patients with psychiatric disorders and the severe neurological abnormalities in patients with defects of L-serine synthesis underscore the importance of L-serine in brain development and function. (PMID 12534373). [Spectral] L-Serine (exact mass = 105.04259) and D-2-Aminobutyrate (exact mass = 103.06333) and 4-Aminobutanoate (exact mass = 103.06333) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement. L-Serine is found in many foods, some of which are cold cut, mammee apple, coho salmon, and carrot. L-Serine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-45-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-45-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)

Lysine (Lys), also known as L-lysine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Lysine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Lysine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, positively charged or basic amino acid. In humans, lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more, 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. In organisms that synthesise lysine, it has two main biosynthetic pathways, the diaminopimelate and α-aminoadipate pathways, which employ distinct enzymes and substrates and are found in diverse organisms. Lysine catabolism occurs through one of several pathways, the most common of which is the saccharopine pathway. Lysine plays several roles in humans, most importantly proteinogenesis, but also in the crosslinking of collagen polypeptides, uptake of essential mineral nutrients, and in the production of carnitine, which is key in fatty acid metabolism. Lysine is also often involved in histone modifications, and thus, impacts the epigenome. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known, such as cystinuria, hyperdibasic aminoaciduria I, lysinuric protein intolerance, propionic acidemia, and tyrosinemia I. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for lysine are probably increased by stress. Lysine toxicity has not occurred with oral doses in humans. Lysine dosages are presently too small and may fail to reach the concentrations necessary to prove potential therapeutic applications. Lysine metabolites, amino caproic acid and carnitine have already shown their therapeutic potential. Thirty grams daily of amino caproic acid has been used as an initial daily dose in treating blood clotting disorders, indicating that the proper doses of lysine, its precursor, have yet to be used in medicine. Low lysine levels have been found in patients with Parkinsons, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, asthma and depression. The exact significance of these levels is unclear, yet lysine therapy can normalize the level and has been associated with improvement of some patients with these conditions. Abnormally elevated hydroxylysines have been found in virtually all chronic degenerative diseases and those treated with coumadin therapy. The levels of this stress marker may be improved by high doses of vitamin C. Lysine is particularly useful in therapy for marasmus (wasting) (http://www.dcnutrition.com). Lysine has also been sh... [Spectral] L-Lysine (exact mass = 146.10553) and Carnosine (exact mass = 226.10659) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Found widely in protein hydrolysates, e.g. casein, egg albumen, fibrin, gelatin, beet molasses. Flavouring agent for a variety of foods L-Lysine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-87-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-87-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

Methionine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

Methionine (Met), also known as L-methionine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Methionine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Methionine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Methionine is an essential amino acid (there are 9 essential amino acids), meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. It is required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate for protein synthesis, methionine is an intermediate in transmethylation reactions, serving as the major methyl group donor in vivo, including the methyl groups for DNA and RNA intermediates. Methionine is a methyl acceptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthase), the only reaction that allows for the recycling of this form of folate, and is also a methyl acceptor for the catabolism of betaine. Methionine is the metabolic precursor for cysteine. Only the sulfur atom from methionine is transferred to cysteine; the carbon skeleton of cysteine is donated by serine (PMID: 16702340 ). There is a general consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethioninemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimum recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g. acetaminophen poisoning) the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established (PMID: 16702341 ). Methionine is known to exacerbate psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic patients, but there is no evidence of similar effects in healthy subjects. The role of methionine as a precursor of homocysteine is the most notable cause for concern. Acute doses of methionine can lead to acute increases in plasma homocysteine, which can be used as an index of the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Sufficiently high doses of methionine can actually result in death. Longer-term studies in adults have indicated no adverse consequences of moderate fluctuations in dietary methionine intake, but intakes higher than 5 times the normal amount resulted in elevated homocysteine levels. These effects of methionine on homocysteine and vascular function are moderated by supplements of vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and folic acid (PMID: 16702346 ). When present in sufficiently high levels, methionine can act as an atherogen and a metabotoxin. An atherogen is a compound that when present at chronically high levels causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methionine are associated with at least ten inborn errors of metabolism, including cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria, tyrosinemia, galactosemia, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defects in cobalamin metabolism, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency. Chronically elevated levels of methionine in infants can lead to intellectual disability and othe... [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. l-Methionine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-68-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-68-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.

Stearic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715)

Stearic acid, also known as stearate or N-octadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, stearic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Stearic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Stearic acid can be synthesized from octadecane. Stearic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 3-oxooctadecanoic acid, (9S,10S)-10-hydroxy-9-(phosphonooxy)octadecanoic acid, and 16-methyloctadecanoic acid. Stearic acid can be found in a number of food items such as green bell pepper, common oregano, ucuhuba, and babassu palm, which makes stearic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Stearic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and sweat, as well as throughout most human tissues. Stearic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, stearic acid is involved in the plasmalogen synthesis. Stearic acid is also involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids, which is a metabolic disorder. Moreover, stearic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Stearic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Stearic acid ( STEER-ik, stee-ARR-ik) is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC name octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H. Its name comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéar", which means tallow. The salts and esters of stearic acid are called stearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature following palmitic acid. The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin . Stearic acid, also known as octadecanoic acid or C18:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Stearic acid (its ester is called stearate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 18 carbons and is therefore a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as a waxy solid. In terms of its biosynthesis, stearic acid is produced from carbohydrates via the fatty acid synthesis machinery wherein acetyl-CoA contributes two-carbon building blocks, up to the 16-carbon palmitate, via the enzyme complex fatty acid synthase (FA synthase), at which point a fatty acid elongase is needed to further lengthen it. After synthesis, there are a variety of reactions it may undergo, including desaturation to oleate via stearoyl-CoA desaturase (PMID: 16477801). Stearic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is one of the useful types of saturated fatty acids that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils. For example, it is a component of cocoa butter and shea butter. It is used as a food additive, in cleaning and personal care products, and in lubricants. Its name comes from the Greek word stear, which means ‚Äòtallow‚Äô or ‚Äòhard fat‚Äô. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Oleic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2559)

Oleic acid (or 9Z)-Octadecenoic acid) is an unsaturated C-18 or an omega-9 fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is an odorless, colorless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. The name derives from the Latin word oleum, which means oil. Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and the second most abundant in human tissues overall, following palmitic acid. Oleic acid is a component of the normal human diet, being a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Triglycerides of oleic acid represent the majority of olive oil (about 70\\\\%). Oleic acid triglycerides also make up 59–75\\\\% of pecan oil, 61\\\\% of canola oil, 36–67\\\\% of peanut oil, 60\\\\% of macadamia oil, 20–80\\\\% of sunflower oil, 15–20\\\\% of grape seed oil, sea buckthorn oil, 40\\\\% of sesame oil, and 14\\\\% of poppyseed oil. High oleic variants of plant sources such as sunflower (~80\\\\%) and canola oil (70\\\\%) also have been developed. consumption has been associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and possibly with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, however, the ability of oleic acid to raise HDL is still debated. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil that is considered a health benefit. Oleic acid is used in manufacturing of surfactants, soaps, plasticizers. It is also used as an emulsifying agent in foods and pharmaceuticals. Oleic acid is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Major constituent of plant oils e.g. olive oil (ca. 80\\\\%), almond oil (ca. 80\\\\%) and many others, mainly as glyceride. Constituent of tall oiland is also present in apple, melon, raspberry oil, tomato, banana, roasted peanuts, black tea, rice bran, cardamon, plum brandy, peated malt, dairy products and various animal fats. Component of citrus fruit coatings. Emulsifying agent in foods CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 290 COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].

Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

Alanine (Ala), also known as L-alanine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-alanine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Alanine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. In humans, alanine is a non-essential amino acid that can be easily made in the body from either the conversion of pyruvate or the breakdown of the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. Alanine can be also synthesized from branched chain amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Alanine is produced by reductive amination of pyruvate through a two-step process. In the first step, alpha-ketoglutarate, ammonia and NADH are converted by the enzyme known glutamate dehydrogenase to glutamate, NAD+ and water. In the second step, the amino group of the newly-formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an aminotransferase enzyme, regenerating the alpha-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. The net result is that pyruvate and ammonia are converted to alanine. In mammals, alanine plays a key role in glucose–alanine cycle between tissues and liver. In muscle and other tissues that degrade amino acids for fuel, amino groups are collected in the form of glutamate by transamination. Glutamate can then transfer its amino group to pyruvate, a product of muscle glycolysis, through the action of alanine aminotransferase, forming alanine and alpha-ketoglutarate. The alanine enters the bloodstream and is transported to the liver. The alanine aminotransferase reaction takes place in reverse in the liver, where the regenerated pyruvate is used in gluconeogenesis, forming glucose which returns to the muscles through the circulation system. Alanine is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (branched-chain amino acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as a regulator of glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine is reduced in both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. Alanine is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine, and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/). L-Alanine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-41-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 56-41-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.

gamma-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

gamma-Carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by the cyclization of lycopene. It is found in human serum and breast milk (PMID: 9164160). Carotenoids are isoprenoid molecules that are widespread in nature and are typically seen as pigments in fruits, flowers, birds, and crustacea. Animals are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. Over recent years there has been considerable interest in dietary carotenoids with respect to their potential in alleviating age-related diseases in humans. This attention has been mirrored by significant advances in cloning most of the carotenoid genes and in the genetic manipulation of crop plants with the intention of increasing levels in the diet. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between the consumption of certain fruits and vegetables and the risk of epithelial cancer. Since carotenoids are among the micronutrients found in cancer-preventive foods, detailed qualitative and quantitative determination of these compounds, particularly in fruits and vegetables and in human plasma, have recently become increasingly important (PMID: 1416048, 15003396). Gamma-carotene, also known as γ-carotene, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Gamma-carotene can be found in a number of food items such as corn, yellow bell pepper, fig, and papaya, which makes gamma-carotene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Torulene

C40H54 (534.4225)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 10 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

Brassicasterol

C28H46O (398.3548)

Brassicasterol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, brassicasterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Brassicasterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Brassicasterol is a potential CSF biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (PMID: 21585343). C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol Constituent of Brassica rapa oil Brassicasterol, a metabolite of Ergosterol, plays a role in the inhibitory effect on bladder carcinogenesis promotion via androgen signaling[1]. Brassicasterol shows dual anti-infective properties against HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cardiovascular protective effect[2]. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[3]. Brassicasterol is a metabolite of Ergosterol and has cardiovascular protective effects. Brassicasterol exerts anticancer effects in prostate cancer through dual targeting of AKT and androgen receptor signaling pathways. Brassicasterol inhibits HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Brassicasterol also inhibits sterol δ 24-reductase, slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. Brassicasterol is also a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for Alzheimer's disease[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Brassicasterol, a metabolite of Ergosterol, plays a role in the inhibitory effect on bladder carcinogenesis promotion via androgen signaling[1]. Brassicasterol shows dual anti-infective properties against HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cardiovascular protective effect[2]. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[3].

Isovaleraldehyde

C5H10O (86.0732)

Iso-Valeraldehyde, also known as isoamyl aldehyde or 3-methyl-butanal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydrogen aldehydes. These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. Iso-Valeraldehyde exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Iso-Valeraldehyde is an aldehydic, chocolate, and ethereal tasting compound. Iso-Valeraldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as milk (cow), beers, and taco and in a lower concentration in kohlrabis, corns, and tortilla. Iso-Valeraldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as muskmelons, highbush blueberries, fenugreeks, hazelnuts, and dills. This could make iso-valeraldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. Iso-Valeraldehyde, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis, crohns disease, perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment, and hepatic encephalopathy; iso-valeraldehyde has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Occurs in orange, bergamot, lemon, sandalwood, citronella, peppermint, eucalyptus and other oilsand is also in apple, grape, peach cider, vinegar, wines, wheatbreads, scallops and ginger

Methyl isobutyl ketone

C6H12O (100.0888)

Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is an organic solvent. MIBK is among the top ten most popular organic solvents used in industry. MIBK is occasionally found as a volatile component of urine. MIBK in urine is considered as a biological marker of occupational exposure to this solvent. Olfactory perception is significant but adaptation may occur. The typical toxicity effects of MIBK in humans exposed at 50 to 100 ppm are mucous membrane irritation and weak effects on the central nervous system (CNS) such as headache. Visual dysfunction has been reported in workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents containing MIBK. Memory impairment was detected in clinical observation on a 44-year-old man who had been exposed to MIBK at 100 ppm for more than 10 years. Regarding to the route of absorption, skin penetration of MIBK is substantial. (PMID: 12592578, 17485256, 16464817, 5556886). Present in orange, lemon, concord grape, vinegar, cheeses, cooked beef, roasted peanut and other foodstuffs. Flavouring ingredient

Terpinolene

C10H16 (136.1252)

Terpinolene (TPO), also known as alpha-terpinolene or isoterpinene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone. P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively. The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes. Thus, terpinolene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Terpinolene is a very hydrophobic monoterpenoid, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Monoterpenoids are terpenes that contain 10 carbon atoms and are comprised of two isoprene units. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes in plants is known to occur mainly through the methyl-erythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway in the plastids (PMID:7640522 ). Geranyl diphosphate (GPP) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic monoterpenes. GPP undergoes several cyclization reactions to yield a diverse number of cyclic arrangements. Terpinolene is one of the constituents of turpentine and an isomer of terpinene. It appears colourless to pale yellow liquid. Alpha-terpinolene has been identified as an abundant monoterpene in the essential oil of Cannabis sativa plants (PMID:6991645 ). There are more than 140 known terpenes in cannabis and the combination of these terepenoids produces the skunky, fruity odor characteristic of C. savita. Although common in cannabis cultivars, terpinolene is typically found in relatively low amounts. On the other hand, the concentration of terpinolene can be has high as 30\\% of the essential oil. It is thought that terpinolene offers a mildly sedative effect and can reduce anxiety (PMID:28826544 ). In particular, terpinolene is a central nervous system depressant that has been shown to induce drowsiness (PMID:23339024 ). Terpinolene has been demonstrated to prevent LDL oxidation and is of potential interest in the treatment of atherogenesis and coronary artery disease (PMID:28826544 ). Terpinolene exhibits antifungal and larvicidal properties (PMID:28826544 ). Terpinolene is also an effective anti-microbial agent, particularly against E coli and Staphylococcus bacteria (PMID:16402540 ). Terpinolene is also employed as a fragrence ingredient in lotions, insect repellents (similar to other terpenes), perfumes, and soaps. Terpinolene is also a constituent of many other essential oils e. g. Citrus, Mentha, Juniperus, Myristica species. Parsnip oil (Pastinaca sativa) in particular, is a major source (40-70\\%). Terpinolene is a sweet, citrus, and fresh tasting compound. It produces a floral, woody or herbal aroma reminiscent of pine needles. In addition to being found in various plant essential oils, terpinolene is found in a few different foods and spices, such as allspice, apples, sage, rosemary, parsnips, nutmegs, and wild carrots and in a lower concentration in sweet bay, star anises, turmerics, apricots, cumins, evergreen blackberries, red bell peppers, and caraway. Constituent of many essential oils e.g. Citrus, Mentha, Juniperus, Myristica subspecies Parsnip oil (Pastinaca sativa) is a major source (40-70\\%). Flavouring ingredient. Terpinolene is found in many foods, some of which are coriander, ceylon cinnamon, pine nut, and caraway.

Anisole

C7H8O (108.0575)

Anisole is a flavouring agent Anisole is a precursor to perfumes, insect pheromones, and pharmaceuticals. For example, synthetic anethole is prepared from anisole. Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction more quickly than does benzene, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene. The methoxy group is an ortho/para directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs benzene reflects the influence of the methoxy group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud of the ring, moreso than the inductive effect of the electronegative oxygen. Flavouring agent

Hexanal

C6H12O (100.0888)

Hexanal is an alkyl aldehyde found in human biofluids. Human milk samples collected from women contains hexanal. Among mediators of oxidative stress, highly reactive secondary aldehydic lipid peroxidation products can initiate the processes of spontaneous mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and can also act as a growth-regulating factors and signaling molecules. In specimens obtained from adult patients with brain astrocytomas, lower levels of n-hexanal are associated with poorer patient prognosis. Hexanal has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). Hexanal is a volatile compound that has been associated with the development of undesirable flavours. The content of hexanal, which is a major breakdown product of linoleic acid (LA, n - 6 PUFA) oxidation, has been used to follow the course of lipid oxidation and off-flavour development in foods, and have been proposed as one potential marker of milk quality. A "cardboard-like" off-flavour is frequently associated with dehydrated milk products. This effect is highly correlated with the headspace concentration of hexanal. (Food Chemistry. Volume 107, Issue 1, 1 March 2008, Pages 558-569, PMID:17934948, 17487452). Constituent of many foodstuffs. A production of aerobic enzymatic transformations of plant constits. It is used in fruit flavours and in perfumery D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals

D-1,5-Anhydrofructose

C6H10O5 (162.0528)

D-1,5-Anhydrofructose is found in fruits. D-1,5-Anhydrofructose is isolated from Morchella vulgaris (morel). Isolated from Morchella vulgaris (morel). D-1,5-Anhydrofructose is found in fruits.

all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene

C40H54 (534.4225)

All-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. All-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene can be found in a number of food items such as kale, giant butterbur, citrus, and ginkgo nuts, which makes all-trans-3,4-didehydrolycopene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

Deoxymyxol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

microthecin

C6H8O4 (144.0423)

A metabolite isolated from morels (e.g. Morchella costata) and red algae (e.g. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis).

D-Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

Alanine is a nonessential amino acid made in the body from the conversion of the carbohydrate pyruvate or the breakdown of DNA and the dipeptides carnosine and anserine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and is one of the most important amino acids released by muscle, functioning as a major energy source. Plasma alanine is often decreased when the BCAA (Branched Chain Amino Acids) are deficient. This finding may relate to muscle metabolism. Alanine is highly concentrated in meat products and other high-protein foods like wheat germ and cottage cheese. Alanine is an important participant as well as regulator in glucose metabolism. Alanine levels parallel blood sugar levels in both diabetes and hypoglycemia, and alanine reduces both severe hypoglycemia and the ketosis of diabetes. It is an important amino acid for lymphocyte reproduction and immunity. Alanine therapy has helped dissolve kidney stones in experimental animals. Normal alanine metabolism, like that of other amino acids, is highly dependent upon enzymes that contain vitamin B6. Alanine, like GABA, taurine and glycine, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Alanine can be found in some Gram-positive bacteria (PMID:24752840). Amino acids are one of the most important molecules in living organisms, and most of them have a chiral carbon at a -position. In the higher animals, a large part of the naturally occurring amino acids is the L-form, and the stereoisomers (D-amino acids) had been believed to be rare. However, several D-amino acids have been found in mammals including humans, and their distributions, functions and origins have gradually been clarified. The D-alanine (D-Ala) amounts have also been reported to change in the case of diseases. Proteins of the frontal lobe white and gray matter of human brains, both normal and Alzheimer subjects, contain D-alanine at concentrations between 0.50 and 1.28 mumol/g of wet tissue, 50-70-times lower than the concentration of L-alanine. D-Alanine have been detected in the sera of both normal subjects and patients with renal dysfunction, and their concentrations were higher in the patients than in the normal subjects. (PMID: 16141519, 1450921, 8535409, 1426150, 1933416) [HMDB] KEIO_ID A011 D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR. D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR.

D-Aspartic acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

D-Aspartic acid is the D-isomer of aspartic acid. Since its discovery in invertebrates, free D-aspartate (D-Asp) has been identified in a variety of organisms, including microorganisms, plants, and lower animals, mammals and humans. D-Asp in mammalian tissues is present in specific cells, indicating the existence of specific molecular components that regulate D-Asp levels and localization in tissues. In the rat adrenal medulla, D-Asp is closely associated with adrenaline-cells (A-cells), which account for approximately 80\\\\\\% of the total number of chromaffin cells in the tissue, and which make and store adrenaline. D-Asp appears to be absent from noradrenaline-cells (NA-cells), which comprise approximately 20\\\\\\% of the total number of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, and which make and store noradrenaline. D-aspartate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.1, D-AspO), which catalyzes oxidative deamination of D-Asp, appears to be present only in NA-cells, suggesting that the lack of D-Asp in these cells is due to D-Asp oxidase-mediated metabolism of D-Aspecies In the rat adrenal cortex, the distribution of D-Asp changes during development. It has been suggested that developmental changes in the localization of D-Asp reflects the participation of D-Asp in the development and maturation of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cortical cells. D-Asp is involved in steroid hormone synthesis and secretion in mammals as well. D-Asp is synthesized intracellularly, most likely by Asp racemase (EC 5.1.1.13). Endogenous D-Asp apparently has two different intracellular localization patterns: cytoplasmic and vesicular. D-Asp release can occur through three distinct pathways: 1) spontaneous, continuous release of cytoplasmic D-Asp, which is not associated with a specific stimulus; 2) release of cytoplasmic D-Asp via a volume-sensitive organic anion channel that connects the cytoplasm and extracellular space; 3) exocytotic discharge of vesicular D-Aspecies D-Asp can be released via a mechanism that involves the L-Glu transporter. D-Asp is thus apparently in dynamic flux at the cellular level to carry out its physiological function(s) in mammals. (PMID: 16755369) [HMDB] D-Aspartic acid is the D-isomer of aspartic acid. Since its discovery in invertebrates, free D-aspartate (D-Asp) has been identified in a variety of organisms, including microorganisms, plants, and lower animals, mammals and humans. D-Asp in mammalian tissues is present in specific cells, indicating the existence of specific molecular components that regulate D-Asp levels and localization in tissues. In the rat adrenal medulla, D-Asp is closely associated with adrenaline-cells (A-cells), which account for approximately 80\\\\\\% of the total number of chromaffin cells in the tissue, and which make and store adrenaline. D-Asp appears to be absent from noradrenaline-cells (NA-cells), which comprise approximately 20\\\\\\% of the total number of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, and which make and store noradrenaline. D-aspartate oxidase (EC 1.4.3.1, D-AspO), which catalyzes oxidative deamination of D-Asp, appears to be present only in NA-cells, suggesting that the lack of D-Asp in these cells is due to D-Asp oxidase-mediated metabolism of D-Asp. In the rat adrenal cortex, the distribution of D-Asp changes during development. It has been suggested that developmental changes in the localization of D-Asp reflects the participation of D-Asp in the development and maturation of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cortical cells. D-Asp is involved in steroid hormone synthesis and secretion in mammals as well. D-Asp is synthesized intracellularly, most likely by Asp racemase (EC 5.1.1.13). Endogenous D-Asp apparently has two different intracellular localization patterns: cytoplasmic and vesicular. D-Asp release can occur through three distinct pathways: 1) spontaneous, continuous release of cytoplasmic D-Asp, which is not associated with a specific stimulus; 2) release of cytoplasmic D-Asp via a volume-sensitive organic anion channel that connects the cytoplasm and extracellular space; 3) exocytotic discharge of vesicular D-Asp. D-Asp can be released via a mechanism that involves the L-Glu transporter. D-Asp is thus apparently in dynamic flux at the cellular level to carry out its physiological function(s) in mammals (PMID:16755369). (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist.

D-Phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

Flavouring ingredient. (±)-Phenylalanine is found in many foods, some of which are cucumber, green bell pepper, yellow bell pepper, and saskatoon berry.

D-methionine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AB - Antidotes An optically active form of methionine having D-configuration. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant C78284 - Agent Affecting Integumentary System Methionine (MRX-1024; D-Methionine) is an effective chemoprotective agent which can also inhibit the neuronal activity through GABAA receptor activation.

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3 (119.0582)

An optically active form of threonine having L-configuration. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; AYFVYJQAPQTCCC_STSL_0105_Threonine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_275; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 10 DL-Threonine, an essential amino acid, has the potential to treat hypostatic leg ulceration[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1]. L-Threonine is a natural amino acid, can be produced by microbial fermentation, and is used in food, medicine, or feed[1].

D-phenylalanine

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

The D-enantiomer of phenylalanine. D-Phenylalanine is the synthetic dextro isomer of phenylalanine. D-Phenylalanine inhibits biofilm development of Pseudoalteromonas sp. SC2014[1]. D-Phenylalanine is the synthetic dextro isomer of phenylalanine. D-Phenylalanine inhibits biofilm development of Pseudoalteromonas sp. SC2014[1].

1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22 (190.1721)

TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z))

C57H98O6 (878.7363)

TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)) is a trilinoleic acid triglyceride. Triglycerides (TGs) are also known as triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides, meaning that they are glycerides in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acid groups (i.e. fatty acid tri-esters of glycerol). TGs may be divided into three general types with respect to their acyl substituents. They are simple or monoacid if they contain only one type of fatty acid, diacid if they contain two types of fatty acids and triacid if three different acyl groups. Chain lengths of the fatty acids in naturally occurring triglycerides can be of varying lengths and saturations but 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of linoleic acid at the C-1 position, one chain of linoleic acid at the C-2 position and one chain of linoleic acid at the C-3 position. TGs are the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats. TGs are major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain more than twice the energy (9 kcal/g) of carbohydrates and proteins. In the intestine, triglycerides are split into glycerol and fatty acids (this process is called lipolysis) with the help of lipases and bile secretions, which can then move into blood vessels. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the blood from their fragments and become constituents of lipoproteins, which deliver the fatty acids to and from fat cells among other functions. Various tissues can release the free fatty acids and take them up as a source of energy. Fat cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source, the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose for brain fuel when it is broken down. (www.cyberlipid.org, www.wikipedia.org)TAGs can serve as fatty acid stores in all cells, but primarily in adipocytes of adipose tissue. The major building block for the synthesis of triacylglycerides, in non-adipose tissue, is glycerol. Adipocytes lack glycerol kinase and so must use another route to TAG synthesis. Specifically, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which is produced during glycolysis, is the precursor for TAG synthesis in adipose tissue. DHAP can also serve as a TAG precursor in non-adipose tissues, but does so to a much lesser extent than glycerol. The use of DHAP for the TAG backbone depends on whether the synthesis of the TAGs occurs in the mitochondria and ER or the ER and the peroxisomes. The ER/mitochondria pathway requires the action of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to convert DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase then esterifies a fatty acid to glycerol-3-phosphate thereby generating lysophosphatidic acid. The ER/peroxisome reaction pathway uses the peroxisomal enzyme DHAP acyltransferase to acylate DHAP to acyl-DHAP which is then reduced by acyl-DHAP reductase. The fatty acids that are incorporated into TAGs are activated to acyl-CoAs through the action of acyl-CoA synthetases. Two molecules of acyl-CoA are esterified to glycerol-3-phosphate to yield 1,2-diacylglycerol phosphate (also known as phosphatidic acid). The phosphate is then removed by phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP1), to generate 1,2-diacylglycerol. This diacylglycerol serves as the substrate for addition of the third fatty acid to make TAG. Intestinal monoacylglycerols, derived from dietary fats, can also serve as substrates for the synthesis of 1,2-diacylglycerols. 1,2,3-trilinoleoylglycerol is a triglyceride formed by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with linoleic acid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite. It is a triglyceride, a TG(18:2/18:2/18:2) and a linoleoyl containing 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol. It is functionally related to a linoleic acid. Trilinolein is a natural product found in Lysiphlebia japonica, Phoradendron reichenbachianum, and other organisms with data available. See also: Coix lacryma-jobi seed (part of). D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Trilinolein is an endogenous metabolite. Trilinolein is an endogenous metabolite.

Acenaphthylene

C12H8 (152.0626)

Acenaphthylene is a colorless crystalline solid. Insoluble in water. Used in dye synthesis, insecticides, fungicides, and in the manufacture of plastics. Acenaphthylene is a ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar. It is an ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene, a member of acenaphthylenes and an ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon. Acenaphthylene is a natural product found in Artemisia capillaris, Tuber borchii, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi with data available. Acenaphthylene is one of over 100 different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning organic substances, such as fossil fuels. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more of these compounds. (L10) Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are derived naturally from coal and tar deposits, and produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter[1]. Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are derived naturally from coal and tar deposits, and produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter[1].

Ethyl oleate

C20H38O2 (310.2872)

Ethyl oleate is found in sweet marjoram. Ethyl oleate is a flavouring ingredient.Ethyl oleate is the ester formed by the condensation of the fatty acid oleic acid and ethanol. It is a colorless to light yellow liquid. Ethyl oleate is produced by the body during ethanol intoxication Flavouring ingredient Ethyl Oleate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol. Ethyl oleate is the liquid lipid component in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLC is a promising vehicle for oral trans-Ferulic acid (TFA) administration[1]. Ethyl Oleate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol. Ethyl oleate is the liquid lipid component in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLC is a promising vehicle for oral trans-Ferulic acid (TFA) administration[1].

Ergosterol peroxide

C28H44O3 (428.329)

Ergosterol peroxide is found in fruits. Ergosterol peroxide is obtained from leaves of Ananas comosus (pineapple obtained from leaves of Ananas comosus (pineapple). Ergosterol peroxide is found in pineapple and fruits.

Pentanal

C5H10O (86.0732)

Pentanal, also known as N-valeraldehyde or amyl aldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydro gen aldehydes. These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. Pentanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain. Thus, pentanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Pentanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Pentanal is an almond, berry, and bready tasting compound. Pentanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black walnuts, milk (cow), and carrots and in a lower concentration in corns, tortilla, and safflowers. Pentanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as crustaceans, garden tomato, herbs and spices, and guava. This could make pentanal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Found in olive oil and several essential oilsand is also present in Bantu beer, plum brandy, cardamom, coriander leaf, rice, Bourbon vanilla, clary sage, cooked shrimps, scallops, apple, banana, sweet cherry, blackcurrant and other foods.

Methylcyclopentane

C6H12 (84.0939)

Methylcyclopentane, also known as methylpentamethylene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cycloalkanes. These are saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). Methylcyclopentane has been detected, but not quantified, in celeriacs and celery stalks. This could make methylcyclopentane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. At high amounts methylcyclopentane is a potentially toxic compound and central nervous system depression may occur, with symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, slow and shallow respiration, unconsciousness, and convulsions. Methylcyclopentane is a volatile component of petroleum distillates. Petroleum distillates are aspiration hazards and may cause pulmonary damage, central nervous system depression, and cardiac effects such as cardiac arrhythmias. They may also affect the blood, immune system, liver, and kidney. Volatile hydrocarbons are absorbed mainly through the lungs, and may also enter the body after ingestion via aspiration. Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Petroleum distillates are also irritating to the skin. Petroleum distillate poisoning may cause nausea, vomiting, cough, pulmonary irritation progressing to pulmonary edema, bloody sputum, and bronchial pneumonia. Gastric lavage, emesis, and the administration of activated charcoal should be avoided, as vomiting increases the risk of aspiration. Isolated from Helianthus annuus (sunflower).

Ethyl stearate

C20H40O2 (312.3028)

Ethyl stearate, also known as fema 3490, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acid esters. These are carboxylic ester derivatives of a fatty acid. Ethyl stearate is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Flavouring ingredient. Ethyl stearate is found in coriander and sweet marjoram.

3-Methylheptane

C8H18 (114.1408)

3-Methylheptane belongs to the class of organic compounds known as branched alkanes. These are acyclic branched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2. 3-Methylheptane is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, 3-methylheptane is considered to be a hydrocarbon lipid molecule. 3-Methylheptane has been detected, but not quantified, in a few different foods, such as herbs and spices, pulses, and tea. This could make 3-methylheptane a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22 (190.1721)

1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylpropanes. These are organic compounds containing a phenylpropane moiety.

Aleuriaxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

Aleuriaxanthin is found in mushrooms. Aleuriaxanthin is a constituent of Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). Constituent of Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). Aleuriaxanthin is found in mushrooms.

2'-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

2-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin is found in mushrooms. 2-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin is isolated from the ascomycete Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). Isolated from the ascomycete Aleuria aurantia (orange cup). 2-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin is found in mushrooms.

9-Arabinofuranosyladenine

C10H13N5O4 (267.0967)

Acenaphthylene

C12H8 (152.0626)

Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are derived naturally from coal and tar deposits, and produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter[1]. Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are derived naturally from coal and tar deposits, and produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter[1].

D-Iditol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

Permitted bulk sweetener for foods. Sweetening agent. Food additive, used as anticaking agent, lubricant, for stabiliser and thickener, and for other uses in food processing

Indene

C9H8 (116.0626)

torulene

C40H54 (534.4225)

Torulene can be found in a number of food items such as spinach, sparkleberry, cherimoya, and rye, which makes torulene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Torulene (3,4-didehydro-beta,gamma-carotene) is a carotene (a hydrocarbon carotenoid) which is notable for being synthesized by red pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), imparting the natural red color to the aphids, which aids in their camouflage and escape from predation. The aphids have gained the ability to synthesize torulene by horizontal gene transfer of a number of genes for carotenoid synthesis, apparently from fungi. Plants, fungi, and microorganisms can synthesize carotenoids, but torulene made by pea aphids is the only carotenoid known to be synthesized by an organism in the animal kingdom . Torulene can be found in a number of food items such as spinach, sparkleberry, cherimoya, and rye, which makes torulene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Torulene (3,4-didehydro-β,γ-carotene) is a carotene (a hydrocarbon carotenoid) which is notable for being synthesized by red pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), imparting the natural red color to the aphids, which aids in their camouflage and escape from predation. The aphids have gained the ability to synthesize torulene by horizontal gene transfer of a number of genes for carotenoid synthesis, apparently from fungi. Plants, fungi, and microorganisms can synthesize carotenoids, but torulene made by pea aphids is the only carotenoid known to be synthesized by an organism in the animal kingdom .

Trichoverrol A

C23H32O7 (420.2148)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE isolated standard

Cerevisterol

C28H46O3 (430.3447)

An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-7,22-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5 and 6 (the 3beta,5alpha,6beta stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the fungus, Xylaria species. Cerevisterol is a steroid isolated from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei[1]. Cerevisterol is a steroid isolated from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus blazei[1].

Ascorbic acid

C6H8O6 (176.0321)

Ascorbic acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables and is an essential nutrient in human diets. It is necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. The biologically active form of ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. Primates (including humans) and a few other species in all divisions of the animal kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid and must obtain it in their food. Vitamin C functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant (PubChem). Ascorbic acid is an electron donor for enzymes involved in collagen hydroxylation, biosynthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine, tyrosine metabolism, and amidation of peptide hormones. Ascrobic acid (vitamin C) deficiency causes scurvy. The amount of vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy may not be adequate to maintain optimal health. The ability of vitamin C to donate electrons also makes it a potent water-soluble antioxidant that readily scavenges free radicals such as molecular oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. In this setting, several mechanisms could account for a link between vitamin C and heart disease. One is the relation between LDL oxidation and vitamins C and E. Vitamin C in vitro can recycle vitamin E, which can donate electrons to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro. As the lipid-phase vitamin E is oxidized, it can be regenerated by aqueous vitamin C. Other possibilities are that vitamin C could decrease cholesterol by mechanisms not well characterized, or could improve vasodilatation and vascular reactivity, perhaps by decreasing the interactions of nitric oxide with oxidants (PMID: 10799361). Moreover, ascorbic acid is found to be associated with hyperoxalemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Ascorbic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Ketogulonicigenium (PMID: 15785002). Occurs widely in animals and plants. Good sources are citrus fruits and hip berries. Isolated from ox adrenal cortex, lemons and paprika. Production industrially on a large scale from glucose. Vitamin (antiscorbutic), antioxidant, nutrient, preservative consistency enhancer. It is used to reduce discoloration, mainly browning caused by polyphenol oxidase, in fruit and vegetable products. It is used to enhance colour formn. and to reduced the formn. of nitrosamines in meat products. It is used synergistically with Sulfur dioxide HVF10-P in wine and beer as a perservative. Assists formn. of the gluten network in bread making, thus enhancing bread volume. L-Ascorbic acid is found in many foods, some of which are cabbage, hyssop, ginseng, and pancake. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor[1][2][3]. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells[4]. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor[1][2][3]. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells[4].

Palmitic Acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402)

COVID info from WikiPathways D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Ethyl oleate

C20H38O2 (310.2872)

Ethyl Oleate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol. Ethyl oleate is the liquid lipid component in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLC is a promising vehicle for oral trans-Ferulic acid (TFA) administration[1]. Ethyl Oleate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol. Ethyl oleate is the liquid lipid component in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLC is a promising vehicle for oral trans-Ferulic acid (TFA) administration[1].

Trichoverrol B

C23H32O7 (420.2148)

2,4-Di-t-butylphenol

C14H22O (206.1671)

A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5472; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5470 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4899; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4898 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX502; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 4900; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 4898 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5475; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5474 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5519; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5518 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 972; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX508; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5507; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5506 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol is an endogenous metabolite. 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol is an endogenous metabolite.

Acenaphthylene

C12H8 (152.0626)

Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are derived naturally from coal and tar deposits, and produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter[1]. Acenaphthylene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). PAHs are derived naturally from coal and tar deposits, and produced by incomplete combustion of organic matter[1].

2-METHYLNONANE

C10H22 (142.1721)

Ergosterol peroxide

C28H44O3 (428.329)

Verrucarin J

C27H32O8 (484.2097)

D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D014255 - Trichothecenes D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE isolated standard

INDENE

C9H8 (116.0626)

PROPYLCYCLOPENTANE

C8H16 (112.1252)

4-Methoxy-6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one

C11H16O3 (196.1099)

2,3,5-TRIMETHYLHEXANE

C9H20 (128.1565)

An alkane that is hexane substituted by a methyl group at positions 2,3 and 5.

2,2,4,6,6-PENTAMETHYLHEPTANE

C12H26 (170.2034)

3-METHYLOCTANE

C9H20 (128.1565)

Adenosine

C10H13N5O4 (267.0967)

COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D058905 - Purinergic Agents > D058913 - Purinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Formula(Parent): C10H13N5O4; Bottle Name:Adenosine; PRIME Parent Name:Adenosine; PRIME in-house No.:0040 R0018, Purines MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; OIRDTQYFTABQOQ_STSL_0143_Adenosine_0500fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_33; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.113 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.109 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.097 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.096 Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported by the Max-Planck-Society IPB_RECORD: 2621; CONFIDENCE confident structure Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2].

Brassicasterol

C28H46O (398.3548)

An 3beta-sterol that is (22E)-ergosta-5,22-diene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is a phytosterol found in marine algae, fish, and rapeseed oil. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28178 - Phytosterol > C68437 - Unsaturated Phytosterol Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Brassicasterol, a metabolite of Ergosterol, plays a role in the inhibitory effect on bladder carcinogenesis promotion via androgen signaling[1]. Brassicasterol shows dual anti-infective properties against HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cardiovascular protective effect[2]. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[3]. Brassicasterol is a metabolite of Ergosterol and has cardiovascular protective effects. Brassicasterol exerts anticancer effects in prostate cancer through dual targeting of AKT and androgen receptor signaling pathways. Brassicasterol inhibits HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Brassicasterol also inhibits sterol δ 24-reductase, slowing the progression of atherosclerosis. Brassicasterol is also a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for Alzheimer's disease[1][2][3][4][5][6]. Brassicasterol, a metabolite of Ergosterol, plays a role in the inhibitory effect on bladder carcinogenesis promotion via androgen signaling[1]. Brassicasterol shows dual anti-infective properties against HSV-1 (IC50=1.2 μM) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and cardiovascular protective effect[2]. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer[3].

Ergosterol

C28H44O (396.3392)

Indicator of fungal contamination, especies in cereals. Occurs in yeast and fungi. The main fungal steroidand is also found in small amts. in higher plant prods., e.g. palm oil [DFC]. D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects. Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects.

β-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

The novel carbohydrate-derived b-carboline, 1-pentahydroxypentyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, was identified in fruit- and vegetable-derived products such as juices, jams, and tomato sauces. This compound occurred as two diastereoisomers, a cis isomer (the major compound) and a trans isomer, ranging from undetectable amounts to 6.5 ug/g. Grape, tomato, pineapple, and tropical juices exhibited the highest amount of this alkaloid (up to 3.8 mg/L), whereas apple, banana, and peach juices showed very low or nondetectable levels. This tetrahydro-b-carboline was also found in jams (up to 0.45 ug/g), and a relative high amount was present in tomato concentrate (6.5 ug/g) and sauce (up to 1.8 ug/g). This b-carboline occurred in fruit-derived products as a glycoconjugate from a chemical condensation of d-glucose and l-tryptophan that is highly favored at low pH values and high temperature. Production, processing treatments, and storage of fruit juices and jams can then release this b-carboline. Fruit-derived products and other foods containing this compound might be an exogenous dietary source of this glucose-derived tetrahydro-b-carboline.(PMID: 12137498) [HMDB] Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 20 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 10 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N_STSL_0101_Isoleucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_58; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8 COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid[1]. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

L-Methionine

C5H11NO2S (149.051)

The L-enantiomer of methionine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N_STSL_0047_Methionine_8000fmol_180416_S2_LC02_MS02_69; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.

L-alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

The L-enantiomer of alanine. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.

L-proline

C5H9NO2 (115.0633)

A human metabolite taken as a putative food compound of mammalian origin [HMDB] MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ONIBWKKTOPOVIA_STSL_0035_Proline_2000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_282; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins. L-Proline is one of the twenty amino acids used in living organisms as the building blocks of proteins.

L-Lysine

C6H14N2O2 (146.1055)

An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2]. L-lysine is an essential amino acid[1][2] with important roles in connective tissues and carnitine synthesis, energy production, growth in children, and maintenance of immune functions[2].

L-Valine

C5H11NO2 (117.079)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; KZSNJWFQEVHDMF_STSL_0100_Valine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_131; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1]. L-Valine (Valine) is a new nonlinear semiorganic material[1].

L-Arginine

C6H14N4O2 (174.1117)

An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-N_STSL_0099_L-Arginine_8000fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_67; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].

L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 (155.0695)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; HNDVDQJCIGZPNO_STSL_0107_Histidine_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_142; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport. L-Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants. L-Histidine is an inhibitor of mitochondrial glutamine transport.

D-Alanine

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

The D-enantiomer of alanine. D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR. D-Alanine is a weak GlyR (inhibitory glycine receptor) and PMBA agonist, with an EC50 of 9 mM for GlyR.

L-Serine

C3H7NO3 (105.0426)

The L-enantiomer of serine. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; MTCFGRXMJLQNBG_STSL_0098_Serine_8000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_174; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation. L-Serine ((-)-Serine; (S)-Serine), one of the so-called non-essential amino acids, plays a central role in cellular proliferation.

Azelaic Acid

C9H16O4 (188.1049)

D - Dermatologicals > D10 - Anti-acne preparations > D10A - Anti-acne preparations for topical use C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D003879 - Dermatologic Agents Annotation level-2 Azelaic acid is a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid. Azelaic acid has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis through inhibition of microbial cellular prorein synthesis. Azelaic acid has hypopigmentation action resulting from its ability to scavenge free radicals[1][2]. Azelaic acid is a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid. Azelaic acid has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis through inhibition of microbial cellular prorein synthesis. Azelaic acid has hypopigmentation action resulting from its ability to scavenge free radicals[1][2].

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2 (131.0946)

Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient. L-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are lettuce, common bean, pacific herring, and kefir. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N_STSL_0102_Leucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_19; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO3 (181.0739)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N_STSL_0110_L-Tyrosine_0500fmol_180506_S2_LC02_MS02_57; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.

L-glutamic acid

C5H9NO4 (147.0532)

MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N_STSL_0113_Glutamic acid_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_66; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases[1][2][3][4][5]. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Umbelliferone

C9H6O3 (162.0317)

Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent.

stearic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715)

Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils. Stearic acid is a long chain dietary saturated fatty acid which exists in many animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Oleic acid

C18H34O2 (282.2559)

An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. Oleic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=112-80-1 (retrieved 2024-07-16) (CAS RN: 112-80-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and can be used as a pharmaceutical solvent. Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and can be used as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2]. Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid[1]. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator[2].

L-Aspartic Acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; CKLJMWTZIZZHCS_STSL_0112_Aspartic acid_2000fmol_180430_S2_LC02_MS02_26; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly. L-Aspartic acid is is an amino acid, shown to be a suitable proagent for colon-specific agent deliverly.

L-Cystine

C6H12N2O4S2 (240.0238)

The L-enantiomer of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine.

Methyl isobutyl ketone

C6H12O (100.0888)

Isovaleraldehyde

C5H10O (86.0732)

A methylbutanal that is butanal substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It occurs as a volatile constituent in olives.

D-Aspartic acid

C4H7NO4 (133.0375)

The D-enantiomer of aspartic acid. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist. (-)-Aspartic acid is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist.

Octanal

C8H16O (128.1201)

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A07 - Antidiarrheals, intestinal antiinflammatory/antiinfective agents Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Octanal shows cytotoxicity against Hela cells[1]. Octanal is an aromatic aldehyde, with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Octanal shows cytotoxicity against Hela cells[1].

Lycopene

C40H56 (536.4382)

Lycopene, also known as all-trans-lycopene or e160d, is a member of the class of compounds known as carotenes. Carotenes are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, lycopene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Lycopene can be found in a number of food items such as american butterfish, babassu palm, scup, and condensed milk, which makes lycopene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Lycopene can be found primarily in blood and breast milk, as well as throughout most human tissues. Moreover, lycopene is found to be associated with endometrial cancer. In plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms, lycopene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids, including beta-carotene, which is responsible for yellow, orange, or red pigmentation, photosynthesis, and photoprotection. Like all carotenoids, lycopene is a tetraterpene. It is insoluble in water. Eleven conjugated double bonds give lycopene its deep red color. Owing to the strong color, lycopene is a useful as a food coloring (registered as E160d) and is approved for use in the USA, Australia and New Zealand (registered as 160d) and the European Union . D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D020011 - Protective Agents > D011837 - Radiation-Protective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D016588 - Anticarcinogenic Agents D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

Hexadecanoic acid

C16H32O2 (256.2402)

Octadecanoic acid

C18H36O2 (284.2715)

A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.

gamma-Carotene

C40H56 (536.4382)

A cyclic carotene obtained by the cyclisation of lycopene. Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 10 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.

Butylated hydroxytoluene

C15H24O (220.1827)

D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Butylated hydroxytoluene is an antioxidant widely used in foods and in food-related products[1]. Butylated hydroxytoluene is a Ferroptosis inhibitor[2].

ETHYL STEARATE

C20H40O2 (312.3028)

Ethyl palmitate

C18H36O2 (284.2715)

Ethyl palmitate, a fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), shows a marked preference for the synthesis of ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate over other FAEEs in human subjects after ethanol consumption. Ethyl palmitate is used as a hair- and skin-conditioning agent[1]. Ethyl palmitate, a fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), shows a marked preference for the synthesis of ethyl palmitate and ethyl oleate over other FAEEs in human subjects after ethanol consumption. Ethyl palmitate is used as a hair- and skin-conditioning agent[1].

2-Methylbutan-1-ol

C5H12O (88.0888)

A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol, also known as active amyl alcohol or 2-methylbutyl alcohol, is a member of the class of compounds known as primary alcohols. Primary alcohols are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general structure RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl). Thus, (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol is considered to be a fatty alcohol lipid molecule (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol can be synthesized from isopentane (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol can also be synthesized into 2-methylbutyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl decanoate (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol is a malt tasting compound and can be found in a number of food items such as turmeric, salmonberry, garden cress, and horseradish tree, which makes (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol can be found primarily in feces (s)-2-methyl-1-butanol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans.

Pentanal

C5H10O (86.0732)

A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.

Aleuriaxanthin

C40H56O (552.4331)

2'-Dehydroplectaniaxanthin

C40H54O2 (566.4124)

4-Methylpentan-2-one

C6H12O (100.0888)

3-Octanone

C8H16O (128.1201)

A dialkyl ketone that is octane in which the two methylene protons at position 3 have been replaced by an oxo group.

ANISOLE

C7H8O (108.0575)

A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.

dodecan-1-ol

C12H26O (186.1984)

A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.

ethynylbenzene

C8H6 (102.0469)

Phenylacetylene

C8H6 (102.0469)

5α-Ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol

C28H46O (398.3548)

A 3beta-sterol consisting of an ergostane skeleton with double bonds at 7- and 22-positions.

3-Methylbutanal

C5H10O (86.0732)

(2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2 (89.0477)

D-Cystine

C6H12N2O4S2 (240.0238)

The D-enantiomer of cystine.

Sphaeropsidin A

C20H26O5 (346.178)

A natural product found in Smardaea species and Diplodia cupressi.

3-Linoleoyl-sn-glycerol

C21H38O4 (354.277)

A 3-acyl-sn-glycerol that is the R-enantiomer of 1-monolinolein.

vitamin C

C6H8O6 (176.0321)

G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11G - Ascorbic acid (vitamin c), incl. combinations > A11GA - Ascorbic acid (vitamin c), plain B - Blood and blood forming organs > B03 - Antianemic preparations > B03A - Iron preparations > B03AA - Iron bivalent, oral preparations COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor[1][2][3]. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells[4]. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor[1][2][3]. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells[4].

Pirod

C4H4N2O2 (112.0273)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA. Uracil is a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine derivative and one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA.

Isododecane

C12H26 (170.2034)

Trilinolein

C57H98O6 (878.7363)

Constituent of seed oils rich in linoleic acid, e.g., sunflower oil. Glycerol trilinoleate is found in fats and oils. Trilinolein is an endogenous metabolite. Trilinolein is an endogenous metabolite.

sphaeropsidin C

C20H28O4 (332.1987)

A natural product found in Smardaea species and Diplodia cupressi.

Sphaeropsidin D

C20H26O6 (362.1729)

A natural product found in Smardaea species and Diplodia cupressi.

Smardaesidin D

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

A natural product found in Smardaea species.

Smardaesidin F

C19H28O4 (320.1987)

A natural product found in Smardaea species.

Smardaesidin A, (rel)-

C20H28O6 (364.1886)

A natural product found in Smardaea species.

Smardaesidin E, (rel)-

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

A natural product found in Smardaea species.

Smardaesidin C, (rel)-

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

A natural product found in Smardaea species.

Smardaesidin B, (rel)-

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

A natural product found in Smardaea species.

TERPINOLENE

C10H16 (136.1252)

A p-menthadiene with double bonds at positions 1 and 4(8).

2-Methylbutanal

C5H10O (86.0732)

A methylbutanal in which the methyl substituent is at position 2.

1,5-anhydro-D-Fructose

C6H10O5 (162.0528)

3,4-Dehydrolycopene

C40H54 (534.4225)

Ethyl octadecanoate

C20H40O2 (312.3028)

An octadecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of octadecanoic (stearic) acid and the hydroxy group of ethanol.

METHYLCYCLOPENTANE

C6H12 (84.0939)

A cycloalkane that is cyclopentane substituted by a single methyl group.

3-METHYLHEPTANE

C8H18 (114.1408)

3-aminopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

C5H10N2O2 (130.0742)

(4r,7r,9s,11r)-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene

C40H56 (536.4382)

2,6-bis({4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl})hexanoic acid

C52H70N2O10 (882.503)

(4s,7s,9r,11r)-11-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O3 (194.0943)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7s,8s,8'as)-4,6',8-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C48H64O10 (800.4499)

(2s)-2-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}butanedioic acid

C10H16O10 (296.0743)

(1r,2s,4s,5r,7s,8r,9s,10s,13r)-2,7,8-trihydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H28O6 (364.1886)

(1r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as,18s,22r,28s)-15-chloro-6',7,25,28-tetrahydroxy-2',5',5',8'a,9,14-hexamethyl-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h-4,11,17,21,29-pentaoxaspiro[heptacyclo[16.10.1.0²,¹⁶.0³,¹³.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁹,²⁷.0²⁰,²⁴]nonacosane-22,1'-naphthalene]-2,5,7,9,13,15,19(27),20(24),25-nonaen-12-one

C44H49ClO10 (772.3014)

2-{2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-6,6'-dioloxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

C29H41NO9 (547.2781)

2-{[1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-5,5a-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

C34H56O8 (592.3975)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-{[13-chloro-5,14-dihydroxy-7,12-dimethyl-6-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-10-oxo-2,9-dioxatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-15-yl]methyl}-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C44H50ClNO9 (771.3174)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7s,8r,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,6',8-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C46H62O10 (774.4343)

(2r)-2-hydroxy-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]octadecanimidic acid

C42H79NO9 (741.5755)

(1r,4e,9s,10s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

7-ethenyl-4,4b-dihydroxy-4a-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,7-trimethyl-3,4,5,6,10,10a-hexahydro-2h-phenanthren-9-one

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

methyl (2e)-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate

C10H10O3 (178.063)

geopyxin c

C20H26O5 (346.178)

(2s)-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrrole-2,5-diol

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

(2e)-5-[(1s,5s,6s)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxobicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-yl]-2-methylpent-2-enoic acid

C15H20O3 (248.1412)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-formyl-4-hydroxy-2',5',5',6,8'a-pentamethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H34O5 (414.2406)

2-[(1z,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e,19e)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,23-undecaen-1-yl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene

C40H56 (536.4382)

16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,9,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

(1e,5r,10s,12z,14s,16r,17r,20s)-9-isopropyl-8,16-dimethoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C26H36O7 (460.2461)

2-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}butanedioic acid

C10H16O10 (296.0743)

1-methyl-2-propylidenehydrazine

C4H10N2 (86.0844)

(2r,2'r,4'as,5'r,6'r,8'as)-5'-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',8'a-trimethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6,6'-triol

C23H31NO5 (401.2202)

(1r,3r,7s,12s,14r,15r,16s,17s,20z,22e,24s,28r)-24-acetyl-28-hydroxy-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H34O10 (542.2152)

(5e)-5-[(2e)-but-2-en-1-ylidene]-3-propylfuran-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

4,6'-dihydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

(1s,4e,9s,10s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-16-methoxy-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C25H34O8 (462.2254)

(3r,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e)-2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyl-25-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentacosa-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24-undecaene-2,3-diol

C40H56O2 (568.428)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,8'as)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6',8-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

7-(4-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}butyl)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C50H68N2O8 (824.4975)

(4'r,5's,6's,7's)-5,5',6',7',9'-pentahydroxy-3'-oxaspiro[naphthalene-1,2'-tricyclo[6.3.1.0⁴,¹²]dodecane]-1'(12'),8',10'-trien-4-one

C20H16O7 (368.0896)

2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6',8-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

(1e,5r,10s,12z,14s,16s,17r,20s)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

2-(7,8-dihydroxy-4,8-dimethylnon-3-en-1-yl)-2-methyl-6h-chromeno[6,7-c]pyrrole-5,8-diol

C23H31NO5 (401.2202)

4-{2-[(2r,4r)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]ethyl}-3-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-5h-furan-2-one

C14H18O5 (266.1154)

2-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid

C29H39NO8 (529.2676)

8-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-6,10,12a-trimethyl-3ah,4h,5h,8h,9h,12h-cyclopenta[11]annulen-1-one

C20H30O2 (302.2246)

(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-{[(1r,3ar,5r,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-5,5a-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

C34H56O8 (592.3975)

7-formyl-4-hydroxy-2',5',5',6,8'a-pentamethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H34O5 (414.2406)

(2s,3'r,8'r,12'e,18'e,20'z,24'r,25's)-5',13',25'-trimethyl-2',10',16',23'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,26'-tetracyclo[22.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁵]heptacosane]-4',12',18',20'-tetraene-11',17',22'-trione

C27H32O8 (484.2097)

5-(but-2-en-1-ylidene)-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)furan-2-one

C11H12O2 (176.0837)

(1s,4e,9s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

(1r,3ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7-peroxol

C28H44O2 (412.3341)

methyl (2e)-3-(2-{[(2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}phenyl)prop-2-enoate

C15H18O7 (310.1052)

4-[2-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl)ethyl]-3-propyl-5h-furan-2-one

C14H20O5 (268.1311)

(22e)-24-acetyl-28-hydroxy-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H34O10 (542.2152)

(4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e)-2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyl-3-oxo-25-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentacosa-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24-undecaen-2-yl (9z,12z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate

C58H84O3 (828.642)

(2r,2's,4'as,6'r,8'as)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6',8-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

3,4-dihydro-2h-pyrrole-2,5-diol

C4H7NO2 (101.0477)

2-[(3z)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-2-methyl-9h-chromeno[7,8-c]pyrrole-5,7-diol

C23H29NO3 (367.2147)

5-ethenyl-5,11,11-trimethyl-16-oxatetracyclo[6.6.2.0¹,¹⁰.0²,⁷]hexadec-6-ene-2,8,14-triol

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

4,6,6'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-8-one

C23H29NO5 (399.2046)

(1e,5s,10r,12e,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

d-allitol

C6H14O6 (182.079)

(4r,7r,9s,11s)-11-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O3 (194.0943)

(5z)-5-[(2s,3s)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2r)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

(2s,3r)-3-aminopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

C5H10N2O2 (130.0742)

(22e)-28-hydroxy-24-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H36O10 (544.2308)

(6s,9s,12s,15s,18s,21r,24s,27s,30s,33s)-8,17,23,26,32-pentahydroxy-9-[(1r,2r,4e)-1-hydroxy-2-methylhex-4-en-1-yl]-6-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12-isopropyl-1,4,10,13,19,21,24,28-octamethyl-15,18,27,30,33-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriaconta-7,16,22,25,31-pentaene-2,5,11,14,20,29-hexone

C62H111N11O13 (1217.8362)

(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-6,6'-dioloxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

C29H41NO9 (547.2781)

7-(5-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}pentyl)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C51H70N2O8 (838.5132)

(1z,5s,12z,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,9,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

[1,6-dihydroxy-5-(3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl)-3h-isoindol-4-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid

C23H31NO6S (449.1872)

{1,6-dihydroxy-5-[(2z,6z)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl]-3h-isoindol-4-yl}oxidanesulfonic acid

C23H31NO6S (449.1872)

(2s,4r)-2,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2h-naphthalen-1-one

C10H10O5 (210.0528)

methyl 7-hydroxy-18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,7,11,14-tetramethyl-10,16-dioxo-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-8-carboxylate

C26H38O8 (478.2567)

5-[(1s,5s,6s)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxobicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-6-yl]-2-methylpentanoic acid

C15H22O3 (250.1569)

(2s)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-3-phenylpropanoic acid

C32H39NO7 (549.2726)

(1'r,2s,3'r,8'r,12'z,18'z,20'z,24'r,25's)-5',13',25'-trimethyl-2',10',16',23'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,26'-tetracyclo[22.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁵]heptacosane]-4',12',18',20'-tetraene-11',17',22'-trione

C27H32O8 (484.2097)

16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

2-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}pentanedioic acid

C28H37NO8 (515.2519)

geopyxin d

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

(1z,5s,10r,12e,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

(1s,3r,5r,7s,8e,12r)-7-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4-oxatricyclo[10.3.0.0³,⁵]pentadeca-8,13-dien-15-one

C20H30O3 (318.2195)

(1r,9ar,9br,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one

C28H40O (392.3079)

(1r,3r,5s,7r,8e,12s)-7-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4-oxatricyclo[10.3.0.0³,⁵]pentadeca-8,13-dien-15-one

C20H30O3 (318.2195)

(1z,5s,12e,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,9,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

1-[(1r,2r,4as,6s,7r,8as,12'r)-6,7,7'-trihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2h-3',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,4'-tricyclo[7.3.0.0²,⁶]dodecane]-1',6',8'-trien-12'-yl]propan-2-one

C26H36O6 (444.2512)

(4e)-15-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,16,17-trioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11-dien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O8 (448.2097)

(1s,3z,5s,9s,11r,14r)-18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,11,14-trimethyl-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-7,10,16-trione

C23H32O6 (404.2199)

methyl 2-{[4-(formyloxy)phenyl]methylidene}-4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate

C15H16O5 (276.0998)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7r,8r,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,6'-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C47H64O9 (772.455)

5-[(2e)-but-2-en-1-ylidene]-3-propylfuran-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

9-[2-(but-2-en-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-1ah,3h,3ah,4h,7h,7ah,7bh-naphtho[1,2-b]oxiren-3-yl]-6-methylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid

C25H32O4 (396.23)

5-[(2s,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

3-phenyl-2-{4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}propanoic acid

C32H39NO7 (549.2726)

4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-5-carbaldehyde

C23H32O5 (388.225)

(2s,6'r,11'r,13'r,15's,21'e,23's,27'r)-27'-hydroxy-23'-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-9',15'-dimethyl-4',12',17',24'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,14'-pentacyclo[21.3.1.1¹³,¹⁶.0⁶,¹¹.0⁶,¹⁵]octacosane]-1',9',19',21'-tetraene-3',18'-dione

C29H36O9 (528.2359)

(20z,22z)-28-hydroxy-24-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H36O10 (544.2308)

2-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H28O4 (332.1987)

[6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-oxopyran-3-yl]methyl acetate

C10H12O5 (212.0685)

(4r,7r,9s)-11-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O3 (194.0943)

5-(but-3-en-1-yl)-3-propyl-5h-furan-2-one

C11H16O2 (180.115)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-one

C28H40O (392.3079)

2,11-dihydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

2-(7,8-dihydroxy-4,8-dimethylnon-3-en-1-yl)-2-methyl-9h-chromeno[7,8-c]pyrrole-5,7-diol

C23H31NO5 (401.2202)

1-[(1r,2r,4as,6s,7r,8as,12's)-6,7,7'-trihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2h-3',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,4'-tricyclo[7.3.0.0²,⁶]dodecane]-1',6',8'-trien-12'-yl]propan-2-one

C26H36O6 (444.2512)

(1s,2r,3r,4ar,9ar,10s)-1,2,3,4a,8,9a,10-heptahydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-1,2,4,10-tetrahydroanthracen-9-one

C16H20O9 (356.1107)

4-{4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}butanoic acid

C27H37NO7 (487.257)

4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-one

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H44O (396.3392)

9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

(2r,2's,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

(2e,4e,6e,8e)-9-[(1as,2s,3ar,7ar,7bs)-2-[(2e)-but-2-en-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-1ah,3h,3ah,4h,7h,7ah,7bh-naphtho[1,2-b]oxiren-3-yl]-6-methylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid

C25H32O4 (396.23)

(1e,5s,10r,12z,14s,16r,17s,20r)-8,16-dihydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

8-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylxanthen-9-one

C15H12O4 (256.0736)

(1r,2s,4s,5r,8s,9s,10s,13r)-2,8-dihydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

(8r,12ar)-8-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-6,10,12a-trimethyl-3ah,4h,5h,8h,9h,12h-cyclopenta[11]annulen-1-one

C20H30O2 (302.2246)

5-[(2s,3s)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

methyl 18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,7,11,14-tetramethyl-10,16-dioxo-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-8-carboxylate

C26H38O7 (462.2617)

geopyxin b

C20H28O4 (332.1987)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7s,7'r,8s,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,7'-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C49H66O11 (830.4605)

9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-16-methoxy-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C25H34O8 (462.2254)

4-{2-[(2r,4r)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]ethyl}-3-propyl-5h-furan-2-one

C14H20O5 (268.1311)

3-methyl-2-{4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}butanoic acid

C28H39NO7 (501.2726)

4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C26H35NO5 (441.2515)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-{4-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]butyl}-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C50H68N2O8 (824.4975)

(1e,5s,10r,12e,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-8-methoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

methyl 5,12-dihydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,7,11-tetramethyl-17-oxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-10,15-diene-8-carboxylate

C25H38O7 (450.2617)

(2s,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-one

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

(1r,2r,3s,4as,9ar,10r)-1,2,3,4a,8,10-hexahydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4,9a,10-tetrahydro-1h-anthracen-9-one

C16H20O8 (340.1158)

(1s,4e,9s,10r,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

1-{6,7'-dihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2h-3',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,4'-tricyclo[7.3.0.0²,⁶]dodecane]-1',6',8'-trien-12'-yl}propan-2-one

C26H36O5 (428.2563)

2-{[(1r,3ar,5r,5ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-5,5a-dihydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol

C34H56O8 (592.3975)

2,2,5,5-tetramethyloxolane

C8H16O (128.1201)

(2s)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid

C29H39NO8 (529.2676)

(5z)-5-[(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2r)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

5,7'-dihydroxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-triene-4,9'-dione

C20H12O6 (348.0634)

2-ethenyl-4a,10,10a-trihydroxy-2,8,8-trimethyl-3,4,5,6,7,10-hexahydro-1h-phenanthren-9-one

C19H28O4 (320.1987)

6-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6'-diol

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

7-formyl-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-ylmethoxysulfonic acid

C23H32O8S (468.1818)

(2s,3'r,8'r,12'e,17'r,18'e,20'z,24'r,25's)-17'-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5',13',25'-trimethyl-2',10',16',23'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,26'-tetracyclo[22.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁵]heptacosane]-4',12',18',20'-tetraene-11',22'-dione

C29H38O8 (514.2567)

7-ethenyl-2,4,4b-trihydroxy-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,10,10a-hexahydro-2h-phenanthren-9-one

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

2-hydroxy-n-(3-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)octadecanimidic acid

C42H79NO9 (741.5755)

2,3-dihydroxypropyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate

C21H38O4 (354.277)

(3ar,8r,12as)-8-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-6,10,12a-trimethyl-3ah,4h,5h,8h,9h,12h-cyclopenta[11]annulen-1-one

C20H30O2 (302.2246)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-5,5a,7-triol

C28H46O3 (430.3447)

5-[(2s,2's,4'as,6'r,8'ar)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl]pentanoic acid

C28H39NO6 (485.2777)

(2s,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6',7-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

(1r,3s,5s,7r,8e,12s)-7-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4,16-dioxatricyclo[10.4.0.0³,⁵]hexadeca-8,13-dien-15-one

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

(1s,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as,18r,22r,28r)-15-chloro-6',7,25,28-tetrahydroxy-2',5',5',8'a,9,14-hexamethyl-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h-4,11,17,21,29-pentaoxaspiro[heptacyclo[16.10.1.0²,¹⁶.0³,¹³.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁹,²⁷.0²⁰,²⁴]nonacosane-22,1'-naphthalene]-2,5,7,9,13,15,19(27),20(24),25-nonaen-12-one

C44H49ClO10 (772.3014)

(5e)-5-[(2r,3s)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

(1s,4z,9s,10s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

4,6',7-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-5-one

C23H29NO5 (399.2046)

7-formyl-4,6'-dihydroxy-5',5',8'a-trimethyl-2'-methylidene-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-ylmethyl acetate

C25H32O6 (428.2199)

8,17,23,26,32-pentahydroxy-9-(1-hydroxy-2-methylhex-4-en-1-yl)-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12-isopropyl-1,4,10,13,19,21,24,28-octamethyl-15,18,27,30,33-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriaconta-7,16,22,25,31-pentaene-2,5,11,14,20,29-hexone

C62H111N11O13 (1217.8362)

(1r,1'r,2r,2''r,4as,4''as,6r,6''r,8as,8''as,13'r,17'r,23'r)-2,2'',5,5,5'',5'',8a,8''a-octamethyl-3,3'',4,4'',4a,4''a,6,6'',7,7'',8,8''-dodecahydro-2h,2''h-dispiro[naphthalene-1,5'-[4,12,16,24]tetraoxahexacyclo[11.10.1.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁷.0¹⁴,²².0¹⁵,¹⁹]tetracosane-17',1''-naphthalene]-2',7',9',14',19',21'-hexaene-6,6'',8',20',23'-pentol

C46H62O9 (758.4394)

5-[(2z,6z)-10,11-dihydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dien-1-yl]-3h-isoindole-1,4,6-triol

C23H33NO5 (403.2359)

(12'z,18'z,20'z)-17'-(1-hydroxyethyl)-5',13',25'-trimethyl-2',10',16',23'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,26'-tetracyclo[22.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁵]heptacosane]-4',12',18',20'-tetraene-11',22'-dione

C29H38O8 (514.2567)

2-[(3z)-7,8-dihydroxy-4,8-dimethylnon-3-en-1-yl]-2-methyl-6h-chromeno[6,7-c]pyrrole-5,8-diol

C23H31NO5 (401.2202)

4-[2-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl)ethyl]-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5h-furan-2-one

C14H18O5 (266.1154)

2-(4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)-2-methyl-9h-chromeno[7,8-c]pyrrole-5,7-diol

C23H29NO3 (367.2147)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-7-formyl-4,7'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

(1's,2s,2's,7'r,9'r,11'r)-2'-(hydroxymethyl)-1',5'-dimethyl-8'-oxaspiro[oxirane-2,12'-tricyclo[7.2.1.0²,⁷]dodecan]-5'-en-11'-yl (2z,4e,7s)-6,7-dihydroxyocta-2,4-dienoate

C23H32O7 (420.2148)

(1r,1's,2r,2''r,4as,4''as,6r,6''s,7''r,8as,8''as,13's,17'r,23's)-6,7'',8',20',23'-pentahydroxy-2,2'',5,5,5'',5'',8a,8''a-octamethyl-3,3'',4,4'',4a,4''a,6,6'',7,7'',8,8''-dodecahydro-2h,2''h-dispiro[naphthalene-1,5'-[4,12,16,24]tetraoxahexacyclo[11.10.1.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁷.0¹⁴,²².0¹⁵,¹⁹]tetracosane-17',1''-naphthalene]-2',7',9',14',19',21'-hexaen-6''-yl acetate

C48H64O11 (816.4448)

8,16-dihydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

2-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

C27H37NO7 (487.257)

methyl (1r,4r,5s,7s,8r,9r,10e,12s,14s)-5,12-dihydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,7,11-tetramethyl-17-oxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-10,15-diene-8-carboxylate

C25H38O7 (450.2617)

(1e,5r,7r,9s,11z,13s,15r,16s,19r)-15-hydroxy-7-isopropyl-2,5,12,15-tetramethyl-6,14,18-trioxatetracyclo[11.5.1.0⁵,⁹.0¹⁶,¹⁹]nonadeca-1,11-diene-8,17-dione

C23H32O6 (404.2199)

(1r,3as,3bs,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5s)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H46O (398.3548)

9-isopropyl-8,16-dimethoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C26H36O7 (460.2461)

(1r,4e,8s,9r,10e,14s)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-(hydroxymethyl)-15-isopropyl-4,11-dimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O5 (402.2406)

(1r,3ar,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5s)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H44O (396.3392)

(1s,4e,9s,10r,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-16-methoxy-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C25H34O8 (462.2254)

(1e,5s,10r,12z,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-8-methoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

4,10,15-trihydroxy-13-methyl-9-oxatricyclo[9.4.0.0³,⁸]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaen-2-one

C15H12O5 (272.0685)

(1r,4'r,5's)-5,5',9'-trihydroxy-3'-oxaspiro[naphthalene-1,2'-tricyclo[6.3.1.0⁴,¹²]dodecane]-1'(12'),8',10'-triene-4,7'-dione

C20H14O6 (350.079)

(2e,4e,6z,8e)-9-[(1as,2s,3ar,7ar,7bs)-2-[(2e)-but-2-en-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-6-methyl-1ah,3h,3ah,4h,7h,7ah,7bh-naphtho[1,2-b]oxiren-3-yl]-6-methylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid

C25H32O4 (396.23)

(5e)-5-[(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

(1z,5s,10r,12e,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-8-methoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

(2s,3r)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-3-hydroxybutanoic acid

C27H37NO7 (487.257)

(2s)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4-methylpentanoic acid

C29H41NO7 (515.2883)

2-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-8,15-dioxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H26O5 (346.178)

4-[(2e)-but-2-en-1-yl]-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5h-furan-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

5-(2,3-dihydroxybutylidene)-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)furan-2-one

C11H14O4 (210.0892)

1-[(1r,2r,4as,6r,8as,12'r)-6,7'-dihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2h-3',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,4'-tricyclo[7.3.0.0²,⁶]dodecane]-1',6',8'-trien-12'-yl]propan-2-one

C26H36O5 (428.2563)

4-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]butanoic acid

C27H37NO7 (487.257)

(1r,1'r,10'r,12'r)-5,7'-dihydroxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-triene-4,9'-dione

C20H12O6 (348.0634)

(3r,4s,4ar)-4,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-benzopyran-1-one

C10H12O4 (196.0736)

(1s,4e,8s,9s,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-({[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-7-carbaldehyde

C29H42O10 (550.2778)

2-(acetyloxy)-2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyl-25-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentacosa-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24-undecaen-3-yl acetate

C44H60O4 (652.4491)

(4s)-4-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid

C29H39NO8 (529.2676)

(2r,3r)-3-{[(1s)-1-{[(5s)-5-amino-5-carboxypentyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl]-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}oxirane-2-carboxylic acid

C16H27N3O7 (373.1849)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-8-one

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-{5-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]pentyl}-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C51H70N2O8 (838.5132)

(1s,4z,9s,10s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-16-methoxy-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C25H34O8 (462.2254)

(2s,2's,4'ar,6's,8'ar)-8-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6,6'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-8-yl]-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C46H58N2O8 (766.4193)

8-(1-hydroxyethyl)-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

(1s,3s,7s,12s,14s,15r,16r,17s,20z,22e,24r,28s)-28-hydroxy-24-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H36O10 (544.2308)

(2r)-2-[(2s,2's,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl]-6-[(2s,2's,4'as,6's,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl]hexanoic acid

C52H70N2O10 (882.503)

(1s,4z,8s,9r,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

(3r,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e)-2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyl-25-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentacosa-1,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24-undecaen-3-ol

C40H56O (552.4331)

(1s,4e,9s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-16-methoxy-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C25H34O8 (462.2254)

5-[(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-({[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-7-carbaldehyde

C29H42O11 (566.2727)

methyl (1s,3z,5s,7s,8r,9s,11r,14r)-7-hydroxy-18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,7,11,14-tetramethyl-10,16-dioxo-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-8-carboxylate

C26H38O8 (478.2567)

(1'z,2s,6'r,11'r,13'r,15's,16'r,19'z,21'e,23'r,27'r)-27'-hydroxy-23'-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-9',15'-dimethyl-4',12',17',24'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,14'-pentacyclo[21.3.1.1¹³,¹⁶.0⁶,¹¹.0⁶,¹⁵]octacosane]-1',9',19',21'-tetraene-3',18'-dione

C29H36O9 (528.2359)

5-ethenyl-2,4,8-trihydroxy-5,11,11-trimethyl-16-oxatetracyclo[7.5.2.0¹,¹⁰.0²,⁷]hexadec-6-en-15-one

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

9,10,11-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid

C18H34O5 (330.2406)

(1e,5s,12z,14r,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,9,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6,6'-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6',8-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

5-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]pentanoic acid

C28H39NO6 (485.2777)

(4e)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-16-methoxy-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C25H34O8 (462.2254)

(2r)-2-hydroxy-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]henicosanimidic acid

C45H85NO9 (783.6224)

(5z)-5-(2,3-dihydroxybutylidene)-3-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-one

C11H14O4 (210.0892)

2,8-dihydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H28O5 (348.1937)

roridin e

C29H38O8 (514.2567)

(1e,5r,12z,14s,16s,17r,20s)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,9,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

1,8-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethylxanthen-9-one

C15H12O4 (256.0736)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7s,8s,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,6',8-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C46H62O9 (758.4394)

(2s)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]pentanedioic acid

C28H37NO8 (515.2519)

7-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4-oxatricyclo[10.3.0.0³,⁵]pentadeca-8,13-dien-15-one

C20H30O3 (318.2195)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7s,8s,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,6'-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C47H64O9 (772.455)

2,8-dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyl-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H30O6 (366.2042)

(2r,3e)-2-hydroxy-n-[(2s,3r,4e,8e)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]henicos-3-enimidic acid

C45H83NO9 (781.6068)

(1e,5r,10s,12z,14r,16s,17r,20s)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-8-methoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

2-hydroxy-n-(3-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)henicosanimidic acid

C45H85NO9 (783.6224)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6,7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H33NO6 (443.2308)

(1s,4e,9s,10s,11z,14r)-9-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,17-dioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11,15-trien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O7 (432.2148)

(1r,1'r,10'r,12'r)-7'-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-triene-4,9'-dione

C21H14O6 (362.079)

4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-8-{4,6,6'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-8-yl}-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C46H58N2O8 (766.4193)

(2s)-2-(phenylamino)propanoic acid

C9H11NO2 (165.079)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7s,8r,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C49H66O11 (830.4605)

(1s,4e,8r,9s,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

3-({1-[(5-hydroxypentyl)-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]-3-methylbutyl}-c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid

C15H26N2O6 (330.1791)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-5-carbaldehyde

C23H32O5 (388.225)

2-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl}pentanedioic acid

C28H37NO8 (515.2519)

15-hydroxy-7-isopropyl-2,5,12,15-tetramethyl-6,14,18-trioxatetracyclo[11.5.1.0⁵,⁹.0¹⁶,¹⁹]nonadeca-1,11-diene-8,17-dione

C23H32O6 (404.2199)

5-(but-3-en-1-yl)-3-propyloxolan-2-one

C11H18O2 (182.1307)

7-[4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,6',8-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C46H62O9 (758.4394)

(4e,8s,9r,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

4,6,7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H33NO6 (443.2308)

1-[(1r,2r,4as,6r,8as,12's)-6,7'-dihydroxy-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-3,4,4a,6,7,8-hexahydro-2h-3',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,4'-tricyclo[7.3.0.0²,⁶]dodecane]-1',6',8'-trien-12'-yl]propan-2-one

C26H36O5 (428.2563)

cerevisterol

C29H48O3 (444.3603)

(1r,1's,2r,2''r,4as,4''as,6s,6''s,7r,7''r,8as,8''as,13's,17'r,23's)-2,2'',5,5,5'',5'',8a,8''a-octamethyl-3,3'',4,4'',4a,4''a,6,6'',7,7'',8,8''-dodecahydro-2h,2''h-dispiro[naphthalene-1,5'-[4,12,16,24]tetraoxahexacyclo[11.10.1.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁷.0¹⁴,²².0¹⁵,¹⁹]tetracosane-17',1''-naphthalene]-2',7',9',14',19',21'-hexaene-6,6'',7,7'',8',20',23'-heptol

C46H62O11 (790.4292)

(1r,1's,2r,2''r,4as,4''as,6r,6''s,7''r,8as,8''as,13's,17'r,23's)-2,2'',5,5,5'',5'',8a,8''a-octamethyl-3,3'',4,4'',4a,4''a,6,6'',7,7'',8,8''-dodecahydro-2h,2''h-dispiro[naphthalene-1,5'-[4,12,16,24]tetraoxahexacyclo[11.10.1.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁷.0¹⁴,²².0¹⁵,¹⁹]tetracosane-17',1''-naphthalene]-2',7',9',14',19',21'-hexaene-6,6'',7'',8',20',23'-hexol

C46H62O10 (774.4343)

methyl 2-[(4as,8s,9s,11r,13ar)-8-(acetyloxy)-4-isopropyl-3-methoxy-7,11,13a-trimethyl-2,10-dioxo-4ah,5h,8h,9h,11h,12h,13h-cycloundeca[b]pyran-9-yl]acetate

C26H38O8 (478.2567)

methyl 2-[(1e)-2-[4-(formyloxy)phenyl]ethenyl]-4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate

C16H18O5 (290.1154)

(12z)-9,10,11-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid

C18H34O5 (330.2406)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H46O (398.3548)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C26H35NO5 (441.2515)

(5e)-5-[(2e)-but-2-en-1-ylidene]-3-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-one

C11H12O2 (176.0837)

5-[(2z,6z)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl]-3h-isoindole-1,4,6-triol

C23H31NO3 (369.2304)

(1r,3as,7s,9ar,9bs,11ar)-1-[(2r,3e,5r)-5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H46O (398.3548)

2-hydroxy-n-(3-hydroxy-9-methyl-1-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl)henicos-3-enimidic acid

C45H83NO9 (781.6068)

7-formyl-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H34O6 (430.2355)

2-(4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl)-2-methyl-6h-chromeno[6,7-c]pyrrole-5,8-diol

C23H29NO3 (367.2147)

2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6',7-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

7'-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-triene-4,9'-dione

C21H14O6 (362.079)

(5e)-5-(but-2-en-1-ylidene)-3-propylfuran-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

6-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-7,11,13a-trimethyl-9-(2-oxopropyl)-4ah,5h,6h,9h,11h,12h,13h-cycloundeca[b]pyran-2,10-dione

C23H34O5 (390.2406)

8-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-15-isopropyl-4,11-dimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O5 (402.2406)

(1r,4e,8r,9s,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

(1s,2r,3s,4ar,9as)-1,2,3,8,9a-pentahydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-1,2,4,4a-tetrahydroanthracene-9,10-dione

C16H18O8 (338.1002)

5-(10,11-dihydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dien-1-yl)-3h-isoindole-1,4,6-triol

C23H33NO5 (403.2359)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-formyl-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-ylmethoxysulfonic acid

C23H32O8S (468.1818)

18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,11,14-trimethyl-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-7,10,16-trione

C23H32O6 (404.2199)

11-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O3 (194.0943)

methyl 18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,8,11,14-tetramethyl-7,10,16-trioxo-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-8-carboxylate

C26H36O8 (476.241)

5-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl}pentanoic acid

C28H39NO6 (485.2777)

2-[(3z)-7,8-dihydroxy-4,8-dimethylnon-3-en-1-yl]-2-methyl-9h-chromeno[7,8-c]pyrrole-5,7-diol

C23H31NO5 (401.2202)

(1'r,3'r,8'r,12'z,18'z,20'z,24'r,25's)-5',13',25'-trimethyl-2',10',16',23'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,26'-tetracyclo[22.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁵]heptacosane]-4',12',18',20'-tetraene-11',17',22'-trione

C27H32O8 (484.2097)

(1s,3r,7r,12r,14r,15s,16s,17r,20z,22e,24r,28r)-28-hydroxy-24-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H36O10 (544.2308)

(4as,6s,9s,11r,13ar)-6-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-7,11,13a-trimethyl-9-(2-oxopropyl)-4ah,5h,6h,9h,11h,12h,13h-cycloundeca[b]pyran-2,10-dione

C23H34O5 (390.2406)

(5e)-5-[(2s,3s)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

(5s)-5-(but-3-en-1-yl)-3-propyl-5h-furan-2-one

C11H16O2 (180.115)

4-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid

C29H39NO8 (529.2676)

(1e,5s,10r,12z,14s,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-8-methoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

(5s)-5-(but-3-en-1-yl)-3-propyloxolan-2-one

C11H18O2 (182.1307)

(2s,3s)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-3-methylpentanoic acid

C29H41NO7 (515.2883)

methyl (2e)-2-{[4-(formyloxy)phenyl]methylidene}-4-methyl-3-oxopentanoate

C15H16O5 (276.0998)

(1e,5s,9s,10r,12z,14s,16r,17s,20r)-9,16-dihydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,12-diene-7,8,18-trione

C24H32O8 (448.2097)

methyl (1s,3z,5s,7s,8r,9s,11r,14r)-18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,7,11,14-tetramethyl-10,16-dioxo-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-8-carboxylate

C26H38O7 (462.2617)

(2s)-2-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6's,7'r,8'as)-4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-3-methylbutanoic acid

C28H39NO7 (501.2726)

7-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4,16-dioxatricyclo[10.4.0.0³,⁵]hexadeca-8,13-dien-15-one

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

(1's,2r,3's,8'r,12's,14's,18'r,19'e,21'e,25'r,26'r)-18'-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5',14',26'-trimethyl-2',10',13',17',24'-pentaoxaspiro[oxirane-2,27'-pentacyclo[23.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁶.0¹²,¹⁴]octacosane]-4',19',21'-triene-11',23'-dione

C29H38O9 (530.2516)

5-{4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}pentanoic acid

C28H39NO6 (485.2777)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6,6'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-8-one

C23H29NO5 (399.2046)

(2r,2's,4'as,6'r,8'as)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6,6'-triol

C23H31NO4 (385.2253)

9,10-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-7,11,13a-trimethyl-4ah,5h,6h,9h,10h,13h-cycloundeca[b]pyran-2-one

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

4-{2-[(2s,4r)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]ethyl}-3-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-5h-furan-2-one

C14H18O5 (266.1154)

4,6-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-2',3,3',4',4'a,7',8,8'-octahydrospiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-one

C23H29NO4 (383.2096)

7-formyl-4,7'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

4-methyl-2-{4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}pentanoic acid

C29H41NO7 (515.2883)

5'-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',8'a-trimethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalene]-4,6,6'-triol

C23H31NO5 (401.2202)

(1r,1'r,9's,10's,12'r)-7',9'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-trien-4-one

C21H16O6 (364.0947)

2-[(3z)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-2-methyl-6h-chromeno[6,7-c]pyrrole-5,8-diol

C23H29NO3 (367.2147)

(3r,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e,14e,16e,18e,20e,22e,24e)-2-(acetyloxy)-2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyl-25-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentacosa-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24-undecaen-3-yl acetate

C44H60O4 (652.4491)

2,10-dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5,13-trimethyl-16-oxapentacyclo[7.6.2.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹.0¹³,¹⁵]heptadecane-3,17-dione

C20H28O6 (364.1886)

16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-8-methoxy-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C25H34O7 (446.2304)

(5r)-5-[(1e)-buta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-3-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-5h-furan-2-one

C11H12O2 (176.0837)

(1r,4'r,5's)-5',9'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-3'-oxaspiro[naphthalene-1,2'-tricyclo[6.3.1.0⁴,¹²]dodecane]-1'(12'),8',10'-triene-4,7'-dione

C21H16O6 (364.0947)

methyl 2-[8-(acetyloxy)-4-isopropyl-3-methoxy-7,11,13a-trimethyl-2,10-dioxo-4ah,5h,8h,9h,11h,12h,13h-cycloundeca[b]pyran-9-yl]acetate

C26H38O8 (478.2567)

(1s,2r,3s,4ar,9as)-9a-chloro-1,2,3,4a,8-pentahydroxy-6-methoxy-3-methyl-2,4-dihydro-1h-anthracene-9,10-dione

C16H17ClO8 (372.0612)

7',9'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-trien-4-one

C21H16O6 (364.0947)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',7,8'a-pentamethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C24H33NO4 (399.2409)

4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-({[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-7-carbaldehyde

C29H42O11 (566.2727)

(5e)-5-(but-2-en-1-ylidene)-3-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]furan-2-one

C11H12O2 (176.0837)

methyl (1s,3z,5s,8s,9s,11r,14r)-18-isopropyl-17-methoxy-4,8,11,14-tetramethyl-7,10,16-trioxo-6,15-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-3,17-diene-8-carboxylate

C26H36O8 (476.241)

(1s,4e,8r,9r,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

(2s)-2-[(2s,2's,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-7-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,5,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-yl]pentanedioic acid

C28H37NO8 (515.2519)

(1r,3s,7r,12r,14r,15s,16s,17r,20z,22e,24s,28s)-24-acetyl-28-hydroxy-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H34O10 (542.2152)

2,7,8-trihydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H28O6 (364.1886)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,5ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol

C28H46O (398.3548)

2,6,10,14,19,23-hexamethyl-3-oxo-25-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)pentacosa-4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24-undecaen-2-yl octadeca-9,12-dienoate

C58H84O3 (828.642)

(2r,2'r,4'ar,8'as)-4,6-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-2',3,3',4',4'a,7',8,8'-octahydrospiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-one

C23H29NO4 (383.2096)

5-[(2r,3s)-2,3-dihydroxybutylidene]-3-[(2s)-2-hydroxypropyl]furan-2-one

C11H16O5 (228.0998)

5-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-6,10-dimethyl-16,17-dioxapentacyclo[13.2.2.0¹,⁹.0²,⁶.0¹⁰,¹⁵]nonadec-18-en-13-ol

C28H44O3 (428.329)

(3r)-3-methyloctane

C9H20 (128.1565)

(1s,4e,9r,10r,11z,14r,15s)-15-hydroxy-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-7,16,17-trioxo-6,18-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.0⁵,⁹]octadeca-4,11-dien-10-yl acetate

C24H32O8 (448.2097)

(4r,7r,9s)-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

(3s)-2,3,5-trimethylhexane

C9H20 (128.1565)

1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7-peroxol

C28H44O2 (412.3341)

(1s,9s,10s,12s,13r,14s)-4,9,12,13,14-pentahydroxy-6-methoxy-12-methyl-15-oxatetracyclo[8.4.1.0¹,¹⁰.0³,⁸]pentadeca-3,5,7-trien-2-one

C16H18O8 (338.1002)

4-(but-2-en-1-yl)-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5h-furan-2-one

C11H14O2 (178.0994)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'ar)-4,6',7-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[furo[2,3-f]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-5-one

C23H29NO5 (399.2046)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7r,8r,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,6',8-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-one

C46H62O9 (758.4394)

(1e,5s,10r,12z,14s,16r,17s,20r)-16-hydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,8,12-triene-7,18-dione

C24H32O6 (416.2199)

3-methyl-2-{4,6',7'-trihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3,3',4',4'a,6',7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl}pentanoic acid

C29H41NO7 (515.2883)

(1r,2s,4s,5r,8s,9s,10s,13r)-2,8-dihydroxy-14-(hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyl-15-oxotetracyclo[11.2.1.0¹,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹]hexadecane-5-carboxylic acid

C20H30O6 (366.2042)

(3ar,8s,12as)-8-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-6,10,12a-trimethyl-3ah,4h,5h,8h,9h,12h-cyclopenta[11]annulen-1-one

C20H30O2 (302.2246)

(1'r,3'r,8'r,12'z,17'r,18'z,20'z,24'r,25's)-17'-[(1r)-1-hydroxyethyl]-5',13',25'-trimethyl-2',10',16',23'-tetraoxaspiro[oxirane-2,26'-tetracyclo[22.2.1.0³,⁸.0⁸,²⁵]heptacosane]-4',12',18',20'-tetraene-11',22'-dione

C29H38O8 (514.2567)

(2s,3r,4r,6r)-5-{[(2s,3r,4r,6r)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol

C18H32O16 (504.169)

(4e,8r,9r,10e,14r)-8-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-isopropyl-1,4,11-trimethyl-6-oxatricyclo[12.3.0.0⁵,⁹]heptadeca-4,10,15-triene-7,17-dione

C24H34O4 (386.2457)

(3ar,5ar,9ar,9br,11ar)-1-(5,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,5h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-5,5a,7-triol

C28H46O3 (430.3447)

(2s)-2-{[5-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy-3-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-yl]amino}-4-(c-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butanoic acid

C13H20N2O7 (316.127)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-formyl-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C25H34O6 (430.2355)

4-(1,2-dihydroxybutyl)-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5h-furan-2-one

C11H16O4 (212.1049)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,7s,8s,8'as)-7-[(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-7-yl]-4,8-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-oxo-3',4',4'a,6',7,7',8,8'-octahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[indeno[4,5-b]furan-2,1'-naphthalen]-6'-yl acetate

C48H64O10 (800.4499)

(3r)-3-methylheptane

C8H18 (114.1408)

(20z,22z)-24-acetyl-28-hydroxy-10,16-dimethyl-2,5,13,18,25-pentaoxaspiro[hexacyclo[22.3.1.1¹⁴,¹⁷.0¹,³.0⁷,¹².0⁷,¹⁶]nonacosane-15,2'-oxirane]-10,20,22-triene-4,19-dione

C29H34O10 (542.2152)

4,6'-dihydroxy-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-3,3',4',4'a,6,6',7',8'-octahydro-2'h-spiro[furo[2,3-e]isoindole-2,1'-naphthalen]-8-one

C25H35NO5 (429.2515)

4-[(1r,2s)-1,2-dihydroxybutyl]-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5h-furan-2-one

C11H16O4 (212.1049)

(2r,2'r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-4,6'-dihydroxy-2',5',5',8'a-tetramethyl-6-({[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-2'h,3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalene]-7-carbaldehyde

C29H42O10 (550.2778)

[6-hydroxy-1-imino-5-(3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-4-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid

C23H32N2O5S (448.2032)

(1r,1'r,2s,9's,10's,12'r)-7',9'-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-trien-4-one

C22H20O7 (396.1209)

5-(3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl)-3h-isoindole-1,4,6-triol

C23H31NO3 (369.2304)

9,16-dihydroxy-9-isopropyl-2,5,13,16-tetramethyl-6,15,19-trioxatetracyclo[12.5.1.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁷,²⁰]icosa-1,12-diene-7,8,18-trione

C24H32O8 (448.2097)

(2r,4'as,6'r,8'as)-7-formyl-4,6'-dihydroxy-5',5',8'a-trimethyl-2'-methylidene-3',4',4'a,6',7',8'-hexahydro-3h-spiro[1-benzofuran-2,1'-naphthalen]-6-ylmethyl acetate

C25H32O6 (428.2199)

(4as,9s,10r,13ar)-9,10-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-7,11,13a-trimethyl-4ah,5h,6h,9h,10h,13h-cycloundeca[b]pyran-2-one

C20H30O4 (334.2144)

(1r,3s,5s,7r,8e,12s)-7-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-1,5,9-trimethyl-4-oxatricyclo[10.3.0.0³,⁵]pentadeca-8,13-dien-15-one

C20H30O3 (318.2195)

5-(buta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-3-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-5h-furan-2-one

C11H12O2 (176.0837)

(4r,7s,11s)-11-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.0⁴,¹¹]undec-1(10)-en-2-one

C11H14O3 (194.0943)

4-{2-[(2r,4r)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-oxooxolan-2-yl]ethyl}-3-[(1z)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-5h-furan-2-one

C14H18O5 (266.1154)

(1r,1'r,9's,10's,12'r)-5,7',9'-trihydroxy-2',11'-dioxaspiro[naphthalene-1,3'-tetracyclo[6.4.1.0⁴,¹³.0¹⁰,¹²]tridecane]-4'(13'),5',7'-trien-4-one

C20H14O6 (350.079)