Gene Association: GYS2
UniProt Search:
GYS2 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: glycogen synthase 2
found 22 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
L-Theanine
L-Theanine, also known as L-gamma-glutamylethylamide or N-gamma-ethyl-L-glutamine, is a member of the class of compounds known as glutamine and derivatives. These compounds contain glutamine or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of glutamine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Theanine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-Theanine can be found in saliva. The regulatory status of theanine varies by country. In Japan, L-theanine has been approved for use in all foods, including herb teas, soft drinks, and desserts. Restrictions apply to infant foods. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and allows its sale as a dietary supplement. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, an agency of their Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, objects to the addition of L-theanine to beverages. The European Food Safety Authority EFSA advised negatively on health claims related to L-theanine and cognitive function, alleviation of psychological stress, maintenance of normal sleep, and reduction of menstrual discomfort. Therefore, health claims for L-theanine are prohibited in the European Union (Wikipedia). L-Theanine is found in mushrooms and is a constituent of tea (Thea sinensis) and of the fungus Imleria badia. L-Theanine has been shown to exhibit neuroprotectant and neuroprotective functions (PMID: 20416364, 20416364). N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine is a N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, a plant metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a tautomer of a N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine zwitterion. Theanine, a precursor of ethylamine, is found in green tea. It is under investigation in clinical trial NCT00291070 (Effects of L-Theanine in Boys With ADHD). See also: Green tea leaf (part of). Constituent of tea (Thea sinensis) and of the fungus Xerocomus badius (kostanjevka). L-Theanine is found in tea and mushrooms. A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea. KEIO_ID E005 L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active[1][2][3]. L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active[1][2][3].
Prunin
Naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an antilipemic drug and an antibacterial agent. It is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside, a dihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. Prunin is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Podocarpus nivalis, and other organisms with data available. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2]. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2].
D-Glycerate 3-phosphate
3-phospho-d-glyceric acid, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to sugar acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid can be found in a number of food items such as towel gourd, orange mint, guava, and mulberry, which makes 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid can be found primarily in saliva. 3-phospho-d-glyceric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate, also known as 3-phospho-(R)-glycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate is a drug (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as poppies, small-leaf lindens, lupines, pomegranates, and kombus. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
5,6-Dihydrothymine
Dihydrothymine (CAS: 696-04-8) is an intermediate breakdown product of thymine. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of thymine into 5,6-dihydrothymine; then dihydropyrimidinase hydrolyzes 5,6-dihydrothymine into N-carbamyl-beta-alanine. Finally, beta-ureidopropionase catalyzes the conversion of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine into beta-alanine. When present at abnormally high levels, dihydrothymine can be toxic, although the mechanism of toxicity is not clear. In particular, patients with dihydropyrimidinase deficiency exhibit highly increased concentrations of 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine; and moderately increased concentrations of uracil and thymine can be detected in urine. Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency is a disorder that can cause neurological and gastrointestinal problems in some affected individuals. The most common neurological abnormalities that occur are intellectual disability, seizures, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), abnormally small head size (microcephaly), and autistic behaviours that affect communication and social interaction. Gastrointestinal problems that occur in dihydropyrimidinase deficiency include the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) and recurrent episodes of vomiting. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine), an intermediate breakdown product of thymine, comes from animal or plants. 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine) can be toxic when present at abnormally high levels[1].
Medroxyprogesterone
Medroxyprogesterone, or MP is a progestin (synthetic progestogen). MP is not used medically, as it is over two orders of magnitude less potent than medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA); a derivative of MP (PMID: 16784762). MP may be formed via the metabolism of MPA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is used to treat conditions such as absent or irregular menstrual periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding. Synthetic progestogens are widely used to simulate the effects of progesterone; a natural female sex hormone. Progesterone is essential for endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and the successful establishment of pregnancy. A low progesterone concentration or an insufficient response to progesterone can cause infertility and pregnancy loss (PMID: 20104424). In addition to progestagenic activity, MP is also a weak antiandrogen in vitro (PMID: 29990947). Medroxyprogesterone is only found in individuals that have used or taken MPA. A synthetic progesterone (steroid hormone) involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestagens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestagen. -- Wikipedia G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03D - Progestogens > G03DA - Pregnen (4) derivatives L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AB - Progestogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents
5,6-dihydrouracil
Dihydrouracil belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Dihydrouracil is an intermediate breakdown product of uracil. Dihydrouracil exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, dihydrouracil participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, dihydrouracil can be biosynthesized from uracil; which is mediated by the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]. The breakdown of uracil is a multistep reaction that leads to the production of beta-alanine. The reaction process begins with the enzyme known as dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DHP), which catalyzes the reduction of uracil into dihydrouracil. Then the enzyme known as dihydropyrimidinase hydrolyzes dihydrouracil into N-carbamyl-beta-alanine. Finally, beta-ureidopropionase catalyzes the conversion of N-carbamyl-beta-alanine into beta-alanine. There is at least one metabolic disorder that is associated with altered levels of dihydrouracil. In particular, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency is an inborn metabolic disorder that leads to highly increased concentrations of dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine, and moderately increased concentrations of uracil and thymine in urine. Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency can cause neurological and gastrointestinal problems in some affected individuals (OMIM: 222748). In particular, patients with dihydropyrimidinase deficiency exhibit a number of neurological abnormalities including intellectual disability, seizures, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), an abnormally small head size (microcephaly), and autistic behaviours that affect communication and social interaction. Gastrointestinal problems that occur in dihydropyrimidinase deficiency include backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) and recurrent episodes of vomiting. 3,4-dihydrouracil, also known as 2,4-dioxotetrahydropyrimidine or 5,6-dihydro-2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. 3,4-dihydrouracil is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3,4-dihydrouracil can be found in a number of food items such as colorado pinyon, rocket salad (sspecies), wax gourd, and boysenberry, which makes 3,4-dihydrouracil a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3,4-dihydrouracil can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. 3,4-dihydrouracil exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3,4-dihydrouracil is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include beta-alanine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. 3,4-dihydrouracil is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria), dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, ureidopropionase deficiency, and carnosinuria, carnosinemia. Moreover, 3,4-dihydrouracil is found to be associated with dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency and hypertension. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2]. Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2].
N-Formyl-L-aspartate
This compound belongs to the family of Dicarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups KEIO_ID F022
Luteoforol
Constituent of Zea mays (sweet corn) and Sorghum vulgare (sorghum). Luteoforol is found in cereals and cereal products, fats and oils, and corn. Luteoforol is found in cereals and cereal products. Luteoforol is a constituent of Zea mays (sweet corn) and Sorghum vulgare (sorghum).
5,6-dihydrothymine
Dihydrothymine, also known as 5,6-dihydro-5-methyluracil or 5,6-dihydrothymine, (S)-isomer, is a member of the class of compounds known as hydropyrimidines. Hydropyrimidines are compounds containing a hydrogenated pyrimidine ring (i.e. containing less than the maximum number of double bonds.). Dihydrothymine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihydrothymine can be found in a number of food items such as hyssop, arrowroot, nopal, and red rice, which makes dihydrothymine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Dihydrothymine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. Dihydrothymine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, dihydrothymine is involved in the pyrimidine metabolism. Dihydrothymine is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include beta ureidopropionase deficiency, dihydropyrimidinase deficiency, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Moreover, dihydrothymine is found to be associated with beta-ureidopropionase deficiency and dihydropyrimidinase deficiency. Dihydrothymine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Dihydrothymine is an intermediate in the metabolism of thymine . Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of thymine to 5, 6-dihydrothymine then dihydropyrimidinase hydrolyzes 5, 6-dihydrothymine to N-carbamyl-b-alanine. Finally, beta-ureidopropionase catalyzes the conversion of N-carbamyl-b-alanine to beta-alanine. Accumulation of dihydrothymine in the body has been shown to be toxic (T3DB). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine), an intermediate breakdown product of thymine, comes from animal or plants. 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine) can be toxic when present at abnormally high levels[1].
dihydrouracil
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2]. Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2].
Prunin
Naringenin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a metabolite, a hypoglycemic agent, an antilipemic drug and an antibacterial agent. It is a flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside, a dihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a member of 4-hydroxyflavanones and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. Prunin is a natural product found in Prunus mume, Podocarpus nivalis, and other organisms with data available. A flavanone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside that is (S)-naringenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2]. Prunin is a potent inhibitor of human enterovirus A71 (HEVA71). Prunin shows strong inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), with an IC50 of 5.5 μM[1][2].
3-phosphoglycerate
A monophosphoglyceric acid having the phospho group at the 3-position. It is an intermediate in metabolic pathways like glycolysis and calvin cycle.
D-Glucose 6-phosphate
The open-chain form of D-glucose 6-phosphate.
medroxyprogesterone
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03D - Progestogens > G03DA - Pregnen (4) derivatives L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AB - Progestogens C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8739
Dihydrothymine
A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine), an intermediate breakdown product of thymine, comes from animal or plants. 5,6-Dihydro-5-methyluracil (Dihydrothymine) can be toxic when present at abnormally high levels[1].
ST 22:3;O3
CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10301; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10299 C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C1636 - Therapeutic Steroid Hormone C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C548 - Therapeutic Hormone > C2360 - Anabolic Steroid D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10334; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10329 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10348; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10343 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10391; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10386 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10401; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10399 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1391; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 10415; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 10413 G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03A - Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use > G03AC - Progestogens G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G03 - Sex hormones and modulators of the genital system > G03D - Progestogens > G03DA - Pregnen (4) derivatives L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L02 - Endocrine therapy > L02A - Hormones and related agents > L02AB - Progestogens D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2395 INTERNAL_ID 2395; CONFIDENCE standard compound
FR-0140
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2]. Dihydrouracil (5,6-Dihydrouracil), a metabolite of Uracil, can be used as a marker for identification of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD)-deficient[1][2].
For-Asp-OH
A N-formyl amino acid that is the N-formyl-derivative of L-aspartic acid.
3-Deoxyleucocyanidin
A leucoanthocyanidin that is the 3-deoxy derivative of (2R,3S,4S)-leucocyanidin.
