Reaction Process: Reactome:R-TGU-156588
Glucuronidation related metabolites
find 17 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Glucuronidation
BIL + UDP-GlcA ⟶ BMG + UDP
Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. It occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the bodys clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells. Bilirubin has been found in all vertebrates and in certain plants including Strelitzia nicolai (PMID: 28573242). Bilirubin levels in humans are elevated in certain diseases such as jaundice and liver disease and it is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. Bilirubin breakdown products, such as stercobilin, cause the brown color of feces. A different breakdown product, urobilin, is the main component of the straw-yellow color in urine. Bilirubin consists of an open chain of four pyrroles (tetrapyrrole). It is formed by oxidative cleavage of a porphyrin in heme, which leads to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. Biliverdin is then reduced to bilirubin via biliverdin reductase. After conjugation with glucuronic acid, bilirubin can be excreted in the urine. Bilirubin is structurally similar to the pigment phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light. Elevated bilirubin levels in humans are associated with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by an inability to properly convert and clear bilirubin from the body. Affected individuals cannot convert unconjugated bilirubin to the conjugated form because they lack a specific liver enzyme required to break down (metabolize) bilirubin. Since they cannot convert bilirubin, they develop abnormally high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). Crigler-Najjar syndrome is caused by mutations in the UGT1A1 gene. The hallmark finding of Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a persistent yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and whites of the eyes (jaundice). Elevation of both alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin levels in serum or plasma can be indicative of serious liver injury. High levels of bilirubin are indicative of jaundice, which is easily recognizable due to a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Bilirubin is also an antioxidant. Bilirubins antioxidant activity may be particularly important in the brain, where it prevents excitotoxicity and neuronal death by scavenging superoxide during N-methyl-D-aspartic acid neurotransmission (PMID: 31353321). Bilirubin is a bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. In particular, bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Its levels are elevated in certain diseases and it is responsible for the yellow color of bruises. Bilirubin is an excretion product, and the body does not control levels. Bilirubin levels reflect the balance between production and excretion. Thus, there is no "normal" level of bilirubin. Bilirubin consists of an open chain of four pyrroles (tetrapyrrole); by contrast, the heme molecule is a closed ring of four pyrroles, called porphyrin. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Bilirubin is found in many foods, some of which are barley, mustard spinach, other bread, and sesbania flower. Bilirubin (BR) (from the Latin for "red bile") is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells.[3] In the first step of bilirubin synthesis, the heme molecule is stripped from the hemoglobin molecule. Heme then passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism, which varies according to the region of the body in which the breakdown occurs. For example, the molecules excreted in the urine differ from those in the feces.[4] The production of biliverdin from heme is the first major step in the catabolic pathway, after which the enzyme biliverdin reductase performs the second step, producing bilirubin from biliverdin.[5][6] Ultimately, bilirubin is broken down within the body, and its metabolites excreted through bile and urine; elevated levels may indicate certain diseases.[7] It is responsible for the yellow color of healing bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice. The bacterial enzyme bilirubin reductase is responsible for the breakdown of bilirubin in the gut.[8] One breakdown product, urobilin, is the main component of the straw-yellow color in urine.[9] Another breakdown product, stercobilin, causes the brown color of feces. Although bilirubin is usually found in animals rather than plants, at least one plant species, Strelitzia nicolai, is known to contain the pigment.[10] Bilirubin is created by the activity of biliverdin reductase on biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment that is also a product of heme catabolism. Bilirubin, when oxidized, reverts to become biliverdin once again. This cycle, in addition to the demonstration of the potent antioxidant activity of bilirubin,[14] has led to the hypothesis that bilirubin's main physiologic role is as a cellular antioxidant.[15][16] Consistent with this, animal studies suggest that eliminating bilirubin results in endogenous oxidative stress.[17] Bilirubin's antioxidant activity may be particularly important in the brain, where it prevents excitotoxicity and neuronal death by scavenging superoxide during N-methyl-D-aspartic acid neurotransmission.[18] Bilirubin in plasma is mostly produced by the destruction of erythrocytes. Heme is metabolized into biliverdin (via heme oxygenase) and then into bilirubin (via biliverdin reductase) inside the macrophages. [11] Bilirubin is then released into the plasma and transported to the liver bound by albumin, since it is insoluble in water in this state. In this state, bilirubin is called unconjugated (despite being bound by albumin). [11] In the liver, unconjugated bilirubin is up-taken by the hepatocytes and subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid (via the enzyme uridine diphosphate–glucuronyl transferase). In this state, bilirubin is soluble in water and it is called conjugated bilirubin. [11] Conjugated bilirubin is excreted into the bile ducts and enters the duodenum. During its transport to the colon, it is converted into urobilinogen by the bacterial enzyme bilirubin reductase.[8] Most of the urobilinogen is further reduced into stercobilinogen and is excreted through feces (air oxidizes stercobilinogen to stercobilin, which gives feces their characteristic brown color). [11] A lesser amount of urobilinogen is re-absorbed into portal circulation and transferred to the liver. For the most part, this urobilinogen is recycled to conjugated bilirubin and this process closes the enterohepatic circle. There is also an amount of urobilinogen which is not recycled, but rather enters the systemic circulation and subsequently the kidneys, where it is excreted. Air oxidizes urobilinogen into urobilin, which gives urine its characteristic color.[11][19] In parallel, a small amount of conjugated billirubin can also enter the systemic circulation and get excreted through urine. This is exaggerated in various pathological situations.[19]
Glycitein
Glycitein is a methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a phytoestrogen and a fungal metabolite. It is a methoxyisoflavone and a 7-hydroxyisoflavone. It is functionally related to an isoflavone. Glycitein is a natural product found in Psidium guajava, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, and other organisms with data available. Glycitein is a soy isoflavone. It is a minor component in most soy products. Its role of reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not clear. Glycitein is metabolized by human gut microorganisms and may follow metabolic pathways similar to other soy isoflavones (PMID: 12011578; 16248547). Glycitein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. Isoflavone present in soya foods (inc. tofu, miso); potential nutriceutical [DFC]. Glycitein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products. Glycitein is found in many foods, some of which are miso, soy bean, soy milk, and soy sauce. A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis. D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones > D004967 - Estrogens Glycitein is a soy isoflavone used to study apoptosis and antioxidant. Glycitein is a soy isoflavone used to study apoptosis and antioxidant.
Mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic acid is an an immunosuppresant drug and potent anti-proliferative, and can be used in place of the older anti-proliferative azathioprine. It is usually used as part of triple therapy including a calcineurin inhibitor (ciclosporin or tacrolimus) and prednisolone. It is also useful in research for the selection of animal cells that express the E. coli gene coding for XGPRT (xanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase). L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants > L04AA - Selective immunosuppressants D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D000995 - Antitubercular Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2087 - Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C574 - Immunosuppressant CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8577 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2698 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4128 COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 μM.?Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects[1][2].
α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate
Glucose 1-phosphate (also called cori ester) is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1-carbon. It can exist in either the α- or β-anomeric form. Glucose 1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Glucose 1-phosphate is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase. *Found widely in both plants and animals. A precursor of starch in plants and of glycogen in animals. [CCD] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID G020 Corona-virus KEIO_ID G115 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid, also known as udpglucuronate or udp-D-glucuronic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine nucleotide sugars. Pyrimidine nucleotide sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be synthesized from alpha-D-glucuronic acid. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can also be synthesized into UDP-2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucuronic acid. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be found in a number of food items such as parsley, chervil, black mulberry, and malabar plum, which makes uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid can be found primarily in human liver tissue. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include etoposide metabolism pathway, estrone metabolism, tamoxifen action pathway, and androgen and estrogen metabolism. Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include porphyria variegata (PV), glycogenosis, type III. cori disease, debrancher glycogenosis, 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is made from UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) using NAD+ as a cofactor. It is the source of the glucuronosyl group in glucuronosyltransferase reactions . Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. The transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid onto a terminal galactose residue is done by beta1,3-glucuronosyltransferases, responsible for the completion of the protein-glycosaminoglycan linkage region of proteoglycans and of the HNK1 epitope of glycoproteins and glycolipids. In humans the enzyme galactose-beta-1,3-glucuronosyltransferase I completes the synthesis of the common linker region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by transferring glucuronic acid (GlcA) onto the terminal galactose of the glycopeptide primer of proteoglycans. The GAG chains of proteoglycans regulate major biological processes such as cell proliferation and recognition, extracellular matrix deposition, and morphogenesis. (PMID:16815917). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Uridine 5'-diphosphate
Uridine 5-diphosphate, also known as 5-UDP, UDP or uridine diphosphoric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. UDP is also classified as a nucleotide diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UDP consists of a pyrophosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil. UDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In mammals UDP is an important factor in glycogenesis or the formation of glycogen in the liver. Before glucose can be stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase forms a UDP-glucose unit by combining glucose 1-phosphate with uridine triphosphate, cleaving a pyrophosphate ion in the process. Then, the enzyme glycogen synthase combines UDP-glucose units to form a glycogen chain. UDP is also an important extracellular pyrimidine signaling molecule that mediates diverse biological effects via P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, such as the uptake of thymidine and proliferation of gliomas. UDP plays a key role in the function of Uridine 5-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, UGTs) which catalyze the transfer of the glucuronic acid component of UDP-glucuronic acid to a small hydrophobic molecule. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases are responsible for the process of glucuronidation, a major part of phase II metabolism. The reaction catalyzed by UGT enzymes involves the addition of a glucuronic acid moiety to xenobiotics and is the most important pathway for the human bodys elimination of the most frequently prescribed drugs. It is also the major pathway for foreign chemical (dietary, environmental, pharmaceutical) removal for most drugs, dietary substances, toxins and endogenous substances. UGT is present in humans, other animals, plants, and bacteria. Famously, UGT enzymes are not present in the genus Felis (PMID: 10862526) and this accounts for a number of unusual toxicities in the cat family. Uridine-5-diphosphate, also known as udp or uridine 5-diphosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. Pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Uridine-5-diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine-5-diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as napa cabbage, lichee, tea leaf willow, and parsnip, which makes uridine-5-diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Uridine-5-diphosphate can be found primarily in blood, as well as in human placenta, prostate and thyroid gland tissues. Uridine-5-diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine-5-diphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include morphine action pathway, androgen and estrogen metabolism, estrone metabolism, and amino sugar metabolism. Uridine-5-diphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, acute intermittent porphyria, beta ureidopropionase deficiency, and g(m2)-gangliosidosis: variant B, tay-sachs disease. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Nadide
[C21H28N7O14P2]+ (664.1169428000001)
[Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and Cytidine (exact mass = 243.08552) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) and NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2 position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed) [HMDB]. NADH is found in many foods, some of which are dill, ohelo berry, fox grape, and black-eyed pea. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Uridine triphosphate
Uridine 5-triphosphate, also known as utp or uridine triphosphoric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphates. Pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphates are pyrimidine ribobucleotides with triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Uridine 5-triphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Uridine 5-triphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as persian lime, nectarine, chinese water chestnut, and soft-necked garlic, which makes uridine 5-triphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Uridine 5-triphosphate can be found primarily in saliva. Uridine 5-triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, uridine 5-triphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include josamycin action pathway, clomocycline action pathway, chloramphenicol action pathway, and amikacin action pathway. Uridine 5-triphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome, glycogenosis, type VI. hers disease, MNGIE (mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy), and galactosemia II (GALK). Uridine-5-triphosphate (UTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1 carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5 position. Its main role is as substrate for the synthesis of RNA during transcription . Uridine triphosphate, also known as 5-UTP or UTP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribobucleotides with triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. More specifically, UTP is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1′ carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5′ position. Uridine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The main role of UTP is as substrate for the synthesis of RNA during transcription. UTP is the precursor for the production of CTP via the enzyme known as CTP Synthetase. UTP can be biosynthesized from UDP by the enzyme known as nucleoside diphosphate kinase by using phosphate group from ATP. UTP also has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in a variety of metabolic reactions. For instance UTP can be used to activate Glucose-1-phosphate, leading to the formation of UDP-glucose and inorganic phosphate. The resulting UDP-glucose can be used in the synthesis of glycogen. UTP is also used in the metabolism of galactose, where the activated form of galactose, called UDP-galactose can be converted to UDP-glucose. UDP-glucuronate, another product of UTP reacting with glucuronic acid, is a sugar used in the creation of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Water
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .
Pyrophosphate
The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate anion is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells. This hydrolysis is called pyrophosphorolysis. The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and rapidly hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate. Pyrophosphate is an osteotoxin (arrests bone development) and an arthritogen (promotes arthritis). It is also a metabotoxin (an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health affects at chronically high levels). Chronically high levels of pyrophosphate are associated with hypophosphatasia. Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase or phosphoethanolaminuria) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease. Hypophosphatasia is associated with a molecular defect in the gene encoding tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is an enzyme that is tethered to the outer surface of osteoblasts and chondrocytes. TNSALP hydrolyzes several substances, including inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), a major form of vitamin B6. When TSNALP is low, inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) accumulates outside of cells and inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite, one of the main components of bone, causing rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia (soft bones) in adults. Vitamin B6 must be dephosphorylated by TNSALP before it can cross the cell membrane. Vitamin B6 deficiency in the brain impairs synthesis of neurotransmitters which can cause seizures. In some cases, a build-up of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints can cause pseudogout. COVID info from WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Mono(glucosyluronic acid)bilirubin
This compound belongs to the family of Tricarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof).
Bilirubin diglucuronide
Bilirubin diglucuronide is a glucuronidated version of bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole compound produced via heme degradation. Heme is the red pigment in haemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs have a life span of about 120 days. When the RBCs have reached the end of their useful lifespan, the cells are engulfed by macrophages and their constituents recycled or disposed of. Heme is broken down when the heme ring is opened by the enzyme known as heme oxygenase, which is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of the macrophages. The oxidation process produces the linear tetrapyrrole known as biliverdin along with ferric iron (Fe3+), and carbon monoxide (CO). In the next reaction, a second methylene group (located between rings III and IV of the porphyrin ring) is reduced by the enzyme known as biliverdin reductase, producing bilirubin. Bilirubin is significantly less extensively conjugated than biliverdin. This reduction causes a change in the color of the biliverdin molecule from blue-green (vert or verd for green) to yellow-red, which is the color of bilirubin (ruby or rubi for red). In plasma virtually all the bilirubin is tightly bound to plasma proteins, largely albumin, because it is only sparingly soluble in aqueous solutions at physiological pH. In the sinusoids unconjugated bilirubin dissociates from albumin, enters the liver cells across the cell membrane through non-ionic diffusion to the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. In hepatocytes, bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyltransferase (bilirubin-UGT) adds 2 additional glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin to produce the more water-soluble version of the molecule known as bilirubin diglucuronide. The bilirubin diglucuronide is transferred rapidly across the canalicular membrane into the bile canaliculi where it is then excreted as bile into the large intestine.
Mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide
Mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide is a metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (brand names CellCept, Myfortic) is an immunosuppressant and prodrug of mycophenolic acid, used extensively in transplant medicine. It is a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in purine biosynthesis which is necessary for the growth of T cells and B cells. Other cells are able to recover purines via a separate, scavenger, pathway and are, thus, able to escape the effect. MMF is a less toxic alternative to azathioprine. (Wikipedia)
Hydrogen Ion
Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])
Glycitein 4-O-glucuronide
A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is the glucuronide-conjugated form of the phytoestrogen glycitein.