Reaction Process: PathBank:SMP0087499
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis related metabolites
find 32 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
But-2-enoic acid ⟶ Butyric acid
Myristic acid
Tetradecanoic acid is an oily white crystalline solid. (NTP, 1992) Tetradecanoic acid is a straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. It has a role as a human metabolite, an EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a tetradecanoate. Myristic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Myristic acid is a natural product found in Gladiolus italicus, Staphisagria macrosperma, and other organisms with data available. Myristic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 14-carbon backbone. Myristic acid is found naturally in palm oil, coconut oil and butter fat. Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). Myristic acid is also commonly added to a penultimate nitrogen terminus glycine in receptor-associated kinases to confer the membrane localisation of the enzyme. this is achieved by the myristic acid having a high enough hydrophobicity to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell.(wikipedia). myristic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed) See also: Cod Liver Oil (part of); Saw Palmetto (part of). Myristic acid, also known as tetradecanoic acid or C14:0, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Myristic acid (its ester is called myristate) is a saturated fatty acid that has 14 carbons; as such, it is a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble in water. It exists as an oily white crystalline solid. Myristic acid is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals, and is found in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat, as well as coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. Industrially, myristic acid is used to synthesize a variety of flavour compounds and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics (Dorland, 28th ed). Within eukaryotic cells, myristic acid is also commonly conjugated to a penultimate N-terminal glycine residue in receptor-associated kinases to confer membrane localization of these enzymes (a post-translational modification called myristoylation via the enzyme N-myristoyltransferase). Myristic acid has a high enough hydrophobicity to allow the myristoylated protein to become incorporated into the fatty acyl core of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Also, this fatty acid is known because it accumulates as fat in the body; however, its consumption also impacts positively on cardiovascular health (see, for example, PMID: 15936650). Myristic acid is named after the scientific name for nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair. Myristic acid, also known as 14 or N-tetradecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, myristic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Myristic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Myristic acid can be found in a number of food items such as strawberry, barley, nutmeg, and soy bean, which makes myristic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Myristic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, saliva, and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Myristic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, myristic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, myristic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Myristic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Myristic acid (IUPAC systematic name: 1-tetradecanoic acid) is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)12COOH. Its salts and esters are commonly referred to as myristates. It is named after the binomial name for nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), from which it was first isolated in 1841 by Lyon Playfair . A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat. Nutmeg butter has 75\\\% trimyristin, the triglyceride of myristic acid and a source from which it can be synthesised.[13] Besides nutmeg, myristic acid is found in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, 8–14\\\% of bovine milk, and 8.6\\\% of breast milk as well as being a minor component of many other animal fats.[9] It is found in spermaceti, the crystallized fraction of oil from the sperm whale. It is also found in the rhizomes of the Iris, including Orris root.[14][15] Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils.
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid, also known as palmitate or hexadecanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Palmitic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitic acid can be found in a number of food items such as sacred lotus, spinach, shallot, and corn salad, which makes palmitic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including feces, sweat, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Palmitic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, palmitic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include alendronate action pathway, rosuvastatin action pathway, simvastatin action pathway, and cerivastatin action pathway. Palmitic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hypercholesterolemia, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase deficiency (I). Moreover, palmitic acid is found to be associated with schizophrenia. Palmitic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and dairy products. Palmitate is the salts and esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiologic pH (7.4) . Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation (DrugBank). Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, palmitic acid is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21–30\\\% (molar) of human depot fat (PMID: 13756126), and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk (PMID: 352132). Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate. Aluminium salts of palmitic acid and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and palmitic acid (Wikipedia). Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent. Hexadecanoic acid is a straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a hexadecanoate. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. Palmitic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Palmitic Acid is a saturated long-chain fatty acid with a 16-carbon backbone. Palmitic acid is found naturally in palm oil and palm kernel oil, as well as in butter, cheese, milk and meat. Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants, a saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. It occurs in the form of esters (glycerides) in oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin and is usually obtained from palm oil, which is widely distributed in plants. Palmitic acid is used in determination of water hardness and is an active ingredient of *Levovist*TM, used in echo enhancement in sonographic Doppler B-mode imaging and as an ultrasound contrast medium. A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid. Palmitic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-10-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 57-10-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
3-Hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 300-85-6), also known as beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid, and is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. Blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels may be monitored in diabetic patients to look for diabetic ketoacidosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing mammals. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for the synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first two weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite of Alcaligenes and can be produced from plastic metabolization or incorporated into polymers, depending on the species (PMID: 7646009, 18615882). (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a butyric acid substituted with a hydroxyl group in the beta or 3 position. It is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of D-3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid. In humans, beta-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. It can also be used for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics . [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H022 (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a metabolite, and converted from acetoacetic acid catalyzed by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid has applications as a nutrition source and as a precursor for vitamins, antibiotics and pheromones[1][2]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1].
Coenzyme A
C21H36N7O16P3S (767.1152046000001)
Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate, and adenosine triphosphate. It is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, phenylglyoxylyl-CoA, tetracosanoyl-CoA, and 6-hydroxyhex-3-enoyl-CoA. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process from pantothenate and cysteine. In the first step pantothenate (vitamin B5) is phosphorylated to 4-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme pantothenate kinase (PanK, CoaA, CoaX). In the second step, a cysteine is added to 4-phosphopantothenate by the enzyme phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPC-DC, CoaB) to form 4-phospho-N-pantothenoylcysteine (PPC). In the third step, PPC is decarboxylated to 4-phosphopantetheine by phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase (CoaC). In the fourth step, 4-phosphopantetheine is adenylylated to form dephospho-CoA by the enzyme phosphopantetheine adenylyl transferase (CoaD). Finally, dephospho-CoA is phosphorylated using ATP to coenzyme A by the enzyme dephosphocoenzyme A kinase (CoaE). Since coenzyme A is, in chemical terms, a thiol, it can react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters, thus functioning as an acyl group carrier. CoA assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. A molecule of coenzyme A carrying an acetyl group is also referred to as acetyl-CoA. When it is not attached to an acyl group, it is usually referred to as CoASH or HSCoA. Coenzyme A is also the source of the phosphopantetheine group that is added as a prosthetic group to proteins such as acyl carrier proteins and formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production (Wikipedia). Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidization of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. It is adapted from beta-mercaptoethylamine, panthothenate and adenosine triphosphate. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. Furthermore, it contributes an acetyl group to choline to produce acetylcholine, in a reaction catalysed by choline acetyltransferase. Its main task is conveying the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Coenzyme A is found in many foods, some of which are grape, cowpea, pili nut, and summer savory. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, WikiPathways Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1]. Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1]. Coenzyme A, a ubiquitous essential cofactor, is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids[1].
Malonyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acyl-CoAs. These are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to an acyl chain. Thus, malonyl-CoA is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Malonyl-CoA is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Within humans, malonyl-CoA participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, malonyl-CoA can be biosynthesized from acetyl-CoA; which is mediated by the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1. In addition, malonyl-CoA can be converted into malonic acid and coenzyme A; which is catalyzed by the enzyme fatty acid synthase. Outside of the human body, malonyl-CoA has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as rapes, mamey sapotes, jews ears, pepper (C. chinense), and Alaska wild rhubarbs. This could make malonyl-CoA a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems. Malonyl-coa, also known as malonyl coenzyme a or coenzyme a, s-(hydrogen propanedioate), is a member of the class of compounds known as acyl coas. Acyl coas are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A substructure linked to an acyl chain. Thus, malonyl-coa is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Malonyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Malonyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as root vegetables, sourdock, ceylon cinnamon, and buffalo currant, which makes malonyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Malonyl-coa exists in E.coli (prokaryote) and yeast (eukaryote).
Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon straight-chain fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste that is minimally soluble in water. Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes (Wikipedia). Caprylic acid can be found in numerous foods such as Prunus (Cherry, Plum), pineapple sages, black raspberries, and shallots. Caprylic acid is found to be associated with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Widespread in plant oils, free and as glyceridesand is also present in apple, banana, orange juice and peel, pineapple, cognac, calamus, blue cheeses, cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, feta cheese and other cheeses. Flavouring agent, defoamer, lubricant, binder and antimicrobial preservative in cheese wraps KEIO_ID C037 Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Octanoic acid (Caprylic acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste and used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.
Caproic acid
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15\\% of the fat in goats milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230). Present in apple, wine grapes, butter, licorice and cheeses, e.g. blue cheeses, Cheddar cheese, Swiss cheese, feta cheese, gruyere de comte cheese, etcand is) also present in a few essential oils and fruital aromas. Secondary product of butyric acid fermentation. Flavouring ingredient KEIO_ID C035
Caprate (10:0)
Capric acid, also known as decanoic acid is a C10 saturated fatty acid. It is a member of the series of fatty acids found in oils and animal fats. The names of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids are all derived from the word caper (Latin for goat). These fatty acids are light yellowish transparent oily liquids with a sweaty, unpleasant aroma that is reminiscent of goats. Capric acid is used in the manufacture of esters for artificial fruit flavors and perfumes. It is also used as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. Capric acid is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals. Capric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil (about 10\\\\\\%) and palm kernel oil (about 4\\\\\\%), otherwise it is uncommon in typical seed oils. It is found in the milk of various mammals and to a lesser extent in other animal fats. Capric acid, caproic acid (a C6:0 fatty acid) and caprylic acid (a C8:0 fatty acid) account for about 15\\\\\\% of the fatty acids in goat milk fat (PMID 16747831). Capric acid may be responsible for the mitochondrial proliferation associated with the ketogenic diet, which may occur via PPARgamma receptor agonism and the targeting of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PMIDL 24383952). Widespread in plant oils and as glycerides in seed oilsand is also present in apple, apricot, banana, morello cherry, citrus fruits, cheese, butter, white wine, Japanese whiskey, peated malt, wort and scallops. It is used as a defoamer, lubricant and citrus fruit coating. Salts (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al) used as binders, emulsifiers and anticaking agents in food manuf. Decanoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are radish (variety), meatball, phyllo dough, and american shad. Decanoic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=334-48-5 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 334-48-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Decanoic acid, a component of medium chain triclycerides, is a brain-penetrant and non-competitive inhibitor of AMPA receptor. Decanoic acid has antiseizure effects[1][2][3]. Decanoic acid, a component of medium chain triclycerides, is a brain-penetrant and non-competitive inhibitor of AMPA receptor. Decanoic acid has antiseizure effects[1][2][3]. Decanoic acid, a component of medium chain triclycerides, is a brain-penetrant and non-competitive inhibitor of AMPA receptor. Decanoic acid has antiseizure effects[1][2][3].
But-2-enoic acid
But-2-enoic acid, also known as (2E)-2-butenoate or alpha-crotonic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as straight chain organic acids. These are organic acids with a straight aliphatic chain. But-2-enoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Food flavour component KEIO_ID C093 NSC 8751 is an endogenous metabolite. NSC 8751 is an endogenous metabolite.
Dodecanoic acid
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos. Defoamer, lubricant. It is used in fruit coatings. Occurs as glyceride in coconut oil and palm kernel oil. Simple esters are flavour ingredients Lauric acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=143-07-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 143-07-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively. Lauric acid is a middle chain-free fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties. The EC50s for P. acnes, S.aureus, S. epidermidis, are 2, 6, 4 μg/mL, respectively.
Acetyl-CoA
C23H38N7O17P3S (809.1257688000001)
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent. The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia)
Butyric acid
Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) formed in the mammalian colon by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (including dietary fibre). It is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid that appears as an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant (rancid butter) odor. The name butyric acid comes from the Greek word for "butter", the substance in which it was first found. Triglycerides of butyric acid constitute 3‚Äì4\\% of butter. When butter goes rancid, butyric acid is liberated from the short-chain triglycerides via hydrolysis. Butyric acid is a widely distributed SCFA and is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is present in animal fat and plant oils, bovine milk, breast milk, butter, parmesan cheese, body odor and vomit. While butyric acid has an unpleasant odor, it does have a pleasant buttery taste. As a result, butyric acid is used as a flavoring agent in food manufacturing. Low-molecular-weight esters of butyric acid, such as methyl butyrate, also have very pleasant aromas or tastes. As a result, several butyrate esters are used as food and perfume additives. Butyrate is naturally produced by fermentation processes performed by obligate anaerobic bacteria found in the mammalian gut. It is a metabolite of several bacterial genera including Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia (PMID: 12324374; PMID: 27446020). Highly-fermentable fiber residues, such as those from resistant starch, oat bran, pectin, and guar can be transformed by colonic bacteria into butyrate. One study found that resistant starch consistently produces more butyrate than other types of dietary fibre (PMID: 14747692). The production of butyrate from fibres in ruminant animals such as cattle is responsible for the butyrate content of milk and butter. Butyrate has a number of important biological functions and binds to several specific receptors. In humans, butyric acid is one of two primary endogenous agonists of human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), a G protein-coupled receptor. Like other SCFAs, butyrate is also an agonist at the free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3, which function as nutrient sensors that facilitate the homeostatic control of energy balance. Butyrate is essential to host immune homeostasis (PMID: 25875123). Butyrates effects on the immune system are mediated through the inhibition of class I histone deacetylases (specifically, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC8) and activation of its G-protein coupled receptor targets including HCA2, FFAR2 and FFAR3. Among the short-chain fatty acids, butyrate is the most potent promoter of intestinal regulatory T cells in vitro and the only SCFA that is an HCA2 ligand (PMID: 25741338). Butyrate has been shown to be a critical mediator of the colonic inflammatory response. It possesses both preventive and therapeutic potential to counteract inflammation-mediated ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. As a short-chain fatty acid, butyrate is metabolized by mitochondria as an energy source through fatty acid metabolism. In particular, it is an important energy source for cells lining the mammalian colon (colonocytes). Without butyrate, colon cells undergo autophagy (i.e., self-digestion) and die. Butyric acid, also known as butyrate or butanoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as straight chain fatty acids. Straight chain fatty acids are fatty acids with a straight aliphatic chain. Thus, butyric acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Butyric acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Butyric acid can be found in a number of food items such as cinnamon, pepper (c. baccatum), burdock, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), which makes butyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Butyric acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including saliva, breast milk, feces, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as throughout most human tissues. Butyric acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, butyric acid is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include butyrate metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. Moreover, butyric acid is found to be associated with aIDS. Butyric acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Butyric acid was first observed in impure form in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. However, Chevreul did not publish his early research on butyric acid; instead, he deposited his findings in manuscript form with the secretary of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. Henri Braconnot, a French chemist, was also researching the composition of butter and was publishing his findings, and this led to disputes about priority. As early as 1815, Chevreul claimed that he had found the substance responsible for the smell of butter. By 1817, he published some of his findings regarding the properties of butyric acid and named it. However, it was not until 1823 that he presented the properties of butyric acid in detail. The name of butyric acid comes from the Latin word for butter, butyrum (or buturum), the substance in which butyric acid was first found . If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5\\% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of -oximes has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally (T3DB). D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists KEIO_ID B006
Acetic acid
Acetic acid is a two-carbon, straight-chain fatty acid. It is the smallest short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and one of the simplest carboxylic acids. is an acidic, colourless liquid and is the main component in vinegar. Acetic acid has a sour taste and pungent smell. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical that is used in the production of plastic soft drink bottles, photographic film; and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as many synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households diluted acetic acid is often used as a cleaning agent. In the food industry acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. Acetic acid is found in all organisms, from bacteria to plants to humans. The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to the biochemistry of virtually all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A (to form acetylCoA) it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. However, the concentration of free acetic acid in cells is kept at a low level to avoid disrupting the control of the pH of the cell contents. Acetic acid is produced and excreted in large amounts by certain acetic acid bacteria, notably the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil. Due to their widespread presence on fruit, acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and many other sugar-rich foods spoil. Several species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium and Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce acetic acid in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce acetic acid in concentrations up to 20\\%. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent. Acetic acid can be found in other biofluids such as urine at low concentrations. Urinary acetic acid is produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). Acetic acid concentrations greater than 30 uM/mM creatinine in the urine can indicate a urinary tract infection, which typically suggests the presence of E. coli or Klebshiella pneumonia in the urinary tract. (PMID: 24909875) Acetic acid is also produced by other bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus (PMID: 20444704; PMID: 22292465). G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G01 - Gynecological antiinfectives and antiseptics > G01A - Antiinfectives and antiseptics, excl. combinations with corticosteroids > G01AD - Organic acids S - Sensory organs > S02 - Otologicals > S02A - Antiinfectives > S02AA - Antiinfectives D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents It is used for smoking meats and fish C254 - Anti-Infective Agent KEIO_ID A029
Acetoacetate
Acetoacetic acid (AcAc) is a weak organic acid that can be produced in the human liver under certain conditions of poor metabolism leading to excessive fatty acid breakdown (diabetes mellitus leading to diabetic ketoacidosis). It is then partially converted into acetone by decarboxylation and excreted either in urine or through respiration. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing rats. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first two weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies are utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmityl phosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391). The acid is also present in the metabolism of those undergoing starvation or prolonged physical exertion as part of gluconeogenesis. When ketone bodies are measured by way of urine concentration, acetoacetic acid, along with beta-hydroxybutyric acid or acetone, is what is detected.
3-Oxohexanoic acid
3-Oxohexanoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of Fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. This fatty acid is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between malonic acid and three enznymes; beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase, fatty-acid Synthase, and beta- ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase II. [HMDB] 3-Oxohexanoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of Fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. This fatty acid is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between malonic acid and three enznymes; beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase, fatty-acid Synthase, and beta- ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase II.
3-Oxododecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid is converted form Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid is converted form Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179).
3-Oxodecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Oxodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxodecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Oxodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxodecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179).
UNII:FL8S7F2JJQ
A 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid that has R configuration at position 3. It plays an intermediate role in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Hexadecenoic acid
A C16 straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid having one C=C double bond.
trans-Dec-2-enoic acid
trans-Dec-2-enoic acid, also known as 10:1, N-8 trans or (2E)-decenoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. trans-Dec-2-enoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Occurs in pear, capsicum, mutton, pork and black tea. Flavourant for beverages, baked goods, etc.
trans-Tetra-dec-2-enoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. trans-tetra-dec-2-enoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, trans-tetra-dec-2-enoic acid converted from (R)-3-Hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3- Hydroxypalmitoyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 4.2.1.61). [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. trans-tetra-dec-2-enoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, trans-tetra-dec-2-enoic acid converted from (R)-3-Hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3- Hydroxypalmitoyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 4.2.1.61).
(R)-3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. (R)-3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, (R)-3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid via fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 2.3.1.41) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. (R)-3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, (R)-3-Hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid via fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 2.3.1.41).
3-Oxohexadecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Oxo-hexadecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-hexadecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Oxo-hexadecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-hexadecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179).
3-Oxotetradecanoic acid
3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179). In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. [HMDB] 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-tetradecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via three enzymes; 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (EC:2.3.1.41, E.C: 2.3.1.85, 2.3.1.179). In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.
trans-2-Octenoic acid
trans-2-Octenoic acid or (2E)-oct-2-enoic acid is an olefinic fatty acid that is octanoic acid carrying a double bond at position 2 (the 2E-isomer). It has a role as an animal metabolite. It is a medium-chain fatty acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, a straight-chain fatty acid and an olefinic fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a (2E)-oct-2-enoate. Food flavourant for baked goods and candies (E)-Oct-2-enoic acid is an endogenous metabolite. (E)-Oct-2-enoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
(R)-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid
==(R)==-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is a fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between 3-Oxohexanoic acid and 2 enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. [HMDB] (R)-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is a fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of a reaction between 3-oxohexanoic acid and 2 enzymes: fatty-acid synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase.
3-Oxooctanoic acid
3-Oxo-Octanoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between malonic acid and three enzymes; beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier- protein synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase II. [HMDB] 3-Oxo-Octanoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between malonic acid and three enzymes; beta-ketoacyl-acyl-carrier- protein synthase, fatty-acid Synthase and beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier- protein synthase II.
(R)-3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. (R)-3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, (R)-3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Octanoic acid via enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. (E.C: 2.3.1.85 and E.C: 1.1.1.100). Found in milk, strawberries and pineapple concentrate
(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier- protein] reductase.( EC:2.3.1.85 and EC:1.1.1.100) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier- protein] reductase.( EC:2.3.1.85 and EC:1.1.1.100).
(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 1.1.1.100) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 1.1.1.100). 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
trans-Hex-2-enoic acid
(E)-2-Hexenoic acid is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between (R)-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid and fatty-acid Synthase. (E)-2-Hexenoic acid is found in many foods, some of which are alcoholic beverages, fruits, tea, and fats and oils. It is used as flavouring agent.