Gene Association: FN3K
UniProt Search:
FN3K (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: fructosamine 3 kinase
found 19 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Yatansin
Brusatol is a triterpenoid. Brusatol is a natural product found in Brucea javanica and Brucea mollis with data available. Brusatol (NSC?172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent[1]. Brusatol increases cellular apoptosis[2]. Brusatol (NSC?172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent[1]. Brusatol increases cellular apoptosis[2].
Anserine
Anserine (beta-alanyl-N-3-methylhistidine) is a dipeptide containing beta-alanine and 3-methylhistidine. It is a derivative of carnosine, which had been methylated. The methyl group of anserine is added to carnosine by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine: carnosine N-methyltransferase (PMID: 29484990). The enzyme is closely related to histamine N-methyltransferase and appears to be present in a majority of anserine-producing species (PMID: 23705015). Anserine is a generally a more metabolically stable derivative of carnosine. Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of certain mammals (rabbits, cattle), migratory fish and birds. This dipeptide is normally absent from human tissues and body fluids, and its appearance there is usually an artifact of diet. Anserine can also arise from serum carnosinase deficiency. (OMIM 212200). Anserine was first discovered in goose muscle in 1929, and was named after this extraction (anser is Latin for goose). Anserine, which is water-soluble, is found at high levels in the muscles of different non-human vertebrates, with poultry, rabbit, tuna, plaice, and salmon having generally higher contents than other marine foods, beef, or pork (PMID: 31908682). An increase of urinary anserine excretion has been found in humans after the consumption of chicken, rabbit, and tuna and has been associated with intake of chicken, salmon, and, to a lesser extent, beef (PMID: 31908682). Anserine can undergo cleavage to give rise to 3-methylhistidine.(3-MH). The dipeptide balenine, common in some whales, cleaves to form 1-methylhistidine (1-MH) (PMID: 31908682). There is considerable confusion with regard to the nomenclature of the methylated nitrogen atoms on the imidazole ring of histidine and other histidine-containing peptides such as anserine. In particular, older literature (mostly prior to the year 2000) designated anserine (N-pi methylated) as beta-alanyl-N1-methyl-histidine, whereas according to standard IUPAC nomenclature, anserine is correctly named as beta-alanyl-N3-methyl-histidine. As a result, many papers published prior to the year 2000 incorrectly identified 1MH as a specific marker for dietary consumption of certain foods or various pathophysiological effects when they really were referring to 3MH or vice versa (PMID: 24137022). In particular balenine (a whale or snake-specific dipeptide with 1MH) was often confused with anserine (the poultry dipeptide with 3MH). An animal model study of Alzheimers disease using mice found that treatment with anserine reduced memory loss (PMID: 28974740). Anserine reduced glial inflammatory activity (particularly of astrocyte). The study also found that anserine-treated mice had greater pericyte surface area. The greater area of pericytes was commensurate with improved memory. The anserine-treated mice overall performed better on a spatial memory test (Morris Water Maze) (PMID: 28974740). A human study on 84 elderly subjects showed that subjects who took anserine and carnosine supplements for one year showed increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex on MRI (PMID: 29896423). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant KEIO_ID A140; [MS2] KO008819 KEIO_ID A140; [MS3] KO008820 KEIO_ID A140 Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2]. Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2].
N,N-Dimethylsphingosine
N,N-Dimethylsphingosine is an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase. It is a natural metabolite of sphingosine in some cancer cell lines and tissues. N,N-Dimethylsphingosine inhibited U937 cell sphingosine kinase with a Ki value of 3.1 µM. N,N-Dimethylsphingosine induces apoptosis, but it is not an inhibitor of protein kinase C. N,N-Dimethylsphingosine (DMS) has recently been identified as an inducer of pain in a rat model of chronic pain. (PMID: 22267119) It has properties similar to capsaicin (PMID: 16740613). Other studies have indicated that DMS inhibits airway inflammation in asthma (PMID: 18359884) and is cardioprotective (PMID: 16831409). N,N-Dimethylsphingosine is an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase. It is a natural metabolite of sphingosine in some cancer cell lines and tissues.1 N,N-Dimethylsphingosine inhibited U937 cell sphingosine kinase with a Ki value of 3.1 ?M.2 N,N-Dimethylsphingosine induces apoptosis, but it is not an inhibitor of protein kinase C. [HMDB] D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
D-Arabinose 5-phosphate
D-Arabinose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide. It is reversibly converted to D-ribulose 5-phosphate by arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.13). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide. KEIO_ID A147
D-Erythrose 4-phosphate
D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG); Erythrose 4-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle. In addition, it serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are shea tree, bog bilberry, arrowhead, and dock. D-Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphorylated derivative of erythrose that serves as an important intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is also used in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and it plays a role in vitamin B6 metabolism (KEGG). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Glycolaldehyde
Glycolaldehyde, also known as hydroxyacetaldehyde or methylol formaldehyde, is a member of the class of compounds known as short-chain aldehydes. Short-chain aldehydes are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms. Glycolaldehyde is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Glycolaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as acorn, elderberry, dandelion, and conch, which makes glycolaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glycolaldehyde can be found primarily in human neuron tissue. Glycolaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, glycolaldehyde is involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism. Glycolaldehyde is also involved in hypophosphatasia, which is a metabolic disorder. Glycolaldehyde is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2-CHO. It is the smallest possible molecule that contains both an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. It is a highly reactive molecule that occurs both in the biosphere and in the interstellar medium. It is normally supplied as a white solid. Although it conforms to the general formula for carbohydrates, Cn(H2O)n, it is not generally considered to be a saccharide . Glycolaldehyde (HOCH2-CH=O, IUPAC name 2-hydroxyethanal) is a type of diose (2-carbon monosaccharide). Glycolaldehyde is readily converted to acetyl coenzyme A. It has an aldehyde and a hydroxyl group. However, it is not actually a sugar, because there is only one hydroxyl group. Glycolaldehyde is formed from many sources, including the amino acid glycine and from purone catabolism. It can form by action of ketolase on fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in an alternate glycolysis pathway. This compound is transferred by thiamin pyrophosphate during the pentose phosphate shunt.
Nitric oxide
The biologically active molecule nitric oxide (NO) is a simple, membrane-permeable gas with unique chemistry. It is formed by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline, with the release of NO. The enzymatic oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline takes place in the presence of oxygen and NADPH using flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), heme, thiol, and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. The enzyme responsible for the generation of NO is nitric oxide synthase (E.C. 1.7.99.7; NOS). Three NOS isoforms have been described and shown to be encoded on three distinct genes: neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS type I), inducible NOS (NOS type II), and endothelial NOS (eNOS, NOS type III). Two of them are constitutively expressed and dependent on the presence of calcium ions and calmodulin to function (nNOS and eNOS), while iNOS is considered non-constitutive and calcium-independent. However, experience has shown that constitutive expression of nNOS and eNOS is not as rigid as previously thought (i.e. either present or absent), but can be dynamically controlled during development and in response to injury. Functionally, NO may act as a hormone, neurotransmitter, paracrine messenger, mediator, cytoprotective molecule, and cytotoxic molecule. NO has multiple cellular molecular targets. It influences the activity of transcription factors, modulates upstream signaling cascades, mRNA stability and translation, and processes the primary gene products. In the brain, many processes are linked to NO. NO activates its receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase by binding to it. The stimulation of this enzyme leads to increased synthesis of the second messenger, cGMP, which in turn activates cGMP-dependent kinases in target cells. NO exerts a strong influence on glutamatergic neurotransmission by directly interacting with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Neuronal NOS is connected to NMDA receptors (see below) and sharply increases NO production following activation of this receptor. Thus, the level of endogenously produced NO around NMDA synapses reflects the activity of glutamate-mediated neurotransmission. However, there is recent evidence showing that non-NMDA glutamate receptors (i.e. AMPA and type I metabotropic receptors) also contribute to NO generation. Besides its influence on glutamate, NO is known to have effects on the storage, uptake and/or release of most other neurotransmitters in the CNS (acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, GABA, taurine, and glycine) as well as of certain neuropeptides. Finally, since NO is a highly diffusible molecule, it may reach extrasynaptic receptors at target cell membranes that are some distance away from the place of NO synthesis. NO is thus capable of mediating both synaptic and nonsynaptic communication processes. NO is a potent vasodilator (a major endogenous regulator of vascular tone), and an important endothelium-dependent relaxing factor. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS) and NOS are inhibited by asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). ADMA is metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and excreted in the kidneys. Lower ADMA levels in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant controls suggest that ADMA has a role in vascular dilatation and blood pressure changes. Several studies show an increase in ADMA levels in pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia. Elevated ADMA levels in preeclampsia are seen before clinical symptoms have developed; these findings suggest that ADMA has a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In some pulmonary hypertensive states such as ARDS, the production of endogenous NO may be impaired. Nitric oxide inhalation selectively dilates the pulmonary circulation. Significant systemic vasodilation does not occur because NO is inactivated by rapidly binding to hemoglobin. In an injured lung with pulmonary hypertension, inhaled NO produces local vasodilation of well-ventilated lung units and may "steal" blood flow away from unventil... D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents > D045462 - Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D064426 - Gasotransmitters D000975 - Antioxidants > D016166 - Free Radical Scavengers D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants R - Respiratory system
L-Erythrulose
L-Erythrulose is an extremely reactive ketose, which rapidly glycates and crosslinks proteins, and therefore may mediate the(L-ascorbate) AsA-dependent modification of protein (ascorbylation) seen in vitro, and also proposed to occur in vivo in human lens during diabetic and age-onset cataract formation.(PMID: 10727845) [HMDB] L-Erythrulose is an extremely reactive ketose, which rapidly glycates and crosslinks proteins, and therefore may mediate the(L-ascorbate) AsA-dependent modification of protein (ascorbylation) seen in vitro, and also proposed to occur in vivo in human lens during diabetic and age-onset cataract formation.(PMID: 10727845).
Fructoselysine 6-phosphate
An L-lysine derivative having a 6-phosphofructosyl group attached to the side-chain amino group.
Anserine
A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units. C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2]. Anserine, a methylated form of Carnosine, is an orally active, natural Histidine-containing dipeptide found in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. Anserine is not cleaved by serum carnosinase and act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants, and anti-glycation agents. Anserine improves memory functions in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-model mice[1][2].
glycolaldehyde
The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.
D-Erythrose 4-phosphate
An erythrose phosphate that is D-erythrose carrying a phosphate group at position 4. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle.
D-Arabinose 5-phosphate
The 5-phospho derivative of D-arabinose. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides.
Erythrulose
Erythrulose. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=40031-31-0 (retrieved 2024-08-19) (CAS RN: 40031-31-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
N,N-Dimethylsphingosine
A sphingoid that is sphingosine in which the two amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
