Exact Mass: 341.2272
Exact Mass Matches: 341.2272
Found 333 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 341.2272,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
Propafenone
Propafenone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. [PubChem]The electrophysiological effect of propafenone manifests itself in a reduction of upstroke velocity (Phase 0) of the monophasic action potential. In Purkinje fibers, and to a lesser extent myocardial fibers, propafenone reduces the fast inward current carried by sodium ions, which is responsible for the drugs antiarrhythmic actions. Diastolic excitability threshold is increased and effective refractory period prolonged. Propafenone reduces spontaneous automaticity and depresses triggered activity. At very high concentrations in vitro, propafenone can inhibit the slow inward current carried by calcium but this calcium antagonist effect probably does not contribute to antiarrhythmic efficacy. C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BC - Antiarrhythmics, class ic D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2285 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Propafenone (SA-79), a sodium-channel blocker, acts an antiarrhythmic agent. Propafenone also has high affinity for the β receptor (IC50=32 nM)[1]. Propafenone blocks the transient outward current (Ito) and the sustained delayed rectifier K current (Isus) with IC50 values of 4.9?μm and 8.6?μm, respectively[2]. Propafenone suppresses esophageal cancer proliferation through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and induce apoptosis[3].
7-Acetylintermedine
7-acetylintermedine belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. 7-acetylintermedine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetylintermedine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetylintermedine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Pregnenolone carbonitrile
7-Acetyllycopsamine
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2277
Pipernonaline
Pipernonaline is found in herbs and spices. Pipernonaline is an alkaloid from the fruits of Piper longum (long pepper
Retrofractamide D
Retrofractamide D is an alkaloid from Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper). Alkaloid from Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper).
5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine
5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine is only found in individuals that have used or taken tolterodine. 5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine is a metabolite of tolterodine. 5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine belongs to the family of Diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
trans-2-Dodecenoylcarnitine
trans-2-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an trans-2-dodecenoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. trans-2-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine trans-2-dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular trans-2-dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3,4-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine
3,4-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3,4-dimethylideneoctanedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3,4-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3,4-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
2,3-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine
2,3-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 2,3-dimethylideneoctanedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 2,3-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 2,3-Dimethylideneoctanedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-5,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(2Z,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienedioylcarnitine
(2Z,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (2Z,4E)-deca-2,4-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (2Z,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine (2Z,4E)-Deca-2,4-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-3,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-3,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-3,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-3,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-3,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-2,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-2,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-2,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-2,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-2,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-4,7-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-4,7-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-4,7-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-4,7-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-4,7-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-5,7-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-4,6-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-4,6-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-4,6-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-4,6-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-4,6-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-4,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Deca-3,7-dienedioylcarnitine
Deca-3,7-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an deca-3,7-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Deca-3,7-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Deca-3,7-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine
(9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (9E)-dodec-9-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine (9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular (9E)-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
4-Dodecenoylcarnitine
4-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-4-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 4-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 4-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 4-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
11-Dodecenoylcarnitine
11-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an Dodecenoylcarnitine ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 11-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 11-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 11-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-Dodecenoylcarnitine
5-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-5-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 5-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 5-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
7-Dodecenoylcarnitine
7-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-7-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 7-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 7-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
8-Dodecenoylcarnitine
8-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-8-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 8-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 8-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 8-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
2-Dodecenoylcarnitine
2-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-2-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 2-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 2-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 2-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Dodecenoylcarnitine
3-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-3-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 3-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
6-Dodecenoylcarnitine
6-Dodecenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodec-6-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 6-Dodecenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 6-Dodecenoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. In particular 6-Dodecenoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes patients (PMID: 28726959) and children obesity (PMID: 23108202). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with placental abruption (PMID: 27300725) increase in dodecanoylcarnitine/dodecenoylcarnitine (c12 / c12:1). Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
1H-Purine-2,6-dione, 7-(2-(ethylamino)ethyl)-3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-8-(phenylmethyl)-
Dihydroevocarpine
Dihydroevocarpine induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia via suppressing the mTORC1/2 activity[1]. Dihydroevocarpine induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia via suppressing the mTORC1/2 activity[1].
Diprotin A
Fenethylline
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics > N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant
6-Amino-N-[6-keto-6-(6-ketohexylamino)hexyl]hexanamide
Pregnenolone carbonitrile
(8S,9S,10S,13S,14S,17S)-17-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-1-carbonitrile
Acetyllycopsamine
Acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Leu-Pro-Ile
Deoxycalyciphylline B
FENETHYLLINE
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics > N06BA - Centrally acting sympathomimetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47795 - CNS Stimulant
2-cyclohexyl-1-oxo-1,4-dihydro-2H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,3-isoquinoline]-4-carboxylic acid
Dihydroevocarpine
Dihydroevocarpine is a natural product found in Tetradium ruticarpum with data available. Dihydroevocarpine induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia via suppressing the mTORC1/2 activity[1]. Dihydroevocarpine induces cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia via suppressing the mTORC1/2 activity[1].
18-methylaminoavarone|2-Methylaminoavarone|3-methylaminoavarone
4-ethyl-10,14-dihydroxy-5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-11-methoxy-12-oxa-4-aza-tricyclo[9.2.1.02,5]tetradec-1-en-3-one|phyllostictine C
(2E,8E,10Z)-octadeca-2,8,10-trien-12-ynoic acid piperidine
3-oxo 20S-dimethylamino 1,4-pregnadiene|3-oxo 20S-dimethylamino-1,4-pregnadiene
(E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl 2-(3-methylbut-2-enylamino)benzoate|geranyl N-dimethylallylanthranilate
(2E,4E,10E)-N-isobutyl-11-(4-methoxyphenyl)undeca-2,4,10-trienamide|philippinamide
17alpha-cyanomethylestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-2,3,17-triol 2-methyl ether
naphthalen-2-yl(1-(pentan-2-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone
Acetyllycopsamine
Acetyllycopsamine is a member of pyrrolizines. 7-Acetyllycopsamine is a natural product found in Echium horridum, Amsinckia menziesii, and other organisms with data available. See also: Comfrey Leaf (part of).
Acetylintermedine
Acetylintermedine is a member of pyrrolizines. Acetylintermedine is a natural product found in Echium pininana, Oreocarya flava, and other organisms with data available.
(2E,8E)-9-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-piperidin-1-ylnona-2,8-dien-1-one
propafenone
C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BC - Antiarrhythmics, class ic D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026941 - Sodium Channel Blockers > D061567 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker Propafenone (SA-79), a sodium-channel blocker, acts an antiarrhythmic agent. Propafenone also has high affinity for the β receptor (IC50=32 nM)[1]. Propafenone blocks the transient outward current (Ito) and the sustained delayed rectifier K current (Isus) with IC50 values of 4.9?μm and 8.6?μm, respectively[2]. Propafenone suppresses esophageal cancer proliferation through inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and induce apoptosis[3].
(4R,6R,6S,7S,8R)-6-(2-hydroxypentan-2-yl)-4,8-dimethyldecahydro-5H-spiro[indolizine-6,2-pyran]-7,8-diol
PC(O-6:0/0:0)[U]
Diprotin A
D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents > D054873 - Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors Diprotin A (Ile-Pro-Ile) is an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV)[1].
5-Hydroxymethyltolterodine
Desfesoterodine (PNU-200577) is a potent and selective muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist with a KB and a pA2 of 0.84 nM and 9.14, respectively[1]. Desfesoterodine is a major pharmacologically active metabolite of Tolterodine (PNU-200583; HY-A0024) and Fesoterodine (HY-70053)[2][3]. Desfesoterodine improves cerebral infarction induced detrusor overactivity in rats[4].
(Rac)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine
(Rac)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine ((Rac)-Desfesoterodine), an active metabolite of Tolterodine, is a mAChR antagonist (Ki values of 2.3 nM, 2 nM, 2.5 nM, 2.8 nM, and 2.9 nM for M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 receptors, respectively). (Rac)-5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine can be used for overactive bladder research[1].
Benaprizine
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent
1-BOC-4-([3-(MORPHOLIN-4-YL)-PROPYLAMINO]-METHYL)-PIPERIDINE
(E)-16-(carboxymethylamino)-4-oxohexadec-11-enoic acid
4-[3-(1-Imidazolyl)proplyaminomethyl]benzeneboronic acid pinacol ester
(1S,2S,5R)-3-BOC-2-[(TERT-BUTYLDIMETHYLSILYLOXY)METHYL]-4-OXO-3-AZABICYCLO[3.1.0]HEXANE
9-ethyl-3-(n-ethyl-n-phenylhydrazonomethyl)carbazole
(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)dodecyldimethylammonium chloride
diethyl 2-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene)Malonate
2-di-t-butylphosphino-2-(n,n-dimethylamino)biphenyl
N-(4-Methoxybenzyl)-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine
1-(2,3-Dihydro-1-benzothiophen-5-yl)-2-(4-phenylbutylamino)propan-1-ol
17-acetyl-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-16-carbonitrile
5-[3-(Dimethylamino)propylamino]-3,10-dimethylpyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4-dione
1-(2-(4-Hydroxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-((4-methylphenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinol
3,5-diethyl-2-(3-hydroxypropylamino)-5-methyl-6H-benzo[h]quinazolin-4-one
Desfesoterodine
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G04 - Urologicals > G04B - Urologicals > G04BD - Drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent Desfesoterodine (PNU-200577) is a potent and selective muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist with a KB and a pA2 of 0.84 nM and 9.14, respectively[1]. Desfesoterodine is a major pharmacologically active metabolite of Tolterodine (PNU-200583; HY-A0024) and Fesoterodine (HY-70053)[2][3]. Desfesoterodine improves cerebral infarction induced detrusor overactivity in rats[4].
9-Butyl-8-(2,5-dimethoxy-benzyl)-9H-purin-6-ylamine
2-{[1-(2-Amino-3-methyl-pentanoyl)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-amino}-3-methyl-pentanoic acid
7-[2-(3-Hydroxyoctyl)-5-oxopyrrolidin-1-YL]heptanoic acid
3-Hydroxyquininium
An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of 3-hydroxyquinine, formed via protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
2-hydroxy-6-[(8Z,11Z)-pentadeca-8,11,14-trienyl]benzoate
(E)-3-hydroxy-4-oxo-3-[(trimethylazaniumyl)methyl]pentadec-5-enoate
14-oxo-DoHE(1-)
A polyunsaturated hydroxy-fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 14-oxo-DoHE, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid function; major species at pH 7.3.
N-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,3-diazinane-1-carboxamide
3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-N-[(1-methyl-4-piperidinylidene)amino]-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(13S,14S)-epoxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate
A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 13S,14S-epoxy-DHA, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(9S,10E,12Z,14E,16S)-9,16-bis(hydroperoxy)octadecatrienoate
1-(2-Furanyl)-2-(3-heptyl-2-imino-1-benzimidazolyl)ethanol
1-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-morpholinyl)-2-phenyl-1-propanol
1-(2,3-Dimethylphenoxy)-3-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol
(1R,5S)-3-(phenylmethyl)-7-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
(1R,5S)-7-(4-phenylphenyl)-3-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
1-[(2R,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-oxanyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea
1-[(2R,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-oxanyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea
1-[(2R,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-oxanyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea
2-morpholin-4-yl-1-[(1R,5S)-7-[4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]phenyl]-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-yl]ethanone
1-[(2S,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-oxanyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea
1-[(2S,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-oxanyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea
1-[(2S,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]-3-oxanyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea
O-[(5Z)-dodecenoyl]carnitine
An O-dodecenoylcarnitine having (5Z)-dodecenoyl as the acyl substituent.
(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-13-oxodocosa-4,7,10,14,16,19-hexaenoate
(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,14E)-15-{(2S,3S)-3-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]oxiran-2-yl}pentadeca-4,7,10,12,14-pentaenoate
(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-15-{(3R)-3-[(2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl]oxiran-2-ylidene}pentadeca-4,7,10,13-tetraenoate
(3-Hexoxy-2-hydroxypropyl) 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-Aminoethyl (2-hydroxy-3-nonoxypropyl) hydrogen phosphate
2-(2-Butenoxy)-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-4-quinolinecarboxamide
methylglyoxal-lysine dimer
An imidazolium ion formed via cyclo-dimerisation of L-lysine and methylglyoxal.
(4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-7-oxodocosahexaenoate
An oxodocosahexaenoate that is the conjugate base of (4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-7-oxodocosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-17-oxodocosahexaenoate
An oxodocosahexaenoate that is the conjugate base of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-17-oxodocosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(16S,17S)-epoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate
A docosanoid anion that is the conjugate base of (16S,17S)-epoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
O-dodecenoylcarnitine
An O-acylcarnitine in which the acyl group specified is dodecenoyl.
O-dodecenoyl-L-carnitine
An O-acyl-L-carnitine that is L-carnitine having dodecenoyl group as the acyl substituent in which the position of the double bond is unspecified.
(4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-13-oxodocosahexaenoate
An oxodocosahexaenoate that is the conjugate base of (4Z,7Z,10Z,14E,16Z,19Z)-13-oxodocosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
CB2R/FAAH modulator-3
CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 (compound 27) is a dual targeting modulator that acts as a CB2R agonist and FAAH inhibitor. The Ki values for CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 are 20.1 and 67.6 nM for CB2R and CB1R, respectively, and the IC50 value for FAAH is 3.4 μM. CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 can be used in studies related to cancer, deleterious inflammatory cascades occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, and COVID-19 infection[1].
(1s,7s,10s,11r,15r,22r,23r)-11-methyl-5-oxa-13-azahexacyclo[11.9.1.0¹,⁷.0⁷,¹⁵.0¹⁰,²³.0¹⁸,²²]tricos-18-en-4-one
(1s,2r,3r,5s,8r,9s,10r,13r,17r)-11-ethyl-8-hydroxy-13-methyl-4-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.1²,⁵.0¹,¹⁰.0³,⁸.0¹³,¹⁷]nonadecan-16-one
(1e,5r,10s,11s,14s)-4-ethyl-10,14-dihydroxy-5-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-11-methoxy-12-oxa-4-azatricyclo[9.2.1.0²,⁵]tetradec-1-en-3-one
(1s,2s,5s,6r,9r,11r,12s,13s)-8,11-dihydroxy-6,13-dimethyl-7-azapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icosa-7,14,17-trien-16-one
(5z,8z,11z)-n-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]tetradeca-5,8,11-trienimidic acid
(1s,2s,3r,5r,6s,10s,16s)-16-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-8-azahexacyclo[11.5.1.1¹,⁵.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁸.0¹⁶,¹⁹]icos-13(19)-ene-14,20-dione
[(7r)-7-(acetyloxy)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3h-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl 2-hydroxy-2-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate
(7-hydroxy-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3h-pyrrolizin-1-yl)methyl 3-(acetyloxy)-2-hydroxy-2-isopropylbutanoate
(1s,6r,7s,10r,15r,19r,22s)-6,18-dimethyl-5-oxa-16-azahexacyclo[14.5.1.0¹,⁶.0⁷,¹⁵.0¹⁰,¹⁴.0¹⁹,²²]docos-13-en-4-one
(1r,7r,10r,11s,15s,18s,23s)-11-methyl-5-oxa-13-azahexacyclo[11.9.1.0¹,⁷.0⁷,¹⁵.0¹⁰,²³.0¹⁸,²²]tricos-21-en-4-one
16-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-8-azahexacyclo[11.5.1.1¹,⁵.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁸.0¹⁶,¹⁹]icos-13(19)-ene-14,20-dione
(2s,3r,4s,5s)-3,6-diamino-4-{[(2r,5s)-5-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}hexane-1,2,5-triol
[(7s,7ar)-7-(acetyloxy)-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-3h-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (2s)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoate
3,18-dioxo-11α-hydroxycona-1,4-diene
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN006971","Ingredient_name": "3,18-dioxo-11\u03b1-hydroxycona-1,4-diene","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C21H27NO3","Ingredient_Smile": "Not Available","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "6468","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
3'-acetylechinatine
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN007876","Ingredient_name": "3'-acetylechinatine","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C17H27NO6","Ingredient_Smile": "CC(C)C(C(C)OC(=O)C)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)O)O","Ingredient_weight": "341.4 g/mol","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "37200","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "101924036","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
3'-acetylrinderine
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN007882","Ingredient_name": "3'-acetylrinderine","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C17H27NO6","Ingredient_Smile": "CC(C)C(C(C)OC(=O)C)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)O)O","Ingredient_weight": "341.4 g/mol","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "37198","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "101993113","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
7-Acetyllycops-amine
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN013023","Ingredient_name": "7-Acetyllycops-amine","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C17H27NO6","Ingredient_Smile": "CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C)O","Ingredient_weight": "341.4 g/mol","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "37733","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "91747347","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
acetylindicine
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN014477","Ingredient_name": "acetylindicine","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C17H27NO6","Ingredient_Smile": "CC(C)C(C(C)OC(=O)C)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)O)O","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "437","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
