Classification Term: 1831
Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001653)
Acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms." []
found 120 associated metabolites at family metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Acyl CoAs
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Stearoyl-CoA
Stearoyl-CoA is a long-chain acyl CoA ester that acts as an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids; a critical committed step in the reaction is the introduction of the cis-configuration double bond into acyl-CoAs (between carbons 9 and 10). This oxidative reaction is catalyzed by the iron-containing, microsomal enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD, EC 1.14.19.1). NADH supplies the reducing equivalents for the reaction, the flavoprotein is cytochrome b5-reductase and the electron carrier is the heme protein cytochrome b5. Stearoyl-CoA is converted into oleoyl-CoA and then used as a major substrate for the synthesis of various kinds of lipids including phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and wax esters. Oleic acid is the preferred substrate for acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.1.26) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20), the enzymes responsible for cholesteryl esters and triglycerides synthesis, respectively. In addition oleate is the major monounsaturated fatty acid in human adipose tissue and in the phospholipid of the red-blood-cell membrane. In the biosynthesis of sphinganine, stearoyl-CoA proceeds through the acyl-CoA + serine -> 3-keto-sphinganine -> sphinganine pathway, with the key enzyme being acyl-CoA serine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50) to yield C20-(3-ketosphinganine) long-chain base. There is growing recognition that acyl-CoA esters could act as signaling molecules in cellular metabolism. (PMID: 12538075, 10998569, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Feb;68(2):113-21.) [HMDB]. Stearoyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are romaine lettuce, grapefruit/pummelo hybrid, radish, and european cranberry. Stearoyl-CoA is a long-chain acyl CoA ester that acts as an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids; a critical committed step in the reaction is the introduction of the cis-configuration double bond into acyl-CoAs (between carbons 9 and 10). This oxidative reaction is catalyzed by the iron-containing, microsomal enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD, EC 1.14.19.1). NADH supplies the reducing equivalents for the reaction, the flavoprotein is cytochrome b5-reductase and the electron carrier is the heme protein cytochrome b5. Stearoyl-CoA is converted into oleoyl-CoA and then used as a major substrate for the synthesis of various kinds of lipids including phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and wax esters. Oleic acid is the preferred substrate for acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, EC 2.3.1.26) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20), the enzymes responsible for cholesteryl esters and triglycerides synthesis, respectively. In addition oleate is the major monounsaturated fatty acid in human adipose tissue and in the phospholipid of the red-blood-cell membrane. In the biosynthesis of sphinganine, stearoyl-CoA proceeds through the acyl-CoA + serine -> 3-keto-sphinganine -> sphinganine pathway, with the key enzyme being acyl-CoA serine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.50) to yield C20-(3-ketosphinganine) long-chain base. There is growing recognition that acyl-CoA esters could act as signaling molecules in cellular metabolism. (PMID: 12538075, 10998569, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003 Feb;68(2):113-21.).
Oleoyl-CoA
Oleoyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA desaturase and Protein FAM34A. [HMDB]. Oleoyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are cardoon, fruits, hyssop, and rice. Oleoyl-CoA is a substrate for Acyl-CoA desaturase and Protein FAM34A.
Eicosanoyl-CoA
Eicosanoyl-CoA is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid, a substrate of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase with high specificity as an acyl donor. Cells and membranes of mammalian cells synthesize their glycerophospholipids and triglycerides to maintain the cellular integrity and to provide energy for cellular functions. The phospholipids are synthesized de novo in cells through an evolutionary conserved process involving serial acylations of glycerol-3-phosphate. Several isoforms of the enzyme 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.51, AGPAT) acylate lysophosphatidic acid at the sn-2 position to produce phosphatidic acid. Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.65, BACAT) catalyzes the conjugation of bile acids to glycine and taurine for excretion into bile and can utilize Eicosanoyl-CoA as an acyl donor as well; this may play important roles in protection against toxicity by accumulation of unconjugated bile acids and non-esterified very long-chain fatty acids. (PMID: 17535882, 12810727) [HMDB] Eicosanoyl-CoA is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid, a substrate of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase with high specificity as an acyl donor. Cells and membranes of mammalian cells synthesize their glycerophospholipids and triglycerides to maintain the cellular integrity and to provide energy for cellular functions. The phospholipids are synthesized de novo in cells through an evolutionary conserved process involving serial acylations of glycerol-3-phosphate. Several isoforms of the enzyme 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.51, AGPAT) acylate lysophosphatidic acid at the sn-2 position to produce phosphatidic acid. Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.65, BACAT) catalyzes the conjugation of bile acids to glycine and taurine for excretion into bile and can utilize Eicosanoyl-CoA as an acyl donor as well; this may play important roles in protection against toxicity by accumulation of unconjugated bile acids and non-esterified very long-chain fatty acids. (PMID: 17535882, 12810727).
Linoleoyl-CoA
Linoleoyl-CoA is the acyl-CoA of linoleic acid found in the human body. It binds to and results in decreased activity of glutathione S-transferase1. It has been proposed that inhibition of mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator by long-chain acyl-CoA underlies the mechanism associating obesity and type 2 diabetes. Unsaturated fatty acids play an important role in the prevention of human diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegeneration. Their oxidation in vivo by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) catalyze the first step of each cycle of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. ACAD-9 had maximal activity with long-chain unsaturated acyl-CoAs as substrates (PMID: 17184976, 16020546).
Phytanoyl-CoA
Phytanoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid is present in human diet or in animal tissues where it may be derived from chlorophyll in plant extracts. Specifically it is an epimeric metabolite of the isoprenoid side chain of chlorophyll. Owing to the presence of its epimeric beta-methyl group, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation. Instead, it is metabolized in peroxisomes via alpha-oxidation to give pristanic acid, which is then oxidized by beta-oxidation. PhyH (phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase) catalyses hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA. Mutations of PhyH can lead to phytanic acid accumulation. High levels of phytanic acid are found in patients suffering from Refsums syndrome. This inherited neurological disorder is characterized by an accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Clinically it is characterized by adult onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy, and phytanic acidaemia. This disorder has been found to be related to deficiency in the α-oxidation pathway in the liver. (PMID: 17956235). Phytanoyl CoA and other branched-chain fatty acid CoA products are potent inducers of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha, a nuclear receptor that enhances transcription of peroxisomal enzymes mediating beta-oxidation of these potentially toxic fatty acids (PMID: 16768463). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase are strongly inhibited by phytanoyl-CoA. Decreased activity of these important mitochondrial metabolism complexes might therefore contribute to neurological symptoms upon accumulation of phytanic acid in Refsum disease (PMID: 16737698). [HMDB] Phytanoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid is present in human diet or in animal tissues where it may be derived from chlorophyll in plant extracts. Specifically it is an epimeric metabolite of the isoprenoid side chain of chlorophyll. Owing to the presence of its epimeric beta-methyl group, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation. Instead, it is metabolized in peroxisomes via alpha-oxidation to give pristanic acid, which is then oxidized by beta-oxidation. PhyH (phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase) catalyses hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA. Mutations of PhyH can lead to phytanic acid accumulation. High levels of phytanic acid are found in patients suffering from Refsums syndrome. This inherited neurological disorder is characterized by an accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Clinically it is characterized by adult onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy, and phytanic acidaemia. This disorder has been found to be related to deficiency in the α-oxidation pathway in the liver. (PMID: 17956235). Phytanoyl CoA and other branched-chain fatty acid CoA products are potent inducers of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha, a nuclear receptor that enhances transcription of peroxisomal enzymes mediating beta-oxidation of these potentially toxic fatty acids (PMID: 16768463). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase are strongly inhibited by phytanoyl-CoA. Decreased activity of these important mitochondrial metabolism complexes might therefore contribute to neurological symptoms upon accumulation of phytanic acid in Refsum disease (PMID: 16737698).
Arachidonyl-CoA
Arachidonyl-CoA is an intermediate in Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Arachidonyl-CoA is produced from 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoyl-CoA via the enzyme fatty acid desaturase 1 (EC 1.14.19.-). It is then converted to Arachidonic acid via the enzymepalmitoyl-CoA hydrolase (EC 3.1.2.2).
Tetradecanoyl-CoA
Tetradecanoyl-CoA (or myristoyl-CoA) is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation and the beta oxidation of fatty acids. It is also used in the myristoylation of proteins. The first pass through the beta-oxidation process starts with the saturated fatty acid palmitoyl-CoA and produces myristoyl-CoA. A total of four enzymatic steps are required, starting with VLCAD CoA dehydrogenase (Very Long Chain) activity, followed by three enzymatic steps catalyzed by enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, all present in the mitochondria. Myristoylation of proteins is also catalyzed by the presence of myristoyl-CoA along with Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT). Myristoylation is an irreversible, co-translational (during translation) protein modification found in animals, plants, fungi and viruses. In this protein modification a myristoyl group (derived from myristioyl CoA) is covalently attached via an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an N-terminal amino acid of a nascent polypeptide. It is more common on glycine residues but also occurs on other amino acids. Myristoylation also occurs post-translationally, for example when previously internal glycine residues become exposed by caspase cleavage during apoptosis. Myristoylation plays a vital role in membrane targeting and signal transduction in plant responses to environmental stress. Compared to other species that possess a single functional myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) gene copy, human, mouse and cow possess 2 NMT genes, and more than 2 protein isoforms. Myristoyl-coa, also known as S-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a or myristoyl-coenzyme a, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl coas. Long-chain fatty acyl coas are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. Myristoyl-coa is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Myristoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as sea-buckthornberry, anise, chicory, and cassava, which makes myristoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Myristoyl-coa can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Myristoyl-coa exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, myristoyl-coa is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include adrenoleukodystrophy, x-linked, beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, and fatty acid metabolism. Myristoyl-coa is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:0/14:0/22:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/12:0/14:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:1(9Z)/14:0/22:2(13Z,16Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(14:0/16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)).
Gamma-linolenoyl-CoA
Gamma-linolenoyl-CoA is the product of a chemical reaction that involves linoleoyl-CoA desaturase which acts as a catalyst. In enzymology, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.19.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. linoleoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are linoleoyl-CoA, AH2, and O2, whereas its 3 products are gamma-linolenoyl-CoA, A, and H2O. (Wikipedia). gamma-Linolenoyl-CoA is the product of a chemical reaction that involves linoleoyl-CoA desaturase which acts as a catalyst. In enzymology, linoleoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.19.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Mono(glucosyluronic acid)bilirubin
This compound belongs to the family of Tricarboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof).
(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA
(S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA is a beta-oxidation intermediate derivative of palmitoyl-CoA and the substrate of the enzyme peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (PTE-2, EC 3.1.2.2), which is localized in the peroxisome. The peroxisomal beta-oxidation system contains two sets of enzymes, one of which is involved in the oxidation of branched chain fatty acids and intermediates in the hepatic bile acid biosynthetic pathway and consists of one or two branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase(s), a D-specific bifunctional protein and the sterol carrier-like protein x (SCPx). Peroxisomes are cellular organelles present in all eukaryotic cells. They play an indispensable role in the metabolism of a variety of lipids including very long-chain fatty acids, dicarboxylic fatty acids, bile acids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, pristanic acid, and xenobiotic fatty acids. (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA may accumulate intracellularly in certain long-chain fatty acid/j-oxidation deficiencies. Succinate-driven synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate is progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA. (PMID: 11673457, 8739955, 7662716) [HMDB] (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA is a beta-oxidation intermediate derivative of palmitoyl-CoA and the substrate of the enzyme peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 (PTE-2, EC 3.1.2.2), which is localized in the peroxisome. The peroxisomal beta-oxidation system contains two sets of enzymes, one of which is involved in the oxidation of branched chain fatty acids and intermediates in the hepatic bile acid biosynthetic pathway and consists of one or two branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase(s), a D-specific bifunctional protein and the sterol carrier-like protein x (SCPx). Peroxisomes are cellular organelles present in all eukaryotic cells. They play an indispensable role in the metabolism of a variety of lipids including very long-chain fatty acids, dicarboxylic fatty acids, bile acids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, pristanic acid, and xenobiotic fatty acids. (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA may accumulate intracellularly in certain long-chain fatty acid/j-oxidation deficiencies. Succinate-driven synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate is progressively inhibited by increasing concentrations of (S)-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA. (PMID: 11673457, 8739955, 7662716).
(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA
(S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria. (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA is the 7th to last step in the synthesis of Hexadecanoic acid and is converted from 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA via the enzyme long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.211). It is then converted to trans-Tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA via the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17). [HMDB] (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria. (S)-3-Hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA is the 7th to last step in the synthesis of Hexadecanoic acid and is converted from 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA via the enzyme long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.211). It is then converted to trans-Tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA via the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17).
4,8,12-Trimethyltridecanoyl-CoA
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
Alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA
Alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA is converted. from Linoleoyl-CoA via the enzyme fatty acid desaturase (EC 1.14.19.-). It is then converted to alpha-Linolenic acid via the enzyme palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase(EC 3.1.2.2). Alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA is an intermediate in Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. alpha-Linolenoyl-CoA is converted
Eicosatetranoyl coenzyme A
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-Icosapentaenoyl-CoA
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatrienoyl-CoA
11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatrienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatrienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatrienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
cis,cis-11,14-Eicosadienoyl-CoA
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG).
11Z-eicosenoyl-CoA
11Z-eicosenoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 11Z-eicosenoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 11Z-eicosenoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
Palmitelaidoyl-CoA
Palmitelaidoyl-CoA is a monounsaturated fatty acid, the product of palmitoyl-CoA from a reaction catalyzed by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.99.5, SCD) in the endoplasmic reticulum, an enzyme that catalyzes the delta9-cis desaturation of saturated fatty acyl-CoAs. These monounsaturated fatty acids are used as substrates for the synthesis of triglycerides, wax esters, cholesteryl esters and membrane phospholipids. The saturated to monounsaturated fatty acid ratio affects membrane phospholipid composition and alteration in this ratio has been implicated in a variety of disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, neurological disease, skin disorders and cancer. Thus, the expression of SCD is of physiological importance in normal and disease states. Unsaturated fatty acids are the most abundant form of stored fat in the human body and are vital for all living organisms. In addition to their role as an energy source, they are integral constituents of cell membranes, playing a role in membrane fluidity, cell signaling, and membrane integrity. Numerous beneficial physiologic effects have been attributed to unsaturated fatty acids, including protection from obesity, diabetes, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Palmitelaidoyl-CoA has been shown to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in human cells which has implications for long-chain fatty acid disorders. (PMID: 12538075, 16020546, 16651524, 7662716) [HMDB] Palmitelaidoyl-CoA is a monounsaturated fatty acid, the product of palmitoyl-CoA from a reaction catalyzed by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.99.5, SCD) in the endoplasmic reticulum, an enzyme that catalyzes the delta9-cis desaturation of saturated fatty acyl-CoAs. These monounsaturated fatty acids are used as substrates for the synthesis of triglycerides, wax esters, cholesteryl esters, and membrane phospholipids. The saturated to monounsaturated fatty acid ratio affects membrane phospholipid composition and alteration in this ratio has been implicated in a variety of disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, neurological disease, skin disorders, and cancer. Thus, the expression of SCD is of physiological importance in normal and disease states. Unsaturated fatty acids are the most abundant form of stored fat in the human body and are vital for all living organisms. In addition to their role as an energy source, they are integral constituents of cell membranes, playing a role in membrane fluidity, cell signalling, and membrane integrity. Numerous beneficial physiologic effects have been attributed to unsaturated fatty acids, including protection from obesity, diabetes, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Palmitelaidoyl-CoA has been shown to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in human cells which has implications for long-chain fatty acid disorders (PMID: 12538075, 16020546, 16651524, 7662716).
6Z,9Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA
6Z,9Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 6Z,9Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 6Z,9Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
8Z,11Z-eicosadienoyl-CoA
8Z,11Z-eicosadienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 8Z,11Z-eicosadienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 8Z,11Z-eicosadienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
cis-Vaccenoyl CoA
Vaccenoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of vaccenic acid. There are both cis (or R) and trans (or S) forms of Vaccenoyl CoA. Vaccenoyl CoA derivatives were found to be active substrates in vitro in the acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate. It is involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation. [HMDB] Vaccenoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of vaccenic acid. There are both cis (or R) and trans (or S) forms of Vaccenoyl CoA. Vaccenoyl CoA derivatives were found to be active substrates in vitro in the acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate. It is involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.
Pristanoyl-CoA
(R) Pristanoyl-CoA is converted by alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (E.C. 5.1.99.4) (S) pristanoyl-CoA, which is then degraded via peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Deficiency in this enzyme results in neuropathy, hypogonadism of adult onset; and in infant, defective bile acid synthesis has been observed. Pristanoyl-CoA is the substrate of propionyl-CoA C(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase (E.C.2.3.1.154). It is the substrate of peroxisomal pristanoyl-CoA oxidase (E.C.1.3.3.6). A genetic disorder called Zellweger syndrome (OMIM: 214100), also known as neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, NALD) is the result of a lack of pristanoyl-CoA oxidase, and the subsequent accumulation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid. [HMDB] (R) Pristanoyl-CoA is converted by alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (E.C. 5.1.99.4) (S) pristanoyl-CoA, which is then degraded via peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Deficiency in this enzyme results in neuropathy, hypogonadism of adult onset; and in infant, defective bile acid synthesis has been observed. Pristanoyl-CoA is the substrate of propionyl-CoA C(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase (E.C.2.3.1.154). It is the substrate of peroxisomal pristanoyl-CoA oxidase (E.C.1.3.3.6). A genetic disorder called Zellweger syndrome (OMIM: 214100), also known as neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, NALD) is the result of a lack of pristanoyl-CoA oxidase, and the subsequent accumulation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid.
Timnodonyl CoA
Timnodonyl coenzyme A is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Timnodonyl CoA is produced from linolenyl- CoA.
Heptadecanoyl CoA
Heptadecanoyl CoA is an intermediate in lipid metabolism. The protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (mitochondrial) irreversibly transports heptadecanoate into the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, the enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC:1.3.99.3] catalyzes the irreversible catabolism of this metabolite to acetyl-CoA and propanoyl-CoA. In the cytosol, the enzyme carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.21] catalyzes the irreversible conversion of this metabolite to heptadecanoyl carnitine and the enzyme long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase [EC:6.2.1.3] reversibly catalyzes the production of this metabolite from heptadecanoate. (BiGG database) [HMDB] Heptadecanoyl CoA is an intermediate in lipid metabolism. The protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (mitochondrial) irreversibly transports heptadecanoate into the mitochondria. In the mitochondria, the enzyme acyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC:1.3.99.3] catalyzes the irreversible catabolism of this metabolite to acetyl-CoA and propanoyl-CoA. In the cytosol, the enzyme carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.21] catalyzes the irreversible conversion of this metabolite to heptadecanoyl carnitine and the enzyme long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase [EC:6.2.1.3] reversibly catalyzes the production of this metabolite from heptadecanoate. (BiGG database).
(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-3-Oxoicosatetraenoyl-CoA
(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-3-Oxoicosatetraenoyl-CoA, also known as 3-keto-eicosa-8,11,14,17-all-cis-tetraenoyl-CoA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain 3-oxoacyl CoAs. These are organic compounds containing a coenzyme A derivative which has a 3-oxo acylated long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-3-Oxoicosatetraenoyl-CoA is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Palmitoleyl-CoA
Palmitoleyl coenzyme A is a monounsaturated fatty acid, the product of palmitoyl-CoA from a reaction catalyzed by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.99.5, SCD) in the endoplasmic reticulum, an enzyme that catalyzes the delta9-cis desaturation of saturated fatty acyl-CoAs. These monounsaturated fatty acids are used as substrates for the synthesis of triglycerides, wax esters, cholesteryl esters and membrane phospholipids. The saturated to monounsaturated fatty acid ratio affects membrane phospholipid composition and alteration in this ratio has been implicated in a variety of disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, neurological disease, skin disorders and cancer. Thus, the expression of SCD is of physiological importance in normal and disease states. Unsaturated fatty acids are the most abundant form of stored fat in the human body and are vital for all living organisms. In addition to their role as an energy source, they are integral constituents of cell membranes, playing a role in membrane fluidity, cell signaling, and membrane integrity. Numerous beneficial physiologic effects have been attributed to unsaturated fatty acids, including protection from obesity, diabetes, cancer, and atherosclerosis. (PMID: 12538075, 16020546) [HMDB] Palmitoleyl-CoA is a monounsaturated fatty acid, the product of palmitoyl-CoA from a reaction catalyzed by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (EC 1.14.99.5, SCD) in the endoplasmic reticulum, an enzyme that catalyzes the delta9-cis desaturation of saturated fatty acyl-CoAs. These monounsaturated fatty acids are used as substrates for the synthesis of triglycerides, wax esters, cholesteryl esters, and membrane phospholipids. The saturated to monounsaturated fatty acid ratio affects membrane phospholipid composition and alteration in this ratio has been implicated in a variety of disease states including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, neurological disease, skin disorders, and cancer. Thus, the expression of SCD is of physiological importance in normal and disease states. Unsaturated fatty acids are the most abundant form of stored fat in the human body and are vital for all living organisms. In addition to their role as an energy source, they are integral constituents of cell membranes, playing a role in membrane fluidity, cell signalling, and membrane integrity. Numerous beneficial physiologic effects have been attributed to unsaturated fatty acids, including protection from obesity, diabetes, cancer, and atherosclerosis (PMID: 12538075, 16020546).
(3S)-3-Hydroxy-cis,cis-palmito-7,10-dienoyl-CoA
(3S)-3-Hydroxy-cis,cis-palmito-7,10-dienoyl-CoA is involved in the pathway of Di-unsaturated fatty acid beta-oxidation. It is a intermediate in producing the [x]form of (3S)-3-Hydroxy-cis,cis-palmito-7,10-dienoyl-CoA.
(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA
(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG) [HMDB] (S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.(S)-3-hydroxypalmitoleoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; (S)-Hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG).
16(S)-hydroxy-18-oxo-18-CoA-LTE4
16(S)-hydroxy-18-oxo-18-CoA-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 16(S)-Hydroxy-18-oxo-18-CoA-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078)
18(R)-Hydroxy-20-oxo-20-CoA-LTE4
18(R)-hydroxy-20-oxo-20-CoA-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 18(R)-hydroxy-20-oxo-20-CoA-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078)
20-CoA-20-oxo-18R-hydroxyleucotriene B4
20-CoA-20-oxo-18R-hydroxyleucotriene B4 is the metabolite of lipid omega-oxidation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Omega-oxidation is the major pathway for the catabolism of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region, and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by omega-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the omega-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation (PMID: 7649996, 17623009, 2853166, 6088485). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 20-CoA-20-oxo-18R-hydroxyleucotriene B4 is the metabolite of lipid omega-oxidation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Omega-oxidation is the major pathway for the catabolism of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by w-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the w-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. (PMID: 7649996, 17623009, 2853166, 6088485)
20-CoA-20-oxo-leukotriene B4
20-CoA-20-oxo-leukotriene B4 is the metabolite of lipid omega-oxidation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Omega-oxidation is the major pathway for the catabolism of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region, and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by omega-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the omega-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation (PMID: 7649996, 17623009, 2853166, 6088485). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. 20-CoA-20-oxo-leukotriene B4 is the metabolite of lipid omega-oxidation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). LTB4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Omega-oxidation is the major pathway for the catabolism of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by w-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by beta-oxidation from the w-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. (PMID: 7649996, 17623009, 2853166, 6088485)
CoA-20-COOH-18-oxo-LTE4
CoA-20-COOH-18-oxo-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. CoA-20-COOH-18-oxo-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078)
CoA-20-COOH-LTE4
CoA-20-COOH-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. CoA-20-COOH-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078)
CoA-omega-COOH-dinor-LTE4
CoA-omega-COOH-dinor-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. CoA-omega-COOH-dinor-LTE4 is a metabolite through lipid oxidation of Leukotriene E4 (LTE4).Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4, activate contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney. (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078)
Tridecanoyl-CoA
Tridecanoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with C-13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety. Acyl-CoA (or formyl-CoA) is a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. It is a temporary compound formed when coenzyme A (CoA) attaches to the end of a long-chain fatty acid inside living cells. The compound undergoes beta oxidation, forming one or more molecules of acetyl-CoA. This, in turn, enters the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several molecules of ATP. Tridecanoyl-CoA is involved in Phytanic acid peroxisomal oxidation pathway as an intermediate reduction product. Tridecanoyl-CoA is an acyl-CoA with C-13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety.
3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA
3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA is a human metabolite involved in the fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathway. The enzyme long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA to (S)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA.3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid metabolism, being the substrate of the enzymes beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.211-1.1.1.35]; 3-Hydroxyhexdecanedioyl-CoA is an intermediate in fatty acid elongation in mitochondria, the substrate of the enzymes enoyl-CoA hydratase and long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase [EC 4.2.1.17-4.2.1.74]. (KEGG).
Pentadecanoyl Coenzyme A
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
beta-Casomorphin (1-6)
This compound belongs to the family of Peptides. These are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another.
(2S)-Pristanoyl-CoA
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
Eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-all-cis-pentaenoyl-CoA
This compound belongs to the family of Acyl CoAs. These are organic compounds contaning a coenzyme A substructure linked to another moeity through an ester bond.
(3S,13Z)-3-Hydroxyicosenoyl-CoA
(3S,13Z)-3-Hydroxyicosenoyl-CoA, also known as 3(S)-hydroxy-13-cis-eicosenoyl-CoA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. These are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. (3S,13Z)-3-Hydroxyicosenoyl-CoA is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
(3S,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-3-Hydroxyicosatetraenoyl-CoA
(3S,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-3-Hydroxyicosatetraenoyl-CoA, also known as 3(S)-hydroxy-all-cis-8,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. These are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. (3S,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-3-Hydroxyicosatetraenoyl-CoA is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
10Z-heptadecenoyl-CoA
10Z-heptadecenoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 10Z-heptadecenoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA
6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Very long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Very long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a very long aliphatic chain of 22 carbon atoms or more. 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z-tetracosahexaenoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA
8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
(S)-3-hydroxy-11-cis-octadecenoyl-CoA
(S)-3-hydroxy-11-cis-octadecenoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA is also known as 3-Hydroxy-2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA. 3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 3-hydroxypristanoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
5Z-tetradecenoyl-CoA
5Z-tetradecenoyl-CoA is also known as 14:1(N-9)-CoA or (cis-Delta(5))-Tetradecanoyl-CoA. 5Z-tetradecenoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 5Z-tetradecenoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA
9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA
9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA, also known as Linoleoyl-coenzyme A, (e,e)-isomer or Linoleoyl-CoA, is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Nonadecanoyl-CoA
Nonadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nonadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nonadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 19 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nonadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nonadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Nonadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Nonadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Nonadecanoyl-CoA into nonadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nonadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to Nonadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Nonadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Nonadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Nonadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thiolase cleaves between the ...
9Z-octadecenoyl-CoA
9Z-octadecenoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 9Z-octadecenoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 9Z-octadecenoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
9Z-hexadecenoyl-CoA
9Z-hexadecenoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 9Z-hexadecenoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 9Z-hexadecenoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
Pentadecanoyl-CoA
Pentadecanoyl-CoA is also known as Pentadecanoyl-coenzyme A(4-). Pentadecanoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA
6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is classified as a member of the Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl CoAs are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. 6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. 6Z,9Z,12Z-octadecatrienoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule
Anteisopentadecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of anteisopentadecanoic acid.
Heneicosanoyl-CoA
A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of heneicosanoic acid.
Myristoleoyl-CoA
Myristoleoyl-CoA, also known as (9Z)-myristoleoyl-coenzyme A or (Z)-tetradec-9-enoyl-CoA, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. Long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs are acyl-CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. Thus, myristoleoyl-CoA is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Myristoleoyl-CoA results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristoleic acid.
(9Z,11Z)-Octadecadienoyl-CoA
A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (9Z,11Z)-octadecadienoic acid.
Anteisoheptadecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of anteisoheptadecanoic acid.
Anteisoheneicosanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of anteisoheneicosanoic acid.
Isotetradecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isotetradecanoic acid.
Isopentadecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isopentadecanoic acid.
Isoheptadecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isoheptadecanoic acid.
Isooctadecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isooctadecanoic acid.
Isononadecanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isononadecanoic acid.
Isoheneicosanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isoheneicosanoic acid.
Isodocosanoyl-CoA
A methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoA obtained from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of isodocosanoic acid.
Eicosapentaenoic acid-coenzyme A
Oleoyl coenzyme A
13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA
13-methyltetradecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 13-methyltetradecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 13-methyltetradecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 14 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 13-methyltetradecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 13-methyltetradecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA into 13-Methyltetradecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 13-Methyltetradecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 13-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3...
12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA
12-methyltetradecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 12-methyltetradecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 12-methyltetradecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 14 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 12-methyltetradecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 12-methyltetradecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA into 12-Methyltetradecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 12-Methyltetradecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 12-Methyltetradecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3...
14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA
14-methylpentadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 14-methylpentadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 14-methylpentadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 15 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 14-methylpentadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 14-methylpentadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA into 14-Methylpentadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 14-Methylpentadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 14-Methylpentadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3...
15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA
15-methylhexadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 15-methylhexadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 15-methylhexadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 15-methylhexadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 15-methylhexadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA into 15-methylhexadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 15-methylhexadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 15-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-C...
17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA
17-methyloctadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 17-methyloctadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 17-methyloctadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 17-methyloctadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 17-methyloctadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA into 17-methyloctadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 17-methyloctadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 17-methyloctadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-C...
2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA
2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 2_6_10_14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 15 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA into 2_6_10_14-tetramethylpentadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 2_6_10_14-tetramethylpentadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. ...
18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA
18-methylnonadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 18-methylnonadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 18-methylnonadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 19 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 18-methylnonadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 18-methylnonadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA into 18-methylnonadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 18-methylnonadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 18-methylnonadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-C...
19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA
19-methylicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 19-methylicosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 19-methylicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 19-methylicosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 19-methylicosanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA into 19-Methylicosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 19-Methylicosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 19-Methylicosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...
18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA
18-methylicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 18-methylicosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 18-methylicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 18-methylicosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 18-methylicosanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA into 18-Methylicosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 18-Methylicosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 18-Methylicosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol grou...
20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA
20-methylhenicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 20-methylhenicosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 20-methylhenicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 21 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 20-methylhenicosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 20-methylhenicosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA into 20-Methylhenicosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 20-Methylhenicosanoylcarnitine is converted back to 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 20-Methylhenicosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcoho...
Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA
Tridec-6-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a tridec-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Tridec-6-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Tridec-6-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Tridec-6-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA into Tridec-6-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Tridec-6-enoylcarnitine is converted back to Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Tridec-6-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, T...
Tridecanedioyl-CoA
Tridecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a tridecanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Tridecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 13 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Tridecanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Tridecanedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Tridecanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Tridecanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Tridecanedioyl-CoA into Tridecanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Tridecanedioylcarnitine is converted back to Tridecanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Tridecanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Tridecanedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Tridecanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, T...
3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA
3-hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxytetradeca-5_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 14 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxytrtradeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, En...
3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA
3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxytetradecanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 14 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA into 3-hydroxytetradecanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxytetradecanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxytetradecanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly forme...
3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA
3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxypentadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 15 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA into 3-hydroxypentadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxypentadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxypentadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3...
(9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA
(9z)-pentadec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9Z)-pentadec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9z)-pentadec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9z)-pentadec-9-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9z)-pentadec-9-enoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA into (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9Z)-Pentadec-9-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyac...
16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA
16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA into 16-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 16-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3...
(2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA
(2s)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2s)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2s)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2s)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA into (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across t...
(6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA
(6z)-hexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6Z)-hexadec-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6z)-hexadecenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6z)-hexadecenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6z)-hexadecenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA into (6Z)-Hexadecenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6Z)-Hexadecenoylcarnitine is converted back to (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6Z)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a keto...
(6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA
(6z,9z)-hexadecadienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6Z_9Z)-hexadeca-6_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6z,9z)-hexadecadienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6z,9z)-hexadecadienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6z,9z)-hexadecadienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA into (6Z_9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6Z_9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is converted back to (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to ma...
(10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA
(10z,12e)-hexadecadienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (10Z_12E)-hexadeca-10_12-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (10z,12e)-hexadecadienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (10z,12e)-hexadecadienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (10z,12e)-hexadecadienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA into (10Z_12E)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (10Z_12E)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is converted back to (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the ...
7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA
7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA into 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 7-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond ...
3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA
3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 16 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA into 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-hydroxyhexadecanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond ...
(9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA
(9e)-heptadec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9E)-heptadec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9e)-heptadec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 17 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9e)-heptadec-9-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9e)-heptadec-9-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA into (9E)-heptadec-9-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9E)-heptadec-9-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9E)-heptadec-9-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-C...
(2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA
(2s)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2s)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2s)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2s)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA into (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoylcarnitine is converted back to (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2S)-2-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across t...
octadec-6-enoyl-CoA
Octadec-6-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an octadec-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Octadec-6-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Octadec-6-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Octadec-6-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, octadec-6-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of octadec-6-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts octadec-6-enoyl-CoA into octadec-6-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, octadec-6-enoylcarnitine is converted back to octadec-6-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of octadec-6-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since octadec-6-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of octadec-6-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from N...
(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA
(9z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA into (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, En...
(9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA
(9e)-octadec-9-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9E)-octadec-9-enedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9e)-octadec-9-enedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9e)-octadec-9-enedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9e)-octadec-9-enedioyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA into (9E)-octadec-9-enedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9E)-octadec-9-enedioylcarnitine is converted back to (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9E)-octadec-9-enedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alc...
(9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA
(9z,11e)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (9Z_11E)-octadeca-9_11-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (9z,11e)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (9z,11e)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (9z,11e)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA into (9Z_11E)-octadeca-9_11-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (9Z_11E)-octadeca-9_11-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, En...
(6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA
(6z,9z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6Z_9Z)-octadeca-6_9-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6z,9z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6z,9z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6z,9z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA into (6Z_9Z)-octadeca-6_9-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6Z_9Z)-octadeca-6_9-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA
(6z,9z,12z,15z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6Z_9Z_12Z_15Z)-octadeca-6_9_12_15-tetraenoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6z,9z,12z,15z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 18 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6z,9z,12z,15z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6z,9z,12z,15z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA into (6Z_9Z_12Z_15Z)-octadeca-6_9_12_15-tetraenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6Z_9Z_12Z_15Z)-octadeca-6_9_12_15-tetraenoylcarnitine is converted back to (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-6,9,12,15-tetraenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydr...
(10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA
(10e,13e)-nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (10E_13E)-nonadeca-10_13-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (10e,13e)-nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (10e,13e)-nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (10e,13e)-nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA into (10E_13E)-Nonadeca-10_13-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (10E_13E)-Nonadeca-10_13-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (10E,13E)-Nonadeca-10,13-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acce...
(13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA
(13z)-eicoseneoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (13Z)-icos-13-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (13z)-eicoseneoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (13z)-eicoseneoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (13z)-eicoseneoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA into (13Z)-Eicoseneoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (13Z)-Eicoseneoylcarnitine is converted back to (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (13Z)-Eicoseneoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a keton...
(13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA
(13z)-3-hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (13Z)-3-hydroxyicos-13-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (13z)-3-hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (13z)-3-hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (13z)-3-hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA into (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (13Z)-3-Hydroxyicos-13-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes th...
3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA
3-hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyicos-11-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA into 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Hydroxyicos-11-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3...
(8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA
(8z,11z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8Z_11Z)-icosa-8_11-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8z,11z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 12 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8z,11z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8z,11z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA into (8Z_11Z)-icosa-8_11-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8Z_11Z)-icosa-8_11-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (8Z,11Z)-icosa-8,11-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of ...
(11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA
(11z,14z)-3-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (11Z_14Z)-3-hydroxyicosa-11_14-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (11z,14z)-3-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (11z,14z)-3-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (11z,14z)-3-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA into (11Z_14Z)-3-Icosa-11_14-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (11Z_14Z)-3-Icosa-11_14-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (11Z,14Z)-3-Icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yield...
Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA
Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an icosa-8_11_14-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA into Icosa-8_11_14-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Icosa-8_11_14-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, ...
Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA
Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an icosa-5_8_11-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA into Icosa-5_8_11-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Icosa-5_8_11-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Icosa-5,8,11-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-...
(11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA
(11z,14z,17z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-11_14_17-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (11z,14z,17z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (11z,14z,17z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (11z,14z,17z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA into (11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-11_14_17-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-11_14_17-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-11,14,17-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double...
3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA
3-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3-hydroxyicosa-8_11_14-trienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3-icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA into 3-Icosa-8_11_14-trienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3-Icosa-8_11_14-trienoylcarnitine is converted back to 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3-Icosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed doubl...
(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA
(8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (8Z_11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-8_11_14_17-tetraenoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA into (8Z_11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-8_11_14_17-tetraenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (8Z_11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-8_11_14_17-tetraenoylcarnitine is converted back to (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-8,11,14,17-tetraenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, whic...
Henicosanoyl-CoA
Henicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a henicosanoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Henicosanoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 21 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Henicosanoyl-coa is therefore classified as a very long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Henicosanoyl-coa, being a very long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for very long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Henicosanoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Henicosanoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Henicosanoyl-CoA into Henicosanoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Henicosanoylcarnitine is converted back to Henicosanoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Henicosanoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Henicosanoyl-CoA is a very long chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Henicosanoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thio...
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA
(5z,8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (5Z_8Z_11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-5_8_11_14_17-pentaenoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (5z,8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 20 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (5z,8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-coa is therefore classified as a long chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (5z,8z,11z,14z,17z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-coa, being a long chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for long chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA into (5Z_8Z_11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-5_8_11_14_17-pentaenoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (5Z_8Z_11Z_14Z_17Z)-icosa-5_8_11_14_17-pentaenoylcarnitine is converted back to (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoyl-CoA is a long chain acyl-CoA ...
(11Z,14Z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-CoA
(11z,14z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). (11z,14z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as muscadine grape, chervil, java plum, and bilberry, which makes (11z,14z)-icosa-11,14-dienoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-hydroxy-eicosatrienoyl-CoA
3-hydroxy-eicosatrienoyl-coa is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-hydroxy-eicosatrienoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as coriander, sour cherry, radish, and alpine sweetvetch, which makes 3-hydroxy-eicosatrienoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
dihomo gamma-linolenoyl-CoA
Dihomo gamma-linolenoyl-coa is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acyl coas. Long-chain fatty acyl coas are acyl CoAs where the group acylated to the coenzyme A moiety is a long aliphatic chain of 13 to 21 carbon atoms. Dihomo gamma-linolenoyl-coa is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dihomo gamma-linolenoyl-coa can be found in a number of food items such as savoy cabbage, german camomile, cascade huckleberry, and pepper (c. annuum), which makes dihomo gamma-linolenoyl-coa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
