NCBI Taxonomy: 59512
Planktothrix rubescens (ncbi_taxid: 59512)
found 60 associated metabolites at species taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Planktothrix
Child Taxonomies: Planktothrix rubescens P1, Planktothrix rubescens P2, Planktothrix rubescens No3, Planktothrix rubescens KPr, Planktothrix rubescens No7, Planktothrix rubescens No64, Planktothrix rubescens No83, Planktothrix rubescens No80, Planktothrix rubescens No82, Planktothrix rubescens No13, Planktothrix rubescens No40, Planktothrix rubescens No17, Planktothrix rubescens No67, Planktothrix rubescens No42, Planktothrix rubescens No97, Planktothrix rubescens No46, Planktothrix rubescens No59, Planktothrix rubescens No65, Planktothrix rubescens No87, Planktothrix rubescens No111, Planktothrix rubescens No108, Planktothrix rubescens No139, Planktothrix rubescens No145, Planktothrix rubescens No161, Planktothrix rubescens IL-22, Planktothrix rubescens No166, Planktothrix rubescens No169, Planktothrix rubescens No170, Planktothrix rubescens No178, Planktothrix rubescens No102, Planktothrix rubescens No21-, Planktothrix rubescens No110, Planktothrix rubescens No371, Planktothrix rubescens No372, Planktothrix rubescens No396, Planktothrix rubescens No403, Planktothrix rubescens No405, Planktothrix rubescens No406, Planktothrix rubescens No550, Planktothrix rubescens No551, Planktothrix rubescens No553, Planktothrix rubescens No557, Planktothrix rubescens No761, Planktothrix rubescens No762, Planktothrix rubescens No776, Planktothrix rubescens No778, Planktothrix rubescens No839, Planktothrix rubescens Z18_13, Planktothrix rubescens CYA128, Planktothrix rubescens No21/1, Planktothrix rubescens No83/2, Planktothrix rubescens No29/3, Planktothrix rubescens No91/1, Planktothrix rubescens No83/1, Planktothrix rubescens 1NA15S1, Planktothrix rubescens No496/1, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD22, Planktothrix rubescens BGSD-500, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD23, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD24, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD25, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD26, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD27, Planktothrix rubescens TURKBLM2, Planktothrix rubescens TURKBLM4, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD28, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD30, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD31, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD32, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD33, Planktothrix rubescens SAG 5.89, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD34, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD35, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD36, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD37, Planktothrix rubescens PRMC1119, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD39, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD40, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD41, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD42, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD44, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD46, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD47, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD48, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD52, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD54, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD55, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD57, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD58, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD59, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD62, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD87, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD88, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD89, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD90, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD91, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD92, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD93, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD94, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD95, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD182, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD183, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD185, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD186, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD187, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD188, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD189, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD192, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD193, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD194, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD195, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD197, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD198, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD200, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD201, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD202, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD203, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD204, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD205, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD209, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD210, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD211, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD212, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD213, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD214, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD215, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD216, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD217, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD220, Planktothrix rubescens IFCC-PR04, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD221, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD222, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD223, Planktothrix rubescens NIES-1266, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD224, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD227, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD229, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD230, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD233, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD234, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD237, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD243, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD244, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD245, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD246, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD247, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD248, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD249, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD251, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD252, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD253, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD254, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD256, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD257, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD258, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD259, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD260, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD264, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD265, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD266, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD267, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD268, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD269, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD270, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD272, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD273, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD275, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD276, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD277, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD278, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD279, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD280, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD281, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD282, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD283, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD284, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD285, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD287, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD289, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD290, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD291, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD292, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD293, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD294, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD295, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD296, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD298, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD299, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD300, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD301, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD302, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD303, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD304, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD305, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD307, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD308, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD309, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD310, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD311, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD312, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD313, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD314, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD315, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD316, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD317, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD318, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD319, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD321, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD322, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD323, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD324, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD325, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD326, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD327, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD328, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD329, Planktothrix rubescens PCC 10106, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD330, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD332, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD333, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD334, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD335, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD336, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD337, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD339, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD340, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD341, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD342, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD343, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD344, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD347, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD348, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD350, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD351, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD352, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD353, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD354, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD355, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD356, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD357, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD358, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD360, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD361, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD440, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD362, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD454, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD363, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD463, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD364, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD464, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD365, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD465, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD366, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD470, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD368, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD471, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD369, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD473, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD474, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD370, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD476, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD371, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD478, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD373, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD480, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD374, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD483, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD375, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD487, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD376, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD488, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD378, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD491, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD379, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD492, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD380, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD495, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD381, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD498, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD383, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD501, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD384, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD502, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD386, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD504, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD387, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD505, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD389, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD511, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD513, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD390, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD514, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD392, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD516, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD393, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD519, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD520, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD521, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD523, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD525, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD527, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD530, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD531, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD534, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD535, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD537, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD540, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD547, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD550, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD551, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD552, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD557, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD559, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD560, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD561, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD562, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD565, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD566, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD573, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD575, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD576, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD581, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD582, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD583, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD585, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD586, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD588, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD589, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD699, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD725, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD726, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD727, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD729, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD731, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD732, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD733, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD734, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD735, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD736, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD737, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD738, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD740, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD741, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD742, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD743, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD745, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD746, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD747, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD749, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD750, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD751, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD752, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD753, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD754, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD122, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD162, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD165, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD166, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD167, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD168, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD169, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD179, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD181, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD183G, Planktothrix rubescens TURKEYBLM5, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD184G, Planktothrix rubescens TURKEYBLM6, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD185G, Planktothrix rubescens TURKEYBLM8, Planktothrix rubescens FEM_DD186G, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 1, Planktothrix rubescens LMECYA 203, Planktothrix rubescens TURKEYBLM10, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 73, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 90, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 87, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 85, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 55, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 35, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 18, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 13, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/8, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/9, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 401, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 406, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 543, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 593, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 598, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1459/30, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 408, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 320, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 151, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 129, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 128, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 108, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1459/14, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 407, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 632, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 633, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 634, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 635, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/15, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 636, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/16, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 637, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/12, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/14, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/17, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1459/40, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/10, Planktothrix rubescens CCAP 1460/18, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 97/5, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 97/3, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 37/1, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 37/2, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 37/3, Planktothrix cf. rubescens FEM_DD389, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 37/4, Planktothrix cf. rubescens FEM_DD129, Planktothrix cf. rubescens FEM_DD212, Planktothrix rubescens NIVA-CYA 97/1
beta-Carotene
Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. It has a role as a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor, a ferroptosis inhibitor and an antioxidant. It is a cyclic carotene and a carotenoid beta-end derivative. Beta-carotene, with the molecular formula C40H56, belongs to the group of carotenoids consisting of isoprene units. The presence of long chains of conjugated double bonds donates beta-carotene with specific colors. It is the most abundant form of carotenoid and it is a precursor of the vitamin A. Beta-carotene is composed of two retinyl groups. It is an antioxidant that can be found in yellow, orange and green leafy vegetables and fruits. Under the FDA, beta-carotene is considered as a generally recognized as safe substance (GRAS). Beta-Carotene is a natural product found in Epicoccum nigrum, Lonicera japonica, and other organisms with data available. Beta-Carotene is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis of some tumor cell types, particularly in early stages of tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system activity by stimulating the release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (NCI04) beta-Carotene is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). See also: Lycopene (part of); Broccoli (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis. Yellow food colour, dietary supplement, nutrient, Vitamin A precursor. Nutriceutical with antioxidation props. beta-Carotene is found in many foods, some of which are summer savory, gram bean, sunburst squash (pattypan squash), and other bread product. A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins
beta-Cryptoxanthin
beta-Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from abalone, fish eggs, and many higher plants. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a major source of vitamin A, often second only to beta-carotene, and is present in fruits such as oranges, tangerines, and papayas (PMID: 8554331). Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin is associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in Costa Rican adolescents. Papaya intake was the best food predictor of plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations. Subjects that frequently consumed (i.e. greater or equal to 3 times/day) tropical fruits with at least 50 micro g/100 g beta-cryptoxanthin (e.g. papaya, tangerine, orange, watermelon) had twofold the plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations of those with intakes of less than 4 times/week (PMID: 12368412). A modest increase in beta-cryptoxanthin intake, equivalent to one glass of freshly squeezed orange juice per day, is associated with a reduced risk of developing inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (PMID: 16087992). Higher prediagnostic serum levels of total carotenoids and beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower smoking-related lung cancer risk in middle-aged and older men in Shanghai, China (PMID: 11440962). Consistent with inhibition of the lung cancer cell growth, beta-cryptoxanthin induced the mRNA levels of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta) in BEAS-2B cells, although this effect was less pronounced in A549 cells. Furthermore, beta-cryptoxanthin transactivated the RAR-mediated transcription activity of the retinoic acid response element. These findings suggest a mechanism of anti-proliferative action of beta-cryptoxanthin and indicate that beta-cryptoxanthin may be a promising chemopreventive agent against lung cancer (PMID: 16841329). Cryptoxanthin is a natural carotenoid pigment. It has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum. In a pure form, cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic lustre. It is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide. In the human body, cryptoxanthin is converted into vitamin A (retinol) and is therefore considered a provitamin A. As with other carotenoids, cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant and may help prevent free radical damage to cells and DNA, as well as stimulate the repair of oxidative damage to DNA. Structurally, cryptoxanthin is closely related to beta-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group. It is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls. Beta-cryptoxanthin is a carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. It has a role as a provitamin A, an antioxidant, a biomarker and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. beta-Cryptoxanthin is a natural product found in Hibiscus syriacus, Cladonia gracilis, and other organisms with data available. A mono-hydroxylated xanthophyll that is a provitamin A precursor. See also: Corn (part of). A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Cryptoxanthin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=472-70-8 (retrieved 2024-10-31) (CAS RN: 472-70-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin, also known as Cantaxanthin, Cantaxanthine, or Canthaxanthine is a keto-carotenoid, a pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. Canthaxanin is also classified as a xanthophyll. Xanthophylls are yellow pigments and form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group; the other division is formed by the carotenes. Both are carotenoids. Xanthophylls and carotenes are similar in structure, but xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms while carotenes are purely hydrocarbons, which do not contain oxygen. Their content of oxygen causes xanthophylls to be more polar (in molecular structure) than carotenes and causes their separation from carotenes in many types of chromatography. (Carotenes are usually more orange in color than xanthophylls. Canthaxanthin is naturally found in bacteria, algae and some fungi. Canthaxanthin is associated with E number E161g and is approved for use as a food coloring agent in different countries, including the United States and the EU. Canthaxanthin is used as poultry feed additive to yield red color in skin and yolks. The European Union permits the use of canthaxanthin in feedstuff at a maximum content of 25 mg/kg of final feedstuff while the United States allows the use of this pigment in broiler chicken and salmonid fish feeds. Canthoxanthin was first isolated in edible chanterelle mushroom (Cantharellus cinnabarinus), from which it derived its name. It has also been found in green algae, bacteria, archea (a halophilic archaeon called Haloferax alexandrines), fungi and bioaccumulates in tissues and egg yolk from wild birds and at low levels in crustaceans and fish such as carp, golden grey mullet, and seabream. Canthaxanthin is not found in wild Atlantic Salmon, but is a minor carotenoid in Pacific Salmon. Canthaxanthin is used in farm-raised trout to give a red/orange color to their flesh similar to wild trout. Canthaxanthin has been used as a food additive for egg yolk, in cosmetics and as a pigmenting agent for human skin applications. It has also been used as a feed additive in fish and crustacean farms. Canthaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant (PMID: 2505240). Canthaxanthin increases resistance to lipid peroxidation primarily by enhancing membrane alpha-tocopherol levels and secondarily by providing weak direct antioxidant activity. Canthaxanthin biosynthesis in bacteria and algae proceeds from beta-carotene via the action of an enzyme known as a beta-carotene ketolase, that is able to add a carbonyl group to carbon 4 and 4 of the beta carotene molecule. Food colouring. Constituent of the edible mushroom (Cantharellus cinnabarinus), sea trout, salmon and brine shrimp. It is used in broiler chicken feed to enhance the yellow colour of chicken skin D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
echinenone
A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width for selecting the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
Asteroidenone
A member of the class of carotenone that is echinenone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3. Found in cyanobacteria. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Mutatochrome
Mutatochrome, also known as citroxanthin, is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Thus, mutatochrome is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Mutatochrome is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Mutatochrome can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, citrus, sweet orange, and pepper (c. frutescens), which makes mutatochrome a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Mutatochrome (5,8-epoxy-β-carotene) is a carotenoid. It is the predominant carotenoid in the cap of the bolete mushroom Boletus luridus . Mutatochrome is found in bitter gourd. Mutatochrome is a constituent of orange peel, Calendula officinalis (pot marigold) and Capsicum annuum (paprika) and others. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
(3S,3'S)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol
(3S,3S)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3-diol is isolated from various fishes, including channel catfish, Paratya compressa compressa (shrimp), and Theragra chalcogramma (pollack) (Dictionary of Food Compounds). Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye. Within the central macula, zeaxanthin is the dominant component, whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein predominates. The principal natural form of zeaxanthin is (3R,3R)-zeaxanthin. As a food additive, zeaxanthin is a food dye with E number E161h (Wikipedia). Isolated from various fishes, including Paratya compressa compressa (shrimp) and Theragra chalcogramma (pollack) [DFC]
Anabaenopeptin B
CONFIDENCE standard compound; UCHEM_ID 4361; NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk) UCHEM_ID 4361; CONFIDENCE standard compound; NaToxAq - Natural Toxins and Drinking Water Quality - From Source to Tap (https://natoxaq.ku.dk)
β-Carotene
The novel carbohydrate-derived b-carboline, 1-pentahydroxypentyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-b-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, was identified in fruit- and vegetable-derived products such as juices, jams, and tomato sauces. This compound occurred as two diastereoisomers, a cis isomer (the major compound) and a trans isomer, ranging from undetectable amounts to 6.5 ug/g. Grape, tomato, pineapple, and tropical juices exhibited the highest amount of this alkaloid (up to 3.8 mg/L), whereas apple, banana, and peach juices showed very low or nondetectable levels. This tetrahydro-b-carboline was also found in jams (up to 0.45 ug/g), and a relative high amount was present in tomato concentrate (6.5 ug/g) and sauce (up to 1.8 ug/g). This b-carboline occurred in fruit-derived products as a glycoconjugate from a chemical condensation of d-glucose and l-tryptophan that is highly favored at low pH values and high temperature. Production, processing treatments, and storage of fruit juices and jams can then release this b-carboline. Fruit-derived products and other foods containing this compound might be an exogenous dietary source of this glucose-derived tetrahydro-b-carboline.(PMID: 12137498) [HMDB] Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 20 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins Window width to select the precursor ion was 3 Da.; CONE_VOLTAGE is 10 V.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19HP8024 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
Zeaxanthin
Meso-zeaxanthin (3R,3´S-zeaxanthin) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, as it contains oxygen and hydrocarbons, and is one of the three stereoisomers of zeaxanthin. Of the three stereoisomers, meso-zeaxanthin is the second most abundant in nature after 3R,3´R-zeaxanthin, which is produced by plants and algae. To date, meso-zeaxanthin has been identified in specific tissues of marine organisms and in the macula lutea, also known as the "yellow spot", of the human retina . Meso-zeaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Meso-zeaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Meso-zeaxanthin can be found in channel catfish, crustaceans, and fishes, which makes meso-zeaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width for selecting the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
Zeaxanthin, (3S,3S)-
canthaxanthin
A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Citroxanthin
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
E160A
D - Dermatologicals > D02 - Emollients and protectives > D02B - Protectives against uv-radiation > D02BB - Protectives against uv-radiation for systemic use A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A11 - Vitamins > A11C - Vitamin a and d, incl. combinations of the two > A11CA - Vitamin a, plain D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins > D000072664 - Provitamins
