Gene Association: RAP2B
UniProt Search:
RAP2B (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: RAP2B, member of RAS oncogene family
found 28 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Melatonin
Melatonin is a member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. It has a role as a hormone, an anticonvulsant, an immunological adjuvant, a radical scavenger, a central nervous system depressant, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a member of acetamides and a member of tryptamines. It is functionally related to a tryptamine. Melatonin is a biogenic amine that is found in animals, plants and microbes. Aaron B. Lerner of Yale University is credited for naming the hormone and for defining its chemical structure in 1958. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is small endocrine gland, about the size of a rice grain and shaped like a pine cone (hence the name), that is located in the center of the brain (rostro-dorsal to the superior colliculus) but outside the blood-brain barrier. The secretion of melatonin increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, thereby regulating the circadian rhythms of several biological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. In particular, melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle by chemically causing drowsiness and lowering the body temperature. Melatonin is also implicated in the regulation of mood, learning and memory, immune activity, dreaming, fertility and reproduction. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant. Most of the actions of melatonin are mediated through the binding and activation of melatonin receptors. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may have lower than normal levels of melatonin. A 2008 study found that unaffected parents of individuals with ASD also have lower melatonin levels, and that the deficits were associated with low activity of the ASMT gene, which encodes the last enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Reduced melatonin production has also been proposed as a likely factor in the significantly higher cancer rates in night workers. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that has multiple effects including somnolence, and is believed to play a role in regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin is available over-the-counter and is reported to have beneficial effects on wellbeing and sleep. Melatonin has not been implicated in causing serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury. Melatonin is a natural product found in Mesocricetus auratus, Ophiopogon japonicus, and other organisms with data available. Therapeutic Melatonin is a therapeutic chemically synthesized form of the pineal indole melatonin with antioxidant properties. The pineal synthesis and secretion of melatonin, a serotonin-derived neurohormone, is dependent on beta-adrenergic receptor function. Melatonin is involved in numerous biological functions including circadian rhythm, sleep, the stress response, aging, and immunity. Melatonin is a hormone involved in sleep regulatory activity, and a tryptophan-derived neurotransmitter, which inhibits the synthesis and secretion of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and GABA. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin intermediate in the pineal gland and the retina where the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, that catalyzes the last step of synthesis, is found. This hormone binds to and activates melatonin receptors and is involved in regulating the sleep and wake cycles. In addition, melatonin possesses antioxidative and immunoregulatory properties via regulating other neurotransmitters. Melatonin is a biogenic amine that is found in animals, plants and microbes. Aaron B. Lerner of Yale University is credited for naming the hormone and for defining its chemical structure in 1958. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is small endocrine gland, about the size of a rice grain and shaped like a pine cone (hence the name), that is l... Melatonin is a biogenic amine that is found in animals, plants and microbes. Aaron B. Lerner of Yale University is credited for naming the hormone and for defining its chemical structure in 1958. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is small endocrine gland, about the size of a rice grain and shaped like a pine cone (hence the name), that is located in the center of the brain (rostro-dorsal to the superior colliculus) but outside the blood-brain barrier. The secretion of melatonin increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, thereby regulating the circadian rhythms of several biological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. In particular, melatonin regulates the sleep-wake cycle by chemically causing drowsiness and. lowering the body temperature. Melatonin is also implicated in the regulation of mood,learning and memory, immune activity, dreaming, fertility and reproduction. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant. Most of the actions of melatonin are mediated through the binding and activation of melatonin receptors. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) may have lower than normal levels of melatonin. A 2008 study found that unaffected parents of individuals with ASD also have lower melatonin levels, and that the deficits. were associated with low activity of the ASMT gene, which encodes the last enzyme of melatonin synthesis. Reduced melatonin production has also been proposed as a likely factor in the significantly higher cancer rates in night workers. Melatonin, also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a naturally occurring compound found in animals, plants and microbes. In animals, circulating levels of the hormone melatonin vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions. A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans. Melatonin. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=73-31-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 73-31-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties[1][2][3]. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation[4]. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress[5]. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties[1][2][3]. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation[4]. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress[5].
dADP
Deoxyadenosine diphosphate has been identified in the mononuclear cells of a patient affected with in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency (OMIM 102700) (PMID 6980023), and in in mononuclear cells of hemodialyzed patients. (PMID 11461945) [HMDB]. dADP is found in many foods, some of which are medlar, oil palm, greenthread tea, and green vegetables. Deoxyadenosine diphosphate has been identified in the mononuclear cells of a patient affected with in inherited adenosine deaminase deficiency (OMIM 102700) (PMID 6980023), and in in mononuclear cells of hemodialyzed patients. (PMID 11461945). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
N-Acetyltryptophan
N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan or N-Acetyltryptophan, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. N-Acetyltryptophan can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-Acetyltryptophan is a biologically available N-terminal capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-tryptophan. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins by specific hydrolases. N-terminal acetylation of proteins is a widespread and highly conserved process in eukaryotes that is involved in protection and stability of proteins (PMID: 16465618). About 85\\\\\% of all human proteins and 68\\\\\% of all yeast proteins are acetylated at their N-terminus (PMID: 21750686). Several proteins from prokaryotes and archaea are also modified by N-terminal acetylation. The majority of eukaryotic N-terminal-acetylation reactions occur through N-acetyltransferase enzymes or NAT’s (PMID: 30054468). These enzymes consist of three main oligomeric complexes NatA, NatB, and NatC, which are composed of at least a unique catalytic subunit and one unique ribosomal anchor. The substrate specificities of different NAT enzymes are mainly determined by the identities of the first two N-terminal residues of the target protein. The human NatA complex co-translationally acetylates N-termini that bear a small amino acid (A, S, T, C, and occasionally V and G) (PMID: 30054468). NatA also exists in a monomeric state and can post-translationally acetylate acidic N-termini residues (D-, E-). NatB and NatC acetylate N-terminal methionine with further specificity determined by the identity of the second amino acid. N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-acetyltryptophan can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from peptides generated by proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). In addition to the NAT enzymes and protein-based acetylation, N-acetylation of free tryptophan can also occur. Many N-acetylamino acids, including N-acetyltryptophan are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557). N-Acetyltryptophan has also been used as a protein stabilizer. It prevents protein molecules from oxidative degradation by scavenging oxygen dissolved in protein solutions (PMID: 21903216 ). N-Acetyltryptophan has been identified as a catabolite of tryptophan generated by the gut microbiota. After absorption through the intestinal epithelium, tryptophan catabolites enter the bloodstream and are later excreted in the urine (PMID: 28916042). N-Acetyltryptophan is an inhibitor of cytochrome c release and an antagonist of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R). These inhibitory effects are thought have a useful role in neuroprotection. For instance, in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the administration of N-Acetyltryptophan has been shown delay disease onset, extend survival, and ameliorate deterioration in motor performance ALS transgenic mice (PMID: 25986728). N-acetyltryptophan has been shown to significantly reduce blood-brain barrier permeability and improve functional outcome in rat models of traumatic brain injury (PMID: 29256408). N-Acetyltryptophan has also been shown to have a role in preventing hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. This is thought to occur through de-activation of the RIP2/caspase/IL-1beta signaling pathway (PMID: 31184936). D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors Ac-DL-Trp-OH is an endogenous metabolite. Ac-DL-Trp-OH is an endogenous metabolite. N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite.
Geranylgeranyl-PP
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, also known as geranylgeranyl-PP or GGPP, is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. This compound belongs to the family of acyclic diterpenes. These are diterpenes (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, GGPP is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. GGPP is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. [HMDB]. Geranylgeranyl-PP is found in many foods, some of which are burdock, longan, calabash, and cloves.
Mevalonic acid
Mevalonic acid, also known as MVA, mevalonate, or hiochic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Mevalonic acid is a key organic compound in biochemistry. It is found in most higher organisms ranging from plants to animals. Mevalonic acid is a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway that produces terpenes (in plants) and steroids (in animals). Mevalonic acid is the primary precursor of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), that is in turn the basis for all terpenoids. The production of mevalonic acid by the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol (PMID: 12872277). The cholesterol biosynthetic pathway has three major steps: (1) acetate to mevalonate, (2) mevalonate to squalene, and (3) squalene to cholesterol. In the first step, which catalyzed by thiolase, two acetyl-CoA molecules form acetoacetyl-CoA and one CoA molecule is released, then the acetoacetyl-CoA reacts with another molecule of acetyl-CoA and generates 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMGCoA). The enzyme responsible for this reaction is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMG-CoA synthase): In the pathway to synthesize cholesterol, one of the HMG-CoA carboxyl groups undergoes reduction to an alcohol, releasing CoA, leading to the formation of mevalonate, a six carbon compound. This reaction is catalyzed by hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, In the second step (mevalonate to squalene) mevalonate receives a phosphoryl group from ATP to form 5-phosphomevalonate. This compound accepts another phosphate to generate mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate. After a third phosphorylation, the compound is decarboxylated, loses water, and generates isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Then through successive condensations, IPP forms squalene, a terpene hydrocarbon that contains 30 carbon atoms. By cyclization and other changes, this compound will finally result in cholesterol. Mevalonic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as apples, corns, and wild carrots and in a lower concentration in garden tomato (var.), pepper (C. frutescens), and cucumbers. Mevalonic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sweet oranges, potato, milk (cow), cabbages, and white cabbages. This could make mevalonic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of MVA are decreased by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor drugs such as pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin (PMID: 8808497). Mevalonic acid (MVA) is a key organic compound in biochemistry. The anion of mevalonic acid, the predominant form in biological media, is known as mevalonate. This compound is of major pharmaceutical importance. Drugs, such as the statins, stop the production of mevalonate by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. [Wikipedia]. Mevalonic acid is found in many foods, some of which are pepper (c. frutescens), cabbage, wild carrot, and white cabbage.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate
Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. -- Wikipedia [HMDB]. Farnesyl pyrophosphate is found in many foods, some of which are kumquat, macadamia nut, sweet bay, and agave. Farnesyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. -- Wikipedia.
Phalloidine
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins
Lipoamide
Lipoamide is a trivial name for 6,8-dithiooctanoic amide. It is 6,8-dithiooctanoic acids functional form where the carboxyl group is attached to protein (or any other amine) by an amide linkage (containing -NH2) to an amino group. Lipoamide forms a thioester bond, oxidizing the disulfide bond, with acetaldehyde (pyruvate after it has been decarboxylated). It then transfers the acetaldehyde group to CoA which can then continue in the TCA cycle. Lipoamide is an intermediate in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), alanine, aspartate and pyruvate metabolism, and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation (KEGG:C00248). It is generated from dihydrolipoamide via the enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (EC:1.8.1.4) and then converted to S-glutaryl-dihydrolipoamide via the enzyme oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC:1.2.4.2). Lipoamide is the oxidized form of glutathione. (PMID:8957191) KEIO_ID L031; [MS2] KO009031 KEIO_ID L031
Glycerophosphoinositol
Glycerophosphoinositol (CAS: 16824-65-0), also known as 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol, is produced through deacylation by phospholipase B of the essential phospholipid phosphatidylinositol. Glycerophosphoinositols are ubiquitous phosphoinositide metabolites involved in the control of several cell functions. They exert their actions both intracellularly and by rapidly equilibrating across the plasma membrane. Their transport is mediated by the Glut2 transporter, the human ortholog of GIT1 (PMID: 17141226). Glycerophosphoinositol is a substrate for glycerophosphoinositol inositolphosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.43) and is involved in the following reaction: 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol + H2O = glycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. It is also a substrate for glycerophosphoinositol glycerophosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.44) which catalyzes the chemical reaction: 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol + H2O = myo-inositol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. Isolated from beef liver. Glycerylphosphoinositol is found in animal foods.
myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
myo-Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (CAS: 102850-29-3), also known as IP4, is a second messenger responsible for mediating Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane and mobilizing intracellular Ca2+ by acting synergistically with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase (IP3K, EC 2.7.1.127) phosphorylates IP3 into IP4. Evidence shows that IP4 can activate a protein with ras- and rap-GAP activity and finally inactivate the G protein. This indicates that IP4 regulates Ca2+ influx in a GTP-dependent way, which potentially links the IP3 signalling pathway to GTP-regulated signalling mechanisms. IP4 is demonstrated to be a common regulator in Ca2+ homeostasis. IP4 can bind with a high affinity to several intracellular proteins: synaptotagmin (I and II), Gap1, Btk, and centaurin-alpha and may interact with synaptotagmin to inhibit synaptic transmission. IP4 also acts as a mediator in neuronal death in the ischemic hippocampus. IP4 production is not always associated with a modification in calcium concentration, and control of calcium mobilization is not the sole function proposed for IP4. IP4 defines an essential signalling pathway for T cell precursor responsiveness and development. In the thymus, IP4 is essential during the positive and negative selection of double-positive thymocytes, and in the control of thymocyte reactivity to antigens. IP4 is also a substrate for type I inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase A, and skeletal muscle and kidney enriched inositol phosphatase (PMID: 15740635, 14517551).
Jaspamide
A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D016573 - Agrochemicals
Fasudil
C - Cardiovascular system > C04 - Peripheral vasodilators > C04A - Peripheral vasodilators D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D047428 - Protein Kinase Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Geranylgeraniol diphosphate
Fasudil
C - Cardiovascular system > C04 - Peripheral vasodilators > C04A - Peripheral vasodilators D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D047428 - Protein Kinase Inhibitors D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
N-Acetyl-D-tryptophan
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors
N-Acetyl-DL-tryptophan
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors Ac-DL-Trp-OH is an endogenous metabolite. Ac-DL-Trp-OH is an endogenous metabolite.
farnesyl diphosphate
The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.
2-Deoxyadenosine-5-diphosphate
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
jasplakinolide
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D016573 - Agrochemicals
1-(sn-Glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol
A myo-inositol monophosphate derivative that is 1D-myo-inositol substituted at position 1 by an sn-glycero-3-phospho group.
Acetyl-L-tryptophan
A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan is an endogenous metabolite.
