Gene Association: CHRNA5
UniProt Search:
CHRNA5 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit
found 13 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Nicotine
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine constitutes 0.3 to 5\\\% of the tobacco plant by dry weight, with biosynthesis taking place in the root and accumulation in the leaves. It is a potent neurotoxin with particular specificity to insects; therefore nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine derivatives such as imidacloprid continue to be widely used. It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75\\\% to 90\\\%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to self-medicate with nicotine. More recent research has found the reverse: it is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short-term effects. However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing. As nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier. On average, it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain. The half-life of nicotine in the body is around 2 hours. The amount of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke is a fraction of the amount contained in the tobacco leaves (most of the substance is destroyed by the heat). The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. For chewing tobacco, often called dip, snuff, or sinus, which is held in the mouth between the lip and gum, the amount released into the body tends to be much greater than smoked tobacco. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of cancer in healthy tissue and has no mutagenic properties. Its teratogenic properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a nicotine patch or nicotine gum while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased acetylcholinic activity it causes have been shown to impede apoptosis, which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells (programmed cell death). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine create a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus, nicotine plays an indirect role in carcinogenesis. It is also important to note that its addictive properties are often the primary motivating factor for tobacco smoking, contributing to the proliferation of cancer. Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, oily liquid that is miscible with water in its base form. As a nitrogenous base, nicotine forms salts with acids that are usually solid and water soluble. Nicotine easily penetrates the skin. As shown by the physical data, free base nicotine will burn at a temperature below its boiling point, and its vapours will combust at 95 °C in the air despite a low vapour pressure. Because of this, most nicotine is burned when a cigarette is smoked; however, enough is inhaled to provide the desired effects. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nic... Nicotine appears as a colorless to light yellow or brown liquid. Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. (S)-nicotine is a 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. It has a role as a phytogenic insecticide, a teratogenic agent, a neurotoxin, an anxiolytic drug, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, a biomarker, an immunomodulator, a mitogen, a peripheral nervous system drug, a psychotropic drug, a plant metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-nicotinium(1+). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-nicotine. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a Cholinergic Nicotinic Agonist. Nicotine is a natural alkyloid that is a major component of cigarettes and is used therapeutically to help with smoking cessation. Nicotine has not been associated with liver test abnormalities or with clinically apparent hepatotoxicity. Nicotine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Nicotiana cavicola, and other organisms with data available. Nicotine is a plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotines CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of); Nicotine Polacrilex (related); Menthol; nicotine (component of) ... View More ... Alkaloid from Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana subspecies, Asclepias syriaca, Lycopodium subspecies, and other subspecies (Solanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Crassulaceae). Rare spread of occurrence between angiosperms and cryptogametes (CCD) A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
Bupropion
Bupropion is a selective catecholamine (norepinephrine and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor. It has only a small effect on serotonin reuptake. It does not inhibit MAO. The antidepressant effect of bupropion is considered to be mediated by its dopaminergic and noradrenergic action. Bupropion has also been shown to act as a competitive alpha-3-beta-4- nicotinic antagonist, the alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism has been shown to interrupt addiction in studies of other drugs such as ibogaine. This alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism correlates quite well with the observed effect of interrupting addiction. A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment; Bupropion is a selective catecholamine (norepinephrine and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor. It has only a small effect on serotonin reuptake. It does not inhibit MAO. The antidepressant effect of bupropion is considered to be mediated by its dopaminergic and noradrenergic action. Bupropion has also been shown to act as a competitive alpha-3-beta-4-nicotinic antagonist, the alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism has been shown to interrupt addiction in studies of other drugs such as ibogaine. This alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism correlates quite well with the observed effect of interrupting addiction. Bupropion (amfebutamone) (brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban) is an antidepressant of the aminoketone class, chemically unrelated to tricyclics or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is similar in structure to the stimulant cathinone, and to phenethylamines in general. It is a chemical derivative of diethylpropion, an amphetamine-like substance used as an anorectic. Bupropion is both a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is often used as a smoking cessation aid. CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1321; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7029; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7027 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1321; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7025; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7023 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1321; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7006; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7004 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1321; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7034; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7030 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1321; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX507; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 6997; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 6995 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1321; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX504; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 7027; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 7025 D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065690 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2703 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8596 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents
Nornicotine
Nornicotine is an alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. An alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2228 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Epibatidine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Phenelzine
Phenelzine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an irreversible non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. May be used to treat major depressive disorder.Although the exact mechanism of action has not been determined, it appears that the irreversible, nonselective inhibition of MAO by phenelzine relieves depressive symptoms by causing an increase in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the neuron. N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AF - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
N'-nitrosonornicotine
N-nitrosonornicotine belongs to the family of Pyrrolidinylpyridines. These are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
(+)-Epibatidine
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics
Nicotine
N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BA - Drugs used in nicotine dependence D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005731 - Ganglionic Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3008 D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
bupropion
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065690 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2803 D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents
Nicotine
An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2. It has been isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BA - Drugs used in nicotine dependence D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D005731 - Ganglionic Stimulants C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018679 - Cholinergic Agonists COVID info from clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2264 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.053
bupropion
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D065607 - Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors > D065690 - Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D014179 - Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors > D018765 - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D000077444 - Smoking Cessation Agents Bupropion is a selective catecholamine (norepinephrine and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor. It has only a small effect on serotonin reuptake. It does not inhibit MAO. The antidepressant effect of bupropion is considered to be mediated by its dopaminergic and noradrenergic action. Bupropion has also been shown to act as a competitive alpha-3-beta-4- nicotinic antagonist, the alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism has been shown to interrupt addiction in studies of other drugs such as ibogaine. This alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism correlates quite well with the observed effect of interrupting addiction.; A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment; Bupropion is a selective catecholamine (norepinephrine and dopamine) reuptake inhibitor. It has only a small effect on serotonin reuptake. It does not inhibit MAO. The antidepressant effect of bupropion is considered to be mediated by its dopaminergic and noradrenergic action. Bupropion has also been shown to act as a competitive alpha-3-beta-4-nicotinic antagonist, the alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism has been shown to interrupt addiction in studies of other drugs such as ibogaine. This alpha-3-beta-4-antagonism correlates quite well with the observed effect of interrupting addiction. Bupropion (amfebutamone) (brand names Wellbutrin and Zyban) is an antidepressant of the aminoketone class, chemically unrelated to tricyclics or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is similar in structure to the stimulant cathinone, and to phenethylamines in general. It is a chemical derivative of diethylpropion, an amphetamine-like substance used as an anorectic. Bupropion is both a dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is often used as a smoking cessation aid. [HMDB]. Bupropion is found in many foods, some of which are cardoon, mung bean, salmonberry, and climbing bean.
Phenelzine
N - Nervous system > N06 - Psychoanaleptics > N06A - Antidepressants > N06AF - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, non-selective D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C265 - Antidepressant Agent D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D008996 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C667 - Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
