Exact Mass: 369.2086
Exact Mass Matches: 369.2086
Found 425 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 369.2086,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
Corydalin
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (Ki of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC50 of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities[1][2][3]. Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (Ki of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC50 of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities[1][2][3]. Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (Ki of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC50 of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities[1][2][3].
Trimetrexate
A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. [PubChem] P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D06238
Epanolol
C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AB - Beta blocking agents, selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Same as: D06646
Amisulpride
Amisulpride (trade name Solian) is an antipsychotic drug sold by Sanofi-Aventis. It is not approved for use in the United States, but is approved for use in Europe and Australia for the treatment of psychoses and schizophrenia. Additionally, it is approved in Italy for the treatment of dysthymia (under the brand name Deniban). Amisulpride is a selective dopamine antagonist. D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AL - Benzamides C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66883 - Dopamine Antagonist Amisulpride is a dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with Kis of 2.8 and 3.2 nM for human dopamine D2 and D3, respectively.
Norgestimate
Norgestimate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a form of progesterone, which is a female hormone important for the regulation of ovulation and menstruation. Norgestimate is used with estradiol to treat the symptoms of menopause.Norgestimate binds to androgen and progestogen receptors. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins like Norgestimate will slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH (luteinizing hormone) surge. D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents
Cilostazol
Cilostazol is a medication used in the alleviation of the symptom of intermittent claudication in individuals with peripheral vascular disease. It is manufactured by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. under the trade name Pletal. Although drugs similar to cilostazol have increased the risk of death in patients with congestive heart failure, studies of significant size have not addressed people without the disease. [Wikipedia] B - Blood and blood forming organs > B01 - Antithrombotic agents > B01A - Antithrombotic agents > B01AC - Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors > D058987 - Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C1327 - Antiplatelet Agent D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C744 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents
3,4-dimethylidenedecanedioylcarnitine
3,4-dimethylidenedecanedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3,4-dimethylidenedecanedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3,4-dimethylidenedecanedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3,4-dimethylidenedecanedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-2,10-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-2,10-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-2,10-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-2,10-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-2,10-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-7,9-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-7,9-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-7,9-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-7,9-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-7,9-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-5,9-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-5,9-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-5,9-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-5,9-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-5,9-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-3,10-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-3,10-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-3,10-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-3,10-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-3,10-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-5,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-5,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-6,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-6,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-6,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-6,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-6,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-7,10-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-7,10-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-7,10-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-7,10-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-7,10-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-5,10-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-5,10-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-5,10-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-5,10-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-5,10-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-4,9-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-4,9-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-4,9-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-4,9-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-4,9-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(6E)-Dodeca-2,6-dienedioylcarnitine
(6E)-Dodeca-2,6-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (6E)-dodeca-2,6-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (6E)-Dodeca-2,6-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine (6E)-Dodeca-2,6-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-6,9-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-6,9-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-6,9-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-6,9-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-6,9-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-4,8-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-4,8-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-4,10-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-4,10-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-4,10-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-4,10-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-4,10-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-3,9-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-3,9-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-3,9-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-3,9-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-3,9-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-5,7-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-5,7-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Dodeca-8,10-dienedioylcarnitine
Dodeca-8,10-dienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an dodeca-8,10-dienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Dodeca-8,10-dienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine Dodeca-8,10-dienedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxytrideca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxytrideca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoylcarnitine
(5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (5E,9E)-3-hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (5E,9E)-3-Hydroxytrideca-5,9-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine
5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 5-hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 5-Hydroxytrideca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoylcarnitine
5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 5-hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 5-Hydroxytrideca-8,11-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine
4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 4-hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 4-Hydroxytrideca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxytrideca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine
6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 6-hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 6-Hydroxytrideca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine
4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 4-hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 4-Hydroxytrideca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine
7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 7-hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 7-Hydroxytrideca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-Fluoro-3-[3-[4-(5-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]-1H-indole
Diprafenone
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
Galunisertib
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C129825 - Antineoplastic Enzyme Inhibitor
4-Ethylnaphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone
Piboserod
C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66885 - Serotonin Antagonist Piboserod (SB 207266) is a 5-HT4 selective inhibitor of the serotonin receptor.
Corydaline
Corydaline is an isoquinoline alkaloid and a member of isoquinolines. Corydaline is a natural product found in Corydalis remota, Corydalis saxicola, and other organisms with data available. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (Ki of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC50 of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities[1][2][3]. Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (Ki of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC50 of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities[1][2][3]. Corydaline ((+)-Corydaline), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, is an AChE inhibitor with an IC50 of 226 μM. Corydaline is a μ-opioid receptor (Ki of 1.23 μM) agonist and inhibits enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication (IC50 of 25.23 μM). Corydaline has anti-angiogenic, anti-allergic and gastric-emptying and antinociceptive activities[1][2][3].
1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-N-(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1h-indazole-3-carboxamide
5-{[2-imino-4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1-methyl-1,2-dihydro-1H-imidazol-5-yl]methyl}-2-methoxy-1,3-benzenediol|naamine C
(12Xi,13Xi,14Xi,15Xi)-12,15,18-Trihydroxy-14-methyl-15,20-dihydro-21-nor-senecionan-11,16-dion|(12Xi,13Xi,14Xi,15Xi)-12,15,18-trihydroxy-14-methyl-15,20-dihydro-21-nor-senecionan-11,16-dione|12,15,18-trihydroxy-14xi-methyl-(12xiH,13xiH,15xiH)-15,20-dihydro-21-nor-senecionane-11,16-dione|Sceleratin
(+/-)-celafurine|9-(furan-3-carbonyl)-2-phenyl-1,5,9-triaza-cyclotridecan-4-one|Celafurin
3H-Pyrrolo[4,3,2-gh]-1,4-benzodiazonin-3-one,9-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-1,2,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-,(2S,5S)- (9CI)
(+)-isomalbrancheamide B|(5aS,12aS,13aS)-8-chloro-12,12-dimethyl-2,3,5,6,11,12,12a,13-octahydro-1H-5a,13a-(epiminomethano)indolizino[7,6-b]carbazol-14-one|isomalbrancheamide B
2-benzamido-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl hexanoate|zanthorhetsamide
N-methyl-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-homonojirimycin
didehydrotuberostemonine A|rel-(8R,8aS,11S,11aR)-8-ethyl-5,6,8,8a,11,11a-hexahydro-11-methyl-2-[(2S,4S)-tetrahydro-4-methyl-5-oxofuran-2-yl]azepino[3,2,1-hi]furo[3,2-e]indol-10(4H)-one
(3-Ethylnaphthalen-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone
amisulpride
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D000928 - Antidepressive Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AL - Benzamides C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66883 - Dopamine Antagonist CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2852 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2852; CONFIDENCE standard compound CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2142 Amisulpride is a dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with Kis of 2.8 and 3.2 nM for human dopamine D2 and D3, respectively.
Cilostazol
B - Blood and blood forming organs > B01 - Antithrombotic agents > B01A - Antithrombotic agents > B01AC - Platelet aggregation inhibitors excl. heparin D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D010726 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors > D058987 - Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid > C1327 - Antiplatelet Agent D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D010975 - Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D014665 - Vasodilator Agents D006401 - Hematologic Agents > D005343 - Fibrinolytic Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C744 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor D050299 - Fibrin Modulating Agents D020011 - Protective Agents
Norgestimate
D012102 - Reproductive Control Agents > D003270 - Contraceptive Agents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2800
PC(7:0/0:0)
PC(7:0/0:0)[U]
PC(0:0/7:0)
PC(0:0/7:0)[U]
Pramanicin
D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents > D007769 - Lactams
2-(2-ethylhexyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione
Acetamide, N-cycloheptyl-2-[(5-methyl-5H-1,2,4-triazino[5,6-b]indol-3-yl)thio]- (9CI)
(R)-4-(4-(BENZYLOXY)PHENYL)-1-(1-PHENYLETHYL)-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE
ETHYL 6-AMINO-5-CYANO-2-METHYL-4-(4-MORPHOLINOPHENYL)-4H-PYRAN-3-CARBOXYLATE
dibutyl (Z)-but-2-enedioate,(E)-2,5-dimethylhex-2-enoate
N4-(3-aminophenyl)-5-fluoro-N2-(4-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine
tert-Butyl 4-((tosyloxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
tert-butyl 3-((p-tolylsulfonyloxy)Methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate
3-[(1R)-3-[Bis(1-methylethyl)amino]-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid methyl ester
N-ethyl-N-[2-[1-(2-methylpropoxy)ethoxy]ethyl]-4-(phenylazo)aniline
9-Phenyl-2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole
9-Phenyl-9H-carbazole-3-boronic acid pinacol ester
9,9-dimethyl-N-(3,4,5-triethylphenyl)fluoren-2-amine
Tetrabutylammonium iodide
D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)pyrrole
1-(4-AMINO-PHENYL)-AZETIDINE-3-CARBOXYLICACIDMETHYLESTER
9-[4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl]-9H-carbazole
9-Ethyl-3-(N-butyl-N-phenylhydrazonomethyl)carbazole
2,6-Bis[1-[(2,6-diMethylphenyl)iMino]ethyl]pyridine
6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-phenylquinazolin-4-amine
5-Amino-1-Boc-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-[2,4]bipyridinyl oxalate
(1R,4R)-4-((TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)AMINO)CYCLOHEXYL 4-METHYLBENZENESULFONATE
1-(4-(2-methyl-6-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl)-3-morpholino-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one
9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl]carbamate
Prajmaline
C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BA - Antiarrhythmics, class ia D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
(4-Cyclobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)(6-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methanone
Butanoic acid, 2-(bis(2-methoxyethyl)amino)-, 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl ester, (2R)-
Bulaquine
C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C277 - Antiprotozoal Agent
(15alpha,20R)-12,15,20-Trihydroxy-15,20-dihydrosenecionan-11,16-dione
2-Amino-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-pyrrolo[3,2-b]quinoxalinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
3-Hydroxy-2-(4-morpholinylmethyl)estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one
8-(2,5-Dimethoxy-benzyl)-2-fluoro-9-pent-9H-purin-6-ylamine
(3R,4S)-1-[(4-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)methyl]-4-[(benzylsulfanyl)methyl]pyrrolidin-3-ol
trimetrexate
P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents > P01 - Antiprotozoals > P01A - Agents against amoebiasis and other protozoal diseases C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2153 - Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Same as: D06238
Galunisertib
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2189 - Signal Transduction Inhibitor > C129824 - Antineoplastic Protein Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C129825 - Antineoplastic Enzyme Inhibitor
Epanolol
C - Cardiovascular system > C07 - Beta blocking agents > C07A - Beta blocking agents > C07AB - Beta blocking agents, selective C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29747 - Adrenergic Agent > C72900 - Adrenergic Antagonist D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D013566 - Sympathomimetics D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D018674 - Adrenergic Antagonists D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents Same as: D06646
Strictosidine aglycone(1+)
Conjugate acid of strictosidine aglycone arising from deprotonation of the secondary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
3-Oxochola-4,6-dien-24-Oate
A steroid acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-oxochola-4,6-dien-24-oic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(9R,10S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,18R)-13-ethyl-8-methyl-15-propyl-8-aza-15-azoniahexacyclo[14.2.1.01,9.02,7.010,15.012,17]nonadeca-2,4,6-triene-14,18-diol
C - Cardiovascular system > C01 - Cardiac therapy > C01B - Antiarrhythmics, class i and iii > C01BA - Antiarrhythmics, class ia D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
(2R)-2-amino-3-[[(1S,2R,4R,7E,11S)-4,8-dimethyl-13-oxo-3,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.02,4]tetradec-7-en-12-yl]methylsulfanyl]propanoic acid
13-N-Demethyl-methylpendolmycin
A natural product found in Marinactinospora thermotolerans.
2-[(4,4-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexyl)-(3-pyridinyl)methyl]-5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione
19-hydroxyprostaglandin H1(1-)
A prostaglandin carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 19-hydroxyprostaglandin H1, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
thromboxane B2(1-)
A thromboxane anion that is the conjugate base of thromboxane B2, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
2-[(2-acetamido-1-oxoethyl)amino]-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)acetamide
N-[4-({2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)acetyl]hydrazino}carbonyl)phenyl]propanamide
5-tert-butyl-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-3-pyrazolecarboxamide
1-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-3-[[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]methyl]thiourea
3,4,5-trimethoxy-N-[2-(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)ethyl]benzamide
6-linalyl-2-O,3-dimethylflaviolin-7-olate
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of 6-linalyl-2-O,3-dimethylflaviolin, obtained by deprotonation of the 7-hydroxy group. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
1,3-Dimethyl-8-[[methyl-(phenylmethyl)amino]methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)purine-2,6-dione
4-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)-N-phenyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide
3-nitro-4-(2-oxolanylmethylamino)-N-(2-phenylethyl)benzamide
(2S)-9-(furan-3-carbonyl)-2-phenyl-1,5,9-triazacyclotridecan-4-one
N-(2-methyl-5-nitrophenyl)-4,6-bis(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine
1-[4-[4-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methylamino]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethanone
(3-Propan-2-yloxyphenyl)-[1-[(1-propan-2-yl-4-pyrazolyl)methyl]-3-piperidinyl]methanone
6,10-Dimethyl-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-2-oxo-1,6,8-triazatricyclo[7.4.0.03,7]trideca-3(7),4,8,10,12-pentaene-5-carboxamide
Hoerhammericine(1+)
An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of hoerhammericine. The major species at pH 7.3. Note that the stereoconfiguration of the epoxy group is based on CHEBI:144374, and of the 19 hydroxy group on CHEBI:144372 (the same enzyme produces the two).
7-{(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl}heptanoate
1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-[(E)-[4-(3-methylbutoxy)phenyl]methylideneamino]thiourea
2-O-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-L-fucitol
A 2-deoxy-D-galactoside consisting of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine attached to L-fucitol via an alpha-(1->2)-linkage.
1-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-3-(4-methylphenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[1,2-a]azepin-4-ium
1-(2-Tert-butylphenoxy)-3-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-2-propanol
N-[3-(1-imidazolyl)propyl]-2-phenyl-4-benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidinamine
N-[[(2S,3S,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-methoxy-1-oxoethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3R,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-methoxy-1-oxoethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2S,3R,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-methoxy-1-oxoethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide
2-cyclopropyl-1-[(1S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-9-methyl-1-spiro[2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]ethanone
[(1S)-2-(cyclopentylmethyl)-7-methoxy-1-methyl-1-spiro[3,9-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]methanol
N-[[(2R,3S,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-methoxy-1-oxoethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3S,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-methoxy-1-oxoethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-methoxy-1-oxoethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3S,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[4-(3-pyridinyl)phenyl]-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-cyclopropyl-1-[(1R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-9-methyl-1-spiro[2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]ethanone
[(1R,5S)-7-[4-(3-methylphenyl)phenyl]-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-yl]-pyridin-4-ylmethanone
(-)-Voacangine(1+)
An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of (-)-voacangine. The major species at pH 7.3.
6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha(1-)
A prostaglandin carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
N-Ethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H,13H-15-oxa-3a,8-diaza-1H-dibenzo[a,hi]naphthacene-13-imine
N-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyhexan-2-yl]acetamide
(5S,6Z,8E,12S,14Z)-5,12,20,20-tetrahydroxyicosa-6,8,14-trienoate
(2-Hydroxy-3-octoxypropyl) 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-Aminoethyl (2-hydroxy-3-undecoxypropyl) hydrogen phosphate
[3-[2-Aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxypropyl] decanoate
[1-[2-Aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-3-octoxypropan-2-yl] acetate
5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-hydroxy-2,3,5,7-tetramethylcycloheptyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyridin-2-one
2-[(2-Acetamido-3-hydroxyoctoxy)-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethylazanium
Diprafenone
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents
2-heptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
A 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the acyl group is specified as heptanoyl.
5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfate(1-)
A steroid sulfate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.
androsterone sulfate(1-)
A steroid sulfate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of androsterone sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.
20-hydroxyprostaglandin E1(1-)
A prostaglandin carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 20-hydroxyprostaglandin E1, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
Gly-Phe-Phe
A tripeptide composed of one glycine and two L-phenylalanine residues joined in sequence
Celafurine
A cyclic spermidine alkaloid that is 2-phenyl-1,5,9-triazacyclotridecan-4-one in which the amino hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a furan-3-carbonyl group.
prostaglandin G1(1-)
A prostaglandin carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of prostaglandin G1, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
epiandrosterone sulfate(1-)
A steroid sulfate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of epiandrosterone sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.
LPE(10:0)
Provides by LipidSearch Vendor. © Copyright 2006-2024 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved
(S)-Amisulpride
(S)-Amisulpride (Esamisulpride) is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist. (S)-Amisulpride is an antagonist at the 5-HT7 receptor with a KI of 900 nM. (S)-Amisulpride has antipsychotic and antidepressant effects[1][2].
Aramisulpride
Aramisulpride is a dopamine D2 receptor and serotonin receptor antagonist used for the research of metabolic disorders[1].
MAGL-IN-1
MAGL-IN-1 is a potent, selective, reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAGL, with an IC50 of 80 nM. MAGL-IN-1 exhibits anti-proliferative effects against human breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancer cells. MAGL-IN-1 blocks MAGL in cell-based as well as in vivo assays[1].
VU0357017 (hydrochloride)
VU0357017 hydrochloride (CID-25010775) is a potent, selective and brain-penetrant allosteric agonist of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, with an EC50 of 477 nM. VU0357017 hydrochloride is highly selective for M1 and has no activity at M2-M5 up to the highest concentrations tested (30 μM). VU0357017 hydrochloride can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia[1][2][3].
