Classification Term: 69
Pyrrolidinylpyridines (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001975)
Compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring." []
found 18 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Pyridines and derivatives
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Nicotine
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine constitutes 0.3 to 5\\\% of the tobacco plant by dry weight, with biosynthesis taking place in the root and accumulation in the leaves. It is a potent neurotoxin with particular specificity to insects; therefore nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine derivatives such as imidacloprid continue to be widely used. It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75\\\% to 90\\\%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to self-medicate with nicotine. More recent research has found the reverse: it is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short-term effects. However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing. As nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier. On average, it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain. The half-life of nicotine in the body is around 2 hours. The amount of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke is a fraction of the amount contained in the tobacco leaves (most of the substance is destroyed by the heat). The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. For chewing tobacco, often called dip, snuff, or sinus, which is held in the mouth between the lip and gum, the amount released into the body tends to be much greater than smoked tobacco. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of cancer in healthy tissue and has no mutagenic properties. Its teratogenic properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a nicotine patch or nicotine gum while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased acetylcholinic activity it causes have been shown to impede apoptosis, which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells (programmed cell death). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine create a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus, nicotine plays an indirect role in carcinogenesis. It is also important to note that its addictive properties are often the primary motivating factor for tobacco smoking, contributing to the proliferation of cancer. Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, oily liquid that is miscible with water in its base form. As a nitrogenous base, nicotine forms salts with acids that are usually solid and water soluble. Nicotine easily penetrates the skin. As shown by the physical data, free base nicotine will burn at a temperature below its boiling point, and its vapours will combust at 95 °C in the air despite a low vapour pressure. Because of this, most nicotine is burned when a cigarette is smoked; however, enough is inhaled to provide the desired effects. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nic... Nicotine appears as a colorless to light yellow or brown liquid. Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. (S)-nicotine is a 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. It has a role as a phytogenic insecticide, a teratogenic agent, a neurotoxin, an anxiolytic drug, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, a biomarker, an immunomodulator, a mitogen, a peripheral nervous system drug, a psychotropic drug, a plant metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-nicotinium(1+). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-nicotine. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a Cholinergic Nicotinic Agonist. Nicotine is a natural alkyloid that is a major component of cigarettes and is used therapeutically to help with smoking cessation. Nicotine has not been associated with liver test abnormalities or with clinically apparent hepatotoxicity. Nicotine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Nicotiana cavicola, and other organisms with data available. Nicotine is a plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotines CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of); Nicotine Polacrilex (related); Menthol; nicotine (component of) ... View More ... Alkaloid from Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana subspecies, Asclepias syriaca, Lycopodium subspecies, and other subspecies (Solanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Crassulaceae). Rare spread of occurrence between angiosperms and cryptogametes (CCD) A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
Nornicotine
Nornicotine is an alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. An alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2228 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
N'-nitrosonornicotine
N-nitrosonornicotine belongs to the family of Pyrrolidinylpyridines. These are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring. D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens
(+)-Nicotine
Chemical Structure of (+)-Nicotine: (+)-Nicotine, also known as d-nicotine, has a complex chemical structure that consists of a pyridine ring with a methyl group at position 3 and a pyrrolidine ring at position 2. The molecular formula of nicotine is C10H14N2. The presence of a nitrogen-containing pyridine ring and a pyrrolidine ring makes nicotine a type of alkaloid. The (+) sign indicates that this is the dextrorotatory isomer, meaning it rotates plane-polarized light to the right. The chemical structure can be described as follows: A six-membered pyridine ring, which is a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle. A methyl group (-CH3) attached to the pyridine ring at the 3-position. A five-membered pyrrolidine ring, which is a saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycle, fused to the pyridine ring at the 2-position. The pyrrolidine ring contains a secondary amine group (-NH-), which is part of the ring structure. Biological Functions of (+)-Nicotine: Neurotransmitter Mimic: (+)-Nicotine acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. By binding to these receptors, nicotine mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, leading to the release of various neurotransmitters and hormones. Central Nervous System Stimulation: When (+)-nicotine binds to nAChRs in the brain, it can increase the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure. This effect contributes to the addictive properties of nicotine. Cardiovascular Effects: (+)-Nicotine can have various effects on the cardiovascular system, including increasing heart rate and blood pressure due to the stimulation of nAChRs on adrenergic neurons, which leads to the release of catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline). Metabolic Effects: Nicotine can increase metabolic rate and decrease appetite, which can lead to weight loss in some individuals. Insecticide: (+)-Nicotine has insecticidal properties and has been used historically as a pesticide. It acts by binding to nAChRs in insects, causing paralysis and death. Therapeutic Uses: (+)-Nicotine is used in nicotine replacement therapies (NRT), such as patches, gum, lozenges, and inhalers, to help smokers reduce withdrawal symptoms and quit smoking. It is also being investigated for its potential therapeutic effects in neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Toxicity: At high doses, (+)-nicotine can be toxic, leading to nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death due to its paralytic effects on the respiratory center. (+)-Nicotine, also known as nikotin or L-nicotine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidinylpyridines. Pyrrolidinylpyridines are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring (+)-Nicotine is a primary metabolite. Primary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically essential metabolites. They are directly involved in an organism’s growth, development or reproduction. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on (+)-Nicotine. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). (+)-nicotine is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically (+)-Nicotine is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
(S)-Cotinine
Cotinine has an in vivo half life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days to up to one week after the use of tobacco. The level of cotinine in the blood is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. People who smoke menthol cigarettes may retain cotinine in the blood for a longer period because menthol can compete with cotinine enzymatic metabolism. Genetic encoding of liver enzymes may also play a role, as African Americans routinely register higher blood cotinine levels than Caucasians. Several variable factors, such as menthol cigarette preference and puff size, suggest that the explanation for this difference may be more complex than gender or race.[citation needed]; Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. The word cotinine is an anagram of nicotine. It is used to measure the grade of tobacco smoking, but might also improve mental function.; Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. This transformation involves two steps. The first is mediated by a cytochrome P450 system (mainly CYP2A6 and CYP2B6) to produce nicotine iminium ion. The second step is catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase (AOX). A number of cotinine metabolites have also been structurally characterized. Indeed, it appears that most of the reported urinary metabolites of nicotine are derived from cotinine. Cotinine is found in many foods, some of which are ceylon cinnamon, arrowhead, mountain yam, and rambutan. Cotinine is an alkaloid found in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Cotinine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidinylpyridines. Pyrrolidinylpyridines are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring. It is also the predominant human metabolite of nicotine (when nicotine is inhaled or absorbed). In humans, about 70 to 80\\\\% of nicotine that is inhaled or absorbed is converted to cotinine. This transformation involves two steps. The first is mediated by a cytochrome P450 system (mainly CYP2A6 and CYP2B6) to produce nicotine iminium ion. The second step is catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase (AOX). A number of cotinine metabolites have also been structurally characterized. Indeed, it appears that most of the reported urinary metabolites of nicotine are derived from cotinine. Cotinine is widely used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke. Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. Similar to nicotine, cotinine binds to, activates, and desensitizes neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, though at much lower potency in comparison. It has demonstrated nootropic and antipsychotic-like effects in animal models. Cotinine treatment has also been shown to reduce depression, anxiety, and fear-related behavior as well as memory impairment in animal models of depression, PTSD, and Alzheimers disease. Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine), an alkaloid in tobacco and a major metabolite of nicotine, is used as a biological indicator to measure the composition of tobacco smoke[1]
Hydroxycotinine
Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. [HMDB] Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. Hydroxycotinine is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine.
Cotinine N-oxide
Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5\\% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883) [HMDB] Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5\\% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883).
Nicotine-1'-N-oxide
Nicotine N-oxide (NNO) is a primary metabolite of nicotine, although only about 4-7\\% of nicotine absorbed by smokers is metabolized via this route. The conversion of nicotine to NNO involves a flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). It appears that NNO is not further metabolized to any significant extent, except by reduction back to nicotine, which may lead to recycling of nicotine in the body. [HMDB]. Nicotine-1-N-oxide is found in many foods, some of which are thistle, swede, sorghum, and pulses. Nicotine N-oxide (NNO) is a primary metabolite of nicotine, although only about 4-7\\% of nicotine absorbed by smokers is metabolized via this route. The conversion of nicotine to NNO involves a flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). It appears that NNO is not further metabolized to any significant extent, except by reduction back to nicotine, which may lead to recycling of nicotine in the body.
N-Methylnicotinium
N-Methylnicotinium is a nicotine degradation product arising from its methylation by S-adenosylmethionine (and subsequent conversion to S-adnonsylcysteine). A nicotine degradation product arising from its methylation by S-adenosylmethionine (and subsequent conversion to S-adnonsylcysteine). [HMDB]
N'-Hydroxymethylnorcotinine
N-Hydroxymethylnorcotinine is a cotinine metabolite derived from liver. Formation of norcotinine via N-demethylation of cotinine is expected to proceed via the N-hydroxymethyl intermediate, which is predicted to be relatively stable, due to the low pKa of the pyrrolidone-N moiety.
2'-Hydroxynicotine
2-Hydroxynicotine is a metabolite produced from the degradation of nicotine, an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco, and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Cytochrome P450 2A6 (EC 1.14.14.1) metabolizes nicotine via 2-hydroxylation into 4-(methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone with 2-hydroxynicotine as an intermediate (PMID: 11050152). 2-Hydroxynicotine spontaneously yields nicotine-Δ1′(2′)-iminium ion, which is in equilibrium with 4-(methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (PMID: 15734728). About 10\\% of nicotine and its metabolites are excreted as 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoate (keto acid) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoate (hydroxy acid) in the urine of smokers (PMID: 10548320). 2-Hydroxynicotine is a metabolite of the degradation of Nicotine (Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco, and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper) via a 2-hydroxylation reaction producing 2-hydroxynicotine as an intermediate in the cytochrome P450 2A6 [EC 1.14.14.1] catalyzed conversion of nicotine to 4-(methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. 2-Hydroxynicotine spontaneously yields nicotine-1(2)-iminium ion, which is in equilibrium with 4-(methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. About 10\\% of nicotine and metabolites is excreted as 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoate (keto acid) and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoate (hydroxy acid) in the urine of smokers. [HMDB]
Cotinine methonium ion
Cotinine methonium ion is a metabolite of cotinine, itself a primary metabolite of nicotine that is found in the urine of smokers; this reaction involves biological methylation of the pyridine ring of cotinine. Cotinine methonium ion was isolated and identified from human urine after cotinine administration (BioCyc) [HMDB] Cotinine methonium ion is a metabolite of cotinine, itself a primary metabolite of nicotine that is found in the urine of smokers; this reaction involves biological methylation of the pyridine ring of cotinine. Cotinine methonium ion was isolated and identified from human urine after cotinine administration (BioCyc).
5'-Hydroxycotinine
A hydroxylated derivative of cotinine. Cotinine is dervied from nicotine. [HMDB]. 5-Hydroxycotinine is found in many foods, some of which are shiitake, sweet cherry, moth bean, and blackcurrant. 5-Hydroxycotinine is a hydroxylated derivative of cotinine. Cotinine is dervied from nicotine.
trans-3'-hydroxycotinine
Trans-3-hydroxycotinine, also known as 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, is a member of the class of compounds known as pyrrolidinylpyridines. Pyrrolidinylpyridines are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring. Trans-3-hydroxycotinine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Trans-3-hydroxycotinine can be found in a number of food items such as annual wild rice, macadamia nut, corn salad, and radish, which makes trans-3-hydroxycotinine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
