Classification Term: 2379
Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001713)
Compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom." []
found 47 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Hydroxy acids and derivatives
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
D-Malic acid
(R)-malic acid is an optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration. It is a conjugate acid of a (R)-malate(2-). It is an enantiomer of a (S)-malic acid. (R)-Malate is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). D-malate is a natural product found in Vaccinium macrocarpon, Pogostemon cablin, and other organisms with data available. D-Malic acid is found in herbs and spices. This enantiomer of rare occurrence; reported from fruits and leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) although there are many more isolations of malic acid with no opt. rotn. given and some may be of the R-for An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D-(+)-Malic acid (D-Malic acid), an active enantiomer of Malic acid, is a competitive inhibitor of L(--)malic acid transport[1]. D-(+)-Malic acid (D-Malic acid), an active enantiomer of Malic acid, is a competitive inhibitor of L(--)malic acid transport[1].
Tropate
Tropic acid is a 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a phenyl group, and one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a propionic acid and a hydratropic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a tropate. Tropic acid is a natural product found in Hyoscyamus muticus, Datura stramonium, and other organisms with data available. Tropic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tropate, also known as Tropic acid or alpha-(Hydroxymethyl)phenylacetic acid, is classified as a beta hydroxy acid or a Beta hydroxy acid derivative. Beta hydroxy acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Tropate is considered to be soluble in water and acidic. Tropate can be synthesized from hydratropic acid and propionic acid. Tropate can be synthesized into tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a phenyl group, and one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. KEIO_ID T059 Tropic acid (DL-Tropic acid) is a laboratory reagent used in the chemical synthesis of Atropine and Hyoscyamine[1]. Tropic acid (DL-Tropic acid) is a laboratory reagent used in the chemical synthesis of Atropine and Hyoscyamine[1].
3-Hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 300-85-6), also known as beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid, and is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. Blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels may be monitored in diabetic patients to look for diabetic ketoacidosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing mammals. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for the synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first two weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite of Alcaligenes and can be produced from plastic metabolization or incorporated into polymers, depending on the species (PMID: 7646009, 18615882). (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a butyric acid substituted with a hydroxyl group in the beta or 3 position. It is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate are raised in the blood and urine in ketosis. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of D-3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid. In humans, beta-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. It can also be used for the synthesis of biodegradable plastics . [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID H022 (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a metabolite, and converted from acetoacetic acid catalyzed by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid has applications as a nutrition source and as a precursor for vitamins, antibiotics and pheromones[1][2]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1]. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1].
Scopolamine
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victims drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A04 - Antiemetics and antinauseants > A04A - Antiemetics and antinauseants S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01F - Mydriatics and cycloplegics > S01FA - Anticholinergics C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent > C29704 - Antimuscarinic Agent D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D009184 - Mydriatics C78283 - Agent Affecting Organs of Special Senses > C29706 - Mydriatic Agent N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05C - Hypnotics and sedatives D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D000932 - Antiemetics D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents KEIO_ID S040; [MS2] KO009233 KEIO_ID S040
DL-Malic acid
Malic acid (CAS: 6915-15-7) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness (Wikipedia). In its ionized form, malic acid is called malate. Malate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. Malates importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acids simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxias inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats, it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle needed for energy production were found to be unchanged. Because of this, a deficiency of malic acid has been hypothesized to be a major cause of physical exhaustion. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production. Malic acid has been found to be a metabolite in Aspergillus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987). Acidulant, antioxidant, flavouring agent, flavour enhancer. Not for use in baby foods (GRAS) Malic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=617-48-1 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 6915-15-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). (S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid in naturally occurring form, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits and is used as a food additive. (S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid in naturally occurring form, contributes to the pleasantly sour taste of fruits and is used as a food additive. Malic acid (Hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is naturally found in fruits such as apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Malic acid (Hydroxybutanedioic acid) is a dicarboxylic acid that is naturally found in fruits such as apples and pears. It plays a role in many sour or tart foods.
Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxybutyrate
Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxybutyrate is a flavouring ingredient. Flavouring ingredient Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is a fragrance found in wine and Tribolium castaneum[1][2]. Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is a fragrance found in wine and Tribolium castaneum[1][2].
Hydroxypropionic acid
3-Hydroxypropionic acid is a carboxylic acid. It is an intermediate in the breakdown of branched-chain amino acids and propionic acid from the gut. Typically it originates from propionyl-CoA and a defect in the enzyme propionyl carboxylase. This leads to a buildup in propionyl-CoA in the mitochondria. Such a buildup can lead to a disruption of the esterified CoA:free CoA ratio and ultimately to mitochondrial toxicity. Detoxification of these metabolic end products occurs via the transfer of the propionyl moiety to carnitine-forming propionyl-carnitine, which is then transferred across the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid is then released as the free acid. As an industrial chemical, it is used in the production of various chemicals such as acrylates in industry. When present in sufficiently high levels, 3-hydroxypropionic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of hydroxypropionic acid are associated with many inborn errors of metabolism including biotinidase deficiency, malonic aciduria, methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, methylmalonic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders, and propionic acidemia. Hydroxypropionic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. Infants with acidosis have symptoms that include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid is also a microbial metabolite found in Escherichia, Klebsiella and Saccharomyces (PMID: 26360870).
isochorismate
Isochorismate, also known as isochorismic acid, belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Isochorismate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isochorismate can be found in a number of food items such as cucurbita (gourd), cherry tomato, chinese chestnut, and chinese water chestnut, which makes isochorismate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Isochorismate may be a unique E.coli metabolite.
Hydroxypyruvic acid
3-hydroxypyruvic acid, also known as beta-hydroxypyruvate or oh-pyr, belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-hydroxypyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as fox grape, black mulberry, elliotts blueberry, and silver linden, which makes 3-hydroxypyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid can be found primarily in blood and urine. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 3-hydroxypyruvic acid is involved in the glycine and serine metabolism. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency (DHPD), 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, hyperglycinemia, non-ketotic, and non ketotic hyperglycinemia. Hydroxypyruvic acid is a pyruvic acid derivative with the formula C3H4O4 and a neutral charge with an atomic mass of 104.06146 . Hydroxypyruvic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of Glycine, serine and threonine. It is a substrate for Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase and Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase. Hydroxypyruvic acid (β-Hydroxypyruvic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine. Hydroxypyruvic acid is a substrate for serine-pyruvate aminotransferase and glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase. Hydroxypyruvic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder which is the dimethylglycine dehydrogenase deficiency pathway.
Lauroyl-CoA
Lauroyl-CoA is a substrate for Protein FAM34A. [HMDB]. Lauroyl-CoA is found in many foods, some of which are apricot, hazelnut, other soy product, and thistle. Lauroyl-CoA is a substrate for Protein FAM34A.
Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate
Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate is found in alcoholic beverages. Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate is a food flavourant. Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate is present in cognac, Scotch whisky, orange juice and peel, grapefruit, pineapple, purple passion fruit and other fruit Ethyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate is a food flavourant. It is found in alcoholic beverages such as cognac, scotch and whisky, and in citrus, and fruits.
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
(S)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (3-HIBA) (CAS: 2068-83-9) is an organic acid. 3-HIBA is an intermediate in L-valine metabolism. 3-HIBA plays an important role in the diagnosis of the very rare inherited metabolic diseases 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (OMIM: 236795) and methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM: 603178). Patients with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria excrete a significant amount of 3-HIBA not only during the acute stage but also when stable. 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria is caused by a 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 18329219). The severity of this disease varies from case to case. Most patients exhibit dysmorphic features, such as a small triangular face, a long philtrum, low set ears, and micrognathia (PMID: 10686279). Lactic acidemia is also found in the affected patients, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved. 3-HIBA appears to specifically inhibit the function of the respiratory chain complex I-III and mitochondrial creatine kinase (PMID: 18329219). BioTransformer predicts that 3-HIBA is a product of 2-methylpropanoic acid metabolism via a hydroxylation-of-terminal-methyl reaction catalyzed by CYP2B6 and CYP2E1 enzymes (PMID: 30612223). (S)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric (3-HIBA) acid is an organic acid. 3-HIBA is an intermediate in the metabolic pathways of L-valine and L-thymine amino acids. 3-HIBA plays an important role in the diagnosis of the very rare inherited metabolic diseases 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (OMIM 236795) and methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM 603178). Patients with 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria excrete a significant amount of 3-HIBA not only during the acute stage but also when stable. The deficient enzyme in 3HiB-uria remains unclear. The severity of this disease varies from case to case. Most patients exhibit dysmorphic features, such as a small triangular face, a long philtrum, low set ears and micrognathia (PMID: 113770040, 10686279) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an important interorgan metabolite, an intermediate in the pathways of l-valine and thymine and a good gluconeogenic substrate.
(S)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid
(S)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression (PMID: 17048218). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyric acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. (S)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a normal human metabolite, that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (PMID 17048218) (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is a normal human metabolite, that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. In humans, 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.
Methylscopolamine
Methylscopolamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. [PubChem]Methscopolamine acts by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system (specifically the vomiting center). It does so by acting as a muscarinic antagonist.
3-Hydroxyglutaric acid
3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a member of the class of compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). When present in sufficiently high levels, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid are associated with glutaric aciduria type I (glutaric acidemia type I, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, GA1, or GAT1). GA1 is an inherited disorder in which the body is unable to completely break down the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan due to a deficiency of mitochondrial glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.7, GCDH). Excessive levels of their intermediate breakdown products (e.g. glutaric acid, glutaryl-CoA, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaconic acid) can accumulate and cause damage to the brain (and also other organs), but particularly the basal ganglia. GA1 is associated with a risk for intracranial and retinal hemorrhage, and non-specific white matter changes. Babies with glutaric acidemia type I are often born with unusually large heads (macrocephaly). Other symptoms include spasticity (increased muscle tone/stiffness) and dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions resulting in abnormal movement or posture), but many affected individuals are asymptomatic. Seizures and coma (encephalopathy) are rare. GA1 also causes secondary carnitine deficiency because 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, like other organic acids, is detoxified by carnitine. 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a key metabolite in glutaryl co-enzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, and is considered to be a potential neurotoxin. The urine level of 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is elevated in Glutaric Aciduria Type I (glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) patients. (PMID 16573641) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a glutaric acid derivative.
3,4-dihydroxybutyrate
3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid (also known as 3,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid or 3,4-DB, or 2-deoxytetronic acid, or 2-DTA) is a normal human urinary metabolite that is excreted in increased concentration in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (PMID 12127325), which is a genetic disorder. SSADH deficiency is caused by an enzyme deficiency in GABA degradation. The most constant features with this disease are developmental delay, hypotonia and intellectual disability. Nearly half of SSADH patients exhibit ataxia, behavioral problems, seizures, and hyporeflexia. Normal adults excrete 0.37 +/- 0.15 (SD) mmoles of 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate per 24 hr. 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate is also detectable in blood. The renal clearance of 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate is roughly equal that of creatinine. 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid has also been found in foods and is believed to be formed via the degradation (cooking) of di- and poly-saccharides (PMID: 1167165). 3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is believed to play a role in satiety or the feeling of fullness and suppresses food intake (PMID: 3191387; PMID: 6720928). 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid is also elevated in the serum of individuals with dementia and may even serve as a predictive biomarker for dementia (PMID: 25177334). 3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is also a metabolite produced in Escherichia (PMID: 28342964). 3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is a normal human urinary metabolite that is excreted in increased concentration in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency. (PMID 12127325) Normal adults excrete 0.37 +/- 0.15 (SD) mmoles of 3,4-dihydroxybutyrate per 24 hr. The compound is also detectable in blood. The renal clearance of this compound is roughly equal that of creatinine. [HMDB]
Threo-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid
Threo-3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid belongs to the family of Beta Hydroxy Acids and Derivatives. These are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom
Diethyl L-malate
Diethyl L-malate is found in alcoholic beverages. Diethyl L-malate is a flavouring agent. Diethyl L-malate is present in guava fruit, papaya, kiwifruit, raspberry, chicory and various wines and spirits. Ethyl malate is a biomarker for the consumption of beer It is used as a food additive
Diethyl tartrate
Diethyl tartrate is found in alcoholic beverages. Diethyl tartrate is a flavouring ingredient. Diethyl tartrate is present in sherry, white wine and red wine. Diethyl tartrate is flavouring ingredient. It is found in alcoholic beverages such as sherry, white wine and red wine.
Methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate
Methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Thus, methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate has a mild and apple taste. Methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is a constituent of pineapple; Methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate is a flavouring ingredient [CCD].
2-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate
2-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices. 2-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is a constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). Constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). 2-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices.
Daucic acid
Daucic acid is found in carrot. Daucic acid is found in wheat, sugar beet and sunflowe Found in wheat, sugar beet and sunflower
3-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate
3-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices. 3-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is a constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). Constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). 3-Methylbutyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices.
2-Methylpropyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate
2-Methylpropyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices. 2-Methylpropyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is a constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). Constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). 2-Methylpropyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices.
Butyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate
Butyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices. Butyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is a constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). Constituent of the oil of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). Butyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylidenebutanoate is found in herbs and spices.
(R)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
(R)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (3-HIBA) is an organic acid. The chiral metabolites 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) and 3-aminoisobutyric acid (AIBA) are intermediates in the pathways of L-valine and thymine and play an important role in the diagnosis of the very rare inherited metabolic diseases 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (OMIM: 236795) and methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM: 603178) (PMID: 10686279). (R)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). The chiral metabolites 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) and 3-aminoisobutyric acid (AIBA) are intermediates in the pathways of l-valine and thymine and play an important role in the diagnosis of the very rare inherited metabolic diseases 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (OMIM 236795) and methylmalonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM 603178). (PMID 10686279) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an important interorgan metabolite, an intermediate in the pathways of l-valine and thymine and a good gluconeogenic substrate.
2-Deoxyribonic acid
2-Deoxyribonic acid is the acid form of deoxyribonate (interconvertible with 2-Deoxyribonolactone), produced as part of bistranded lesions by DNA damaging agents, including the antitumor agents bleomycin and the neocarzinostatin chromophore (PMID 2523732). This lesion is also produced by ionizing radiation, organometallic oxidants, and is a metastable intermediate in DNA damage mediated by copper phenanthroline nucleases, and is also formed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of the radiosensitizing agent tirapazamine. (PMID 12600212), and it has been found in normal human biofluids (PMID 2925825, 3829393, 6725493, 7228943). [HMDB] 2-Deoxyribonic acid is the acid form of deoxyribonate (interconvertible with 2-Deoxyribonolactone), produced as part of bistranded lesions by DNA damaging agents, including the antitumor agents bleomycin and the neocarzinostatin chromophore (PMID 2523732). This lesion is also produced by ionizing radiation, organometallic oxidants, and is a metastable intermediate in DNA damage mediated by copper phenanthroline nucleases, and is also formed under anaerobic conditions in the presence of the radiosensitizing agent tirapazamine. (PMID 12600212), and it has been found in normal human biofluids (PMID 2925825, 3829393, 6725493, 7228943).
A,b-Dihydroxyisobutyric acid
2-methylglyceric acid or a,b-Dihydroxyisobutyric acid has been found not to be a normal metabolite but is a degradation product of thymine glycol in vivo. (PMID:3707888) [HMDB] 2-methylglyceric acid or a,b-Dihydroxyisobutyric acid has been found not to be a normal metabolite but is a degradation product of thymine glycol in vivo. (PMID:3707888).
Dibutyl malate
Dibutyl malate is found in fruits. Dibutyl malate is isolated from tamarind fruits (Tamarindus indica
Methyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate
Methyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Methyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate is soluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Methyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate has a sweet, fruity, and juicy taste. Methyl (±)-3-hydroxyhexanoate is a flavouring ingredient.
2-Methyl-3-hydroxypropanoate
2-Methyl-3-hydroxypropanoate belongs to the family of Beta Hydroxy Acids and Derivatives. These are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom
2-Deoxypentonic acid
2-Deoxypentonic acid belongs to the family of Hydroxy Fatty Acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears an hydroxyl group.
3-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid-O-sulphate
3-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid-O-sulphate is the conjugate of 3-hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid and sulphate. (3-Hydroxyphenyl)hydracrylate (HPHPA) is an organic acid detected in human urine. It is thought that the presence of this acid is from nutritional sources (i.e. dietary phenylalanine). However, there has been a considerable degree of ambiguity in the origin and/or significance of this compound (PMID:11978597). Recently it has been reported that HPHPA is actually an abnormal phenylalanine metabolite arising from bacterial metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically HPHPA appears to arise from the action of the anaerobic bacteria Clostrida sp. (PMID:20423563). Elevated levels of HPHPA have been reported in the urine of children with autism as well as in adult patients with schizophrenia. It has been proposed that HPHPA may be a bacterial metabolite of m-tyrosine, a tyrosine analog that causes symptoms of autism in experimental animals.
Meta-hydroxyphenylhydracrylic Acid
Meta-hydroxyphenylhydracrylic Acid is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
[(1S,2S,4R,5S)-9-Methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]nonan-7-yl] (2S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
Nitro (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoate
Isopropyl tartaric acid
Isopropyl tartaric acid belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Isopropyl tartaric acid is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Isopropyl tartaric acid can be found in oat, which makes isopropyl tartaric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Calcium tartrate
Calcium tartrate is also known as mn(iii) tartrate or tartaric acid, calcium salt, (r-r*,r*)-isomer. Calcium tartrate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Calcium tartrate can be found in tamarind, which makes calcium tartrate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Calcium tartrate is a byproduct of the wine industry, prepared from wine fermentation dregs. It is the calcium salt of tartaric acid, an acid most commonly found in grapes. Its solubility decreases with lower temperature, which results in the forming of whitish (in red wine often reddish) crystalline clusters as it precipitates. It finds use as a food preservative and acidity regulator. Like tartaric acid, calcium tartrate has two asymmetric carbons, hence it has two chiral isomers and a non-chiral isomer (meso-form). Most calcium tartrate of biological origin is the chiral levorotatory (‚Äì) isomer . Calcium tartrate is also known as mn(iii) tartrate or tartaric acid, calcium salt, (r-r*,r*)-isomer. Calcium tartrate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Calcium tartrate can be found in tamarind, which makes calcium tartrate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Calcium tartrate is a byproduct of the wine industry, prepared from wine fermentation dregs. It is the calcium salt of tartaric acid, an acid most commonly found in grapes. Its solubility decreases with lower temperature, which results in the forming of whitish (in red wine often reddish) crystalline clusters as it precipitates. It finds use as a food preservative and acidity regulator. Like tartaric acid, calcium tartrate has two asymmetric carbons, hence it has two chiral isomers and a non-chiral isomer (meso-form). Most calcium tartrate of biological origin is the chiral levorotatory (–) isomer .
Sporamin
C21H30BrNO4 (439.13580800000005)
The major storage protein of sweet potato tubers Ipomoea batatas accounting for ca. 80\\% of total soluble protein. Possesses Trypsin inhibiting activity which may have a defense role against tuber damage. Sporamin is found in root vegetables.
Potassium bitartrate
Obtained from sediment in wine manuf. It is used in food processing as a nutrient, pH control agent and leavening agent. Potassium bitartrate can be used with white vinegar to make a paste-like cleaning agent. It is a vital ingredient in Play-Doh and gingerbread house icing. This mixture is sometimes mistakenly made with vinegar and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), which actually react to neutralise each other, creating carbon dioxide and a sodium acetate solution.; Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, has formula KC4H5O6. It is a byproduct of winemaking. In cooking it is known as cream of tartar. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid, a carboxylic acid. Potassium bitartrate is found in common grape. obtained from sediment in wine manuf. It is used in food processing as a nutrient, pH control agent and leavening agent
Sodium tartrate
C4H4Na2O6 (193.98032840000002)
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A06 - Drugs for constipation > A06A - Drugs for constipation > A06AD - Osmotically acting laxatives It is used in food processing as a pH control agent and emulsifier
Sodium potassium tartrate
It is used in food processing as an emulsifier and pH control agent. It has been used medicinally as a laxative. It has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors. It is an ingredient of Fehlings solution, formerly used in the determination of reducing sugars in solutions.; It is a colorless to blue-white salt crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. Its molecular formula is KNaC4H4O6·4H2O. It is slightly soluble in alcohol but more completely soluble in water. It has a specific gravity of about 1.79, a melting point of approximately 75 °C, and has a saline, cooling taste. As a food additive, its E number is E337.; Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. As a result the salt was known as Seignettes salt or Rochelle salt. Rochelle salt is not to be confused with rock salt, which is simply the mineral form of sodium chloride. Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity. This property led to its extensive use in "crystal" gramophone (phono) pick-ups, microphones and earpieces during the post-War consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th Century. Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more. Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions. It is used in food processing as an emulsifier and pH control agent
phosphinomethylisomalate
Phosphinomethylisomalate belongs to beta hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Phosphinomethylisomalate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phosphinomethylisomalate can be found in a number of food items such as nance, purple mangosteen, babassu palm, and kombu, which makes phosphinomethylisomalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.