Classification Term: 2375
Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0000299)
Hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain." []
found 67 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Hydroxy acids and derivatives
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
10-hydroxycapric acid is a 10-carbon, omega-hydroxy fatty acid, shown to be the preferred hydroxylation product (together with the 9-OH isomer) of capric acid in biosystems, and used as a standard in lipid assays; reported to have cytotoxic effects. It is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and an omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acid. It is functionally related to a decanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 10-hydroxycaprate. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid, also known as 10-OH-capric acid or 10-OH-caprate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). 10-hydroxydecanoic acid is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (NSC 15139) is a saturated fatty acid of 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid from royal jelly, with anti-inflammatory activity[1].
12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid
12-hydroxydodecanoic acid is the substrate of the human glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.1). The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes is a zinc-containing dimeric enzyme responsible for the oxidation of long-chain alcohols and omega-hydroxy fatty acids. (OMIM). The human glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase is unique among the structurally studied members of the alcohol dehydrogenase family in that it follows a random bi kinetic mechanism forming a binary complex, and a ternary complex with NAD+. (PMID 12196016). 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid is the substrate of the human glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.1) . The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alcohols to aldehydes is a zinc-containing dimeric enzyme responsible for the oxidation of long-chain alcohols and omega-hydroxy fatty acids. (OMIM) 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
6-Hydroxyhexanoic acid
6-Hydroxyhexanoate was identified as the immediate product of hexanoate w-hydroxylation by whole cells and was further oxidized into adipic acid and an unexpected metabolite identified as 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid. This same metabolite, together with adipic acid, was also detected when similarly induced cells were incubated with hexanoate or 1,6-hexanediol, but not with 6-oxohexanoate (adipic semialdehyde).Cells grown on hexanoate and incubated with 6-hydroxyhexanoate were also found to accumulate 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid, which was not further degraded. Utilization of 6-hydroxyhexanoate for growth was restricted to those organisms also able to utilize adipate. Similar observations were made with 1,6-hexanediol serving as the carbon source and cells obtained from one organism,Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, grown either on 1,6-hexanediol or 6-hydroxyhexanoate,were found to be well induced for both 6-oxohexanoate and adipate oxidation. The results indicate that 6-hydroxyhexanoate and 1,6-hexanediol are susceptible to both 1B- and w-oxidative attack; however, the former pathway appears to be of no physiological significance since it generates 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid as a nonmetabolizable intermediate, making w-oxidation via adipate the exclusive pathway for degradation. [HMDB] 6-Hydroxyhexanoate was identified as the immediate product of hexanoate w-hydroxylation by whole cells and was further oxidized into adipic acid and an unexpected metabolite identified as 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid. This same metabolite, together with adipic acid, was also detected when similarly induced cells were incubated with hexanoate or 1,6-hexanediol, but not with 6-oxohexanoate (adipic semialdehyde).Cells grown on hexanoate and incubated with 6-hydroxyhexanoate were also found to accumulate 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid, which was not further degraded. Utilization of 6-hydroxyhexanoate for growth was restricted to those organisms also able to utilize adipate. Similar observations were made with 1,6-hexanediol serving as the carbon source and cells obtained from one organism,Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, grown either on 1,6-hexanediol or 6-hydroxyhexanoate,were found to be well induced for both 6-oxohexanoate and adipate oxidation. The results indicate that 6-hydroxyhexanoate and 1,6-hexanediol are susceptible to both 1B- and w-oxidative attack; however, the former pathway appears to be of no physiological significance since it generates 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid as a nonmetabolizable intermediate, making w-oxidation via adipate the exclusive pathway for degradation. KEIO_ID H061
Pravastatin
Pravastatin is a member of the drug class of statins, used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. Pravastatin was identified originally in a mold called Nocardia autotrophica by researchers of the Sankyo Pharma Inc; An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases); In medicine and pharmacology, pravastatin (Pravachol or Selektine) is a member of the drug class of statins, used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. C - Cardiovascular system > C10 - Lipid modifying agents > C10A - Lipid modifying agents, plain > C10AA - Hmg coa reductase inhibitors Pravastatin is a member of the drug class of statins, used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D000924 - Anticholesteremic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019161 - Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1655 - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2859 EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 2859; CONFIDENCE standard compound D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites
5-Keto-D-gluconate
5-Keto-D-gluconate is metabolized from glucose in certain bacterial species. It is an intermediate in L-idonate degradation and ketogluconate metabolism. 5-Keto-D-gluconate 5-reductase catalyzes the reversible reduction of 5-ketogluconate to D-gluconate. This is the second reaction of the L-idonate catabolic pathway after uptake of L-idonate into the cell. The enzyme specifically reduces 5-ketogluconate using either NADH or NADPH. The enzyme is also specific for D-gluconate oxidation using NADP as the coenzyme, NAD does not serve as a coenzyme. 5-Keto-D-gluconate has also been found to be a metabolite of Gluconobacter (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138111779800112X). 5-Keto-D-gluconate is metabolized from glucose in certain bacterial species. It is an intermediate in L-idonate degradation and ketogluconate metabolism. 5-Keto-D-gluconate 5-reductase catalyzes the reversible reduction of 5-ketogluconate to D-gluconate. This is the second reaction of the L-idonate catabolic pathway after uptake of L-idonate into the cell. The enzyme specifically reduces 5-ketogluconate using either NADH or NADPH. The enzyme is also specific for D-gluconate oxidation using NADP as the coenzyme, NAD does not serve as a coenzyme. [HMDB]
15H-11,12-EETA
15H-11,12-EETA is an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). The role of EETs in regulation of the cerebral circulation has become more important, since it was realized that EETs are produced in another specialized cell type of the brain, the astrocytes. It has become evident that EETs released from astrocytes may mediate cerebral functional hyperemia. Molecular and pharmacological evidence hve shown that neurotransmitter release and spillover onto astrocytes can generate EETs. Since these EETs may reach the vasculature via astrocyte foot-processes, they have the same potential as their endothelial counterparts to hyperpolarize and dilate cerebral vessels. P450 enzymes contain heme in their catalytic domain and nitric oxide (NO) appears to bind to these heme moieties and block formation of P450 products, including EETs. Thus, there appears to be crosstalk between P450 enzymes and NO/NO synthase. The role of fatty acid metabolites and cerebral blood flow becomes even more complex in light of data demonstrating that cyclooxygenase products can act as substrates for P450 enzymes. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113, 15581597, 11413051, 10519554, 11893556) [HMDB] 15H-11,12-EETA is an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET). The role of EETs in regulation of the cerebral circulation has become more important, since it was realized that EETs are produced in another specialized cell type of the brain, the astrocytes. It has become evident that EETs released from astrocytes may mediate cerebral functional hyperemia. Molecular and pharmacological evidence hve shown that neurotransmitter release and spillover onto astrocytes can generate EETs. Since these EETs may reach the vasculature via astrocyte foot-processes, they have the same potential as their endothelial counterparts to hyperpolarize and dilate cerebral vessels. P450 enzymes contain heme in their catalytic domain and nitric oxide (NO) appears to bind to these heme moieties and block formation of P450 products, including EETs. Thus, there appears to be crosstalk between P450 enzymes and NO/NO synthase. The role of fatty acid metabolites and cerebral blood flow becomes even more complex in light of data demonstrating that cyclooxygenase products can act as substrates for P450 enzymes. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113, 15581597, 11413051, 10519554, 11893556).
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (CAS: 14292-27-4) is an organic 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acid, a metabolite of medium-chain fatty acid oxidation found in human urine. It is believed that urinary 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids are derived from the omega-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent beta-oxidation of longer-chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids. (PMID:1870421). 3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 3-Hydroxycaprylic acid is an organic (3-hydroxy dicarboxylic) acid, a metabolite of medium-chain fatty acid oxidation found in human urine. It is believed that urinary 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids are derived from the w-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent b-oxidation of longer-chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids. (PMID 1870421 ) [HMDB]
simvastatin hydroxy acid
simvastatin hydroxy acid is a metabolite of simvastatin. Simvastatin is a hypolipidemic drug used to control elevated cholesterol, or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the statin class of pharmaceuticals. Simvastatin is a synthetic derivate of a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus. The drug is marketed generically and under the trade name Zocor. (Wikipedia) C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1655 - HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor
Galactonate
Galactonic acid is a sugar acid that is a metabolic breakdown product of galactose. Galactose dehydrogenase is responsible for converting galactose to galactonolactone, which then spontaneously or enzymatically converts to galactonic acid. Once formed, galactonic acid may enter the pentose phosphate pathway. Galactonic acid is increased in red blood cells of galactosemic patients, due to a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency (PMID: 14680973, OMMBID: The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Ch.72). When present in sufficiently high levels, galactonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of galactonic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including galactosemia and galactosemia type II. Galactonic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, liver abnormalities (jaundice), kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of untreated galactosemia. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. High levels of galactonic acid in infants are specifically associated with hepatomegaly (an enlarged liver), cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, vomiting, seizure, hypoglycemia, lethargy, brain damage, and ovarian failure. Galactonate is increased in red blood cells of galactosemic patients, due to a galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency ((PMID 14680973, OMMBID: The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, Ch.72) [HMDB]
Gulonate
Gulonic acid, also known as gulonate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain.It is a gulonic acid having D-configuration. Reduction product of glucuronic acid; oxidation product of l-gulose [HMDB]
3-hydroxydecanoate
3-Hydroxycapric acid (CAS: 14292-26-3) is a normally occurring carboxylic acid in human blood plasma. Medium- and long-chain 3-hydroxymonocarboxylic acids represent intermediates in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. They accumulate in the plasma of patients with an inherited deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) (PMID: 1912723). 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) deficiency has been described in diverse clinical cases: juvenile-onset recurrent myoglobinuria, hypoketotic hypoglycemic encephalopathy, hypertrophic/dilatative cardiomyopathy, sudden infant death, and fulminant hepatic failure (OMIM: 231530). 3-Hydroxycapric acid has some shape-transforming action on the membrane of intact human erythrocytes (PMID: 7318031). 3-hydroxycapric acid is a normally occurring carboxylic acid in human blood plasma. Medium- and long-chain 3-hydroxymonocarboxylic acids represent intermediates in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. They accumulate in the plasma of patients with an inherited deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.35]. (PMID: 1912723) 3-Hydroxycapric acid is an inhibitor for mitotic progression.
3-Hydroxysebacic acid
3-Hydroxydecanedioic is a dicarboxylic acid that belongs to the class of compounds known hydroxy fatty acids. Hydroxy fatty acids are fatty acids that have hydroxyl functional groups attached to the principal chain. 3-Hydroxydecanedioic acid is found in most vertebrates. Urine from patients with ketoacidosis typically contains a number of aliphatic 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids, with the major compound being 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid (PMID: 7353273). The excretion of 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid is correlated with the excretion of hexanedioic acid, another metabolite frequently found in ketoacidosis (PMID: 5031780). It is thought that the 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids such as 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid are formed from fatty acids by a combination of omega-oxidation and incomplete beta-oxidation (PMID: 7353273). Marked elevation of urinary 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid has also been reported in a malnourished infant with glycogen storage disease (PMID: 8295400). Subsequent studies have shown that increased amounts of dicarboxylic acids, such as 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid, are typically excreted in human urine under conditions of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) feeding, abnormal fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and fasting (PMID: 8596483). 3-Hydroxysebacic acid is a normal urinary 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acid metabolite and can be elevated in patients with peroxisomal disorders such as Zellweger syndrome. Marked elevation of urinary 3- Hydroxysebacic acid has also been described in a malnourished infant with glycogen storage disease, mimicking long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM 300438, a defect in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids characterized by massive excretion of 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acids in the urine and accumulation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids in serum). (PMID 12860034, 14708889, 8295400) [HMDB]
8-Hydroxyoctanoate
8-Hydroxyoctanoate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain.
7-Hydroxyoctanoic acid
7-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a normal metabolite of medium-chain fatty acid oxidation, and is excreted in the urine as 7-hydroxyoctanoyl-beta-D-glucuronide (PMID 8799296), and have been found slightly elevated in the urine of persons with abnormal fatty acid metabolism (PMID 2094705) [HMDB] 7-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a normal metabolite of medium-chain fatty acid oxidation, and is excreted in the urine as 7-hydroxyoctanoyl-beta-D-glucuronide (PMID 8799296), and have been found slightly elevated in the urine of persons with abnormal fatty acid metabolism (PMID 2094705).
(±)-3-Hydroxynonanoic acid
(±)-3-Hydroxynonanoic acid is found in milk and milk products. (±)-3-Hydroxynonanoic acid is isolated from mil
3-Hydroxysuberic acid
3-Hydroxysuberic acid is a metabolite derived from the w-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent beta-oxidation of longer-chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids (PMID 2001377). It has been found increased in ketoaciduria (PMID 1591279) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxysuberic acid is a metabolite derived from the w-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent beta-oxidation of longer-chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids (PMID 2001377). It has been found increased in ketoaciduria (PMID 1591279).
3-hydroxylaurate
3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid (CAS: 1883-13-2) is a medium-chain fatty acid associated with fatty acid metabolic disorders (PMID: 11948802). Deficiency of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is characterized by an intolerance to prolonged fasting, recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma with medium-chain dicarboxylic aciduria, impaired ketogenesis, and low plasma and tissue carnitine levels (OMIM: 201450). 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is also a microbial metabolite found in Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Pseudomonas (PMID: 21687748). 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid associated with fatty acid metabolic disorders (PMID 11948802). Deficiency of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is characterized by intolerance to prolonged fasting, recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic coma with medium-chain dicarboxylic aciduria, impaired ketogenesis, and low plasma and tissue carnitine levels. (OMIM 201450) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is a medium-chain fatty acid associated with fatty acid metabolic disorders.
9-Hydroxydecanoic acid
9-Hydroxydecanoic acid is found in mushrooms. 9-Hydroxydecanoic acid is present in Agaricus campestris (field mushroom). Present in Agaricus campestris (field mushroom). 9-Hydroxydecanoic acid is found in mushrooms.
3-hydroxyundecanoic acid
3-Hydroxyundecanoic acid medium-chain hydroxy is a fatty acid. In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.
Matsutakic acid A
Matsutakic acid A is found in mushrooms. Matsutakic acid A is isolated from the fungus Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus. Isolated from the fungus Laetiporus sulphureus variety miniatus. Matsutakic acid A is found in mushrooms.
(S)-9-Hydroxy-10-undecenoic acid
(S)-9-Hydroxy-10-undecenoic acid is found in green vegetables. (S)-9-Hydroxy-10-undecenoic acid is a constituent of Corchorus olitorius (Jews mallow)
(3beta,8x,9x,15x,24x)-8,9-Epoxyergosta-5,22-diene-3,15-diol
(3beta,8x,9x,15x,24x)-8,9-Epoxyergosta-5,22-diene-3,15-diol is found in mushrooms. (3beta,8x,9x,15x,24x)-8,9-Epoxyergosta-5,22-diene-3,15-diol is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).
(R)-3-Hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid
(R)-3-Hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid is isolated from the leaves of Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar
(E)-10-Hydroxy-8-decenoic acid
(E)-10-Hydroxy-8-decenoic acid is found in mushrooms. (E)-10-Hydroxy-8-decenoic acid is isolated from the injured fruit bodies of Cantharellus tubaeformis (funnel chanterelle). Isolated from the injured fruit bodies of Cantharellus tubaeformis (funnel chanterelle). (E)-10-Hydroxy-8-decenoic acid is found in mushrooms.
3-Hydroxydodecanedioic acid
3-Hydroxydecanedioic acid appears in the urine of children affected with peroxisomal disorders. Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are characterized by generalized peroxisomal dysfunction due to defective assembly of the organelle and include the Zellweger, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum phenotypes (PMID 10896310) [HMDB] 3-Hydroxydecanedioic acid appears in the urine of children affected with peroxisomal disorders. Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are characterized by generalized peroxisomal dysfunction due to defective assembly of the organelle and include the Zellweger, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum phenotypes (PMID 10896310).
3-Hydroxyadipic acid
3-Hydroxyadipic acid is a normal urinary dicarboxylic acid derived from the omega-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent beta-oxidation of longer chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids (PMID 2001377). It is found to be elevated in patients with 3-hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria (PMID 1444166) and non-ketotic hypoglycemia (PMID 3168281). [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyadipic acid is a normal urinary dicarboxylic acid derived from the omega-oxidation of 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the subsequent beta-oxidation of longer chain 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids (PMID 2001377). It is found to be elevated in patients with 3-hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria (PMID 1444166) and non-ketotic hypoglycemia (PMID 3168281).
3-Deoxyarabinohexonic acid
3-Deoxyarabinohexonic acid, also known as arabino-3-deoxyhexonate or D-2-keto-3-deoxygluconate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms. 3-deoxyarabinohexonic acid is a thermal decomposition product of plant-derived sugars such as nigerose (3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose), turanose and 3-O-methyl glucose. 3-deoxyarabinohexonic acid is found in plants and plant products that have been heated. As a consequence, it can be detected in the biofluids of animals that have consumed plant foods (including humans). 3-Deoxyarabinohexonic acid is an organic acid that has been identified in serum from a series of uremic patients. The characterization procedure calls for gas chromatographic profiling of components in ultrafiltrated uremic serum using glass capillary columns and appropriate sample pretreatment and derivatization. (PMID: 541389, 534687) [HMDB]
2-Hydroxydecanedioic acid
2-Hydroxydecanedioic acid appears in the urine of children affected with peroxisomal disorders such as urines of children with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome and is a useful marker for these diseases. (PMID 2943344) [HMDB] 2-Hydroxydecanedioic acid appears in the urine of children affected with peroxisomal disorders such as urines of children with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome and is a useful marker for these diseases. (PMID 2943344).
3-Hydroxyisoheptanoic acid
3-Hydroxyisoheptanoic acid is a metabolite found in patients with isovaleric acidemia, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (PMID 7237839). Isovaleric acidemia is closely related to the genetic metabolic disorder Maple syrup urine disease. [HMDB] 3-Hydroxyisoheptanoic acid is a metabolite found in patients with isovaleric acidemia, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (PMID 7237839). Isovaleric acidemia is closely related to the genetic metabolic disorder Maple syrup urine disease.
(R)-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid
==(R)==-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is a fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of reaction between 3-Oxohexanoic acid and 2 enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. [HMDB] (R)-3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid is a fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. It is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, it is the product of a reaction between 3-oxohexanoic acid and 2 enzymes: fatty-acid synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase.
(R)-3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. (R)-3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, (R)-3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Octanoic acid via enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier-protein] reductase. (E.C: 2.3.1.85 and E.C: 1.1.1.100). Found in milk, strawberries and pineapple concentrate
(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier- protein] reductase.( EC:2.3.1.85 and EC:1.1.1.100) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl- [acyl-carrier- protein] reductase.( EC:2.3.1.85 and EC:1.1.1.100).
(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid
In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 1.1.1.100) [HMDB] In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically,(R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is converted from 3-Oxo-Dodecanoic acid via two enzymes; fatty-acid Synthase and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (EC: 2.3.1.85 and EC: 1.1.1.100). 12-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
5-Hydroxysebacate
5-hydroxysebacate is a metabolite found in the urine of patients with peroxismal diseases.
8-Hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid
8-Hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid is found in fats and oils. 8-Hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid is present in the glycerides of Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallowtree) in an enantiomeric for
4-Hydroxy-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid
4-Hydroxy-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313). A polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids [PhenolExplorer]
Hydroxy Ritonavir
C37H48N6O6S2 (736.3076588000001)
Hydroxy Ritonavir is a metabolite of ritonavir. Ritonavir, with trade name Norvir, is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. Ritonavir is frequently prescribed with HAART, not for its antiviral action, but as it inhibits the same host enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors. This inhibition leads to higher plasma concentrations of these latter drugs, allowing the clinician to lower their dose and frequency and improving their clinical efficacy. (Wikipedia)
3-hydroxyhexanoate
3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid (CAS: 10191-24-9) is a hydroxy fatty acid. In humans, fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation. 3-Hydroxyhexanoic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212).
3-hydroxyheptanoic acid
3-Hydroxyheptanoic acid is a medium-chain hydroxy fatty acid. In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.
(7R)-7-hydroxyoctanoic Acid
(7R)-7-hydroxyoctanoic Acid is also known as (-)-7-Hydroxycaprylate. (7R)-7-hydroxyoctanoic Acid is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. (7R)-7-hydroxyoctanoic Acid can be synthesized from octanoic acid. (7R)-7-hydroxyoctanoic Acid can be synthesized into icas#14 and ascr#14. (7R)-7-hydroxyoctanoic Acid is a fatty acid lipid molecule
4-Hydroxy-5-(3',5'-dihydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid
4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid
4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid or DHHA is a water-soluble organic acid. It probably arises from the reaction of succinic semialdehyde with an intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway. DHHA is found in the urine and appears to be a marker for Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (PMID: 3126356 ). SSADH is a disorder that arises from a defect in gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism, resulting in the accumulation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, adipic acid as well as elevated levels of 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid, and 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid lactone. SSADH causes neurological and cognitive disorders of varying severity (PMID: 3126356 ). Children with SSADH deficiency usually manifest with developmental delay, behavioral symptoms, language dysfunction, seizures, hypotonia, extrapyramidal symptoms, and ataxia (PMID: 32055132).
(Z)-5-[(2R,3S,4S)-4-Hydroxy-2-[(E)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]oxan-3-yl]pent-3-enoic acid
Lovastatin acid
3-[(1R,2R,3S)-3-Carboxy-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]dioxirane-3-carboxylic acid
(3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2R,3R,8S,8Ar)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
Calcium gluconate
C12H22CaO14 (430.06354220000003)
Food additive: firming agent, sequestrant, stabiliser, texturiser. Anticaking agent in powdered coffee↵↵Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement. It is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. Calcium gluconate contains 9.3\\% calcium. It is also used to counteract an overdose of magnesium sulfate, often administered to pregnant women experiencing premature labor to slow or stop contractions. Excess magnesium sulfate can cause respiratory depression, for which calcium gluconate would be the antidote. Food additive: firming agent, sequestrant, stabiliser, texturiser. Anticaking agent in powdered coffee
Potassium gluconate
Dietary supplement (potassium), sequestrant. Potassium gluconate is a mineral supplement and sequestrant. Dietary supplement (potassium), sequestrant
Copper(II) gluconate
It is used as a food additive
2-(3'-methylthio)propylmalate
2-(3-methylthio)propylmalate, also known as 2-hydroxy-2-[3-(methylsulfanyl)propyl]succinate or 2-(3-methylsulfanyl)propylmalic acid, belongs to medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain. 2-(3-methylthio)propylmalate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(3-methylthio)propylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as broad bean, gram bean, sesbania flower, and cherimoya, which makes 2-(3-methylthio)propylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
2-(4'-methylthio)butylmalate
2-(4-methylthio)butylmalate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(4-methylthio)butylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as fenugreek, chinese cinnamon, kumquat, and rapini, which makes 2-(4-methylthio)butylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
2-(5'-methylthio)pentylmalate
2-(5-methylthio)pentylmalate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(5-methylthio)pentylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as colorado pinyon, yellow bell pepper, asian pear, and celery stalks, which makes 2-(5-methylthio)pentylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
2-(6'-methylthio)hexylmalate
2-(6-methylthio)hexylmalate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(6-methylthio)hexylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as common mushroom, greenthread tea, butternut squash, and romaine lettuce, which makes 2-(6-methylthio)hexylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
2-(7'-methylthio)heptylmalate
C12H20O5S (276.10313900000006)
2-(7-methylthio)heptylmalate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-(7-methylthio)heptylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as lima bean, redcurrant, butternut, and green zucchini, which makes 2-(7-methylthio)heptylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-(3'-methylthio)propylmalate
3-(3-methylthio)propylmalate, also known as 3-(3-methylsulfanyl)propylmalic acid, belongs to medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain. 3-(3-methylthio)propylmalate is soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(3-methylthio)propylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as elderberry, fig, bitter gourd, and potato, which makes 3-(3-methylthio)propylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-(4'-methylthio)butylmalate
3-(4-methylthio)butylmalate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(4-methylthio)butylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as broccoli, yellow zucchini, pepper (spice), and sesbania flower, which makes 3-(4-methylthio)butylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-(5'-methylthio)pentylmalate
3-(5-methylthio)pentylmalate is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(5-methylthio)pentylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as evening primrose, other bread, sunflower, and broad bean, which makes 3-(5-methylthio)pentylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-(6'-methylthio)hexylmalate
3-(6-methylthio)hexylmalate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(6-methylthio)hexylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as feijoa, chanterelle, pepper (c. baccatum), and date, which makes 3-(6-methylthio)hexylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
3-(7'-methylthio)heptylmalate
C12H20O5S (276.10313900000006)
3-(7-methylthio)heptylmalate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-(7-methylthio)heptylmalate can be found in a number of food items such as teff, babassu palm, corn, and cauliflower, which makes 3-(7-methylthio)heptylmalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
ω-hydroxylaurate
œâ-hydroxylaurate, also known as ω-hydroxylauric acid or 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid, belongs to medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain. œâ-hydroxylaurate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). œâ-hydroxylaurate can be found in a number of food items such as hedge mustard, lichee, pecan nut, and java plum, which makes œâ-hydroxylaurate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ω-hydroxylaurate, also known as ω-hydroxylauric acid or 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid, belongs to medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain. ω-hydroxylaurate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ω-hydroxylaurate can be found in a number of food items such as hedge mustard, lichee, pecan nut, and java plum, which makes ω-hydroxylaurate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.