Classification Term: 189
Biopterins and derivatives (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0001651)
Coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland." []
found 23 associated metabolites at category metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Pterins and derivatives
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin (CAS: 17528-72-2), also known as BH4, is an essential cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (PMID: 16946131). In fact, it is used by all three human nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS as well as the enzyme glyceryl-ether monooxygenase. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine into L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and the conversion of tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase. Specifically, tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase, all of which are essential for the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Tetrahydrobiopterin has been proposed to be involved in the promotion of neurotransmitter release in the brain and the regulation of human melanogenesis. A defect in BH4 production and/or a defect in the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) causes phenylketonuria type IV, as well as dopa-responsive dystonias. BH4 is also implicated in Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, and depression. Tetrahydrobiopterin is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher animals. On the other hand, most bacteria, fungi and plants do not synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin (Wikipedia). A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AX - Various alimentary tract and metabolism products C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant Tetrahydrobiopterin ((Rac)-Sapropterin) is a cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases enzymes and also acts as an essential cofactor for all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms.
d-Threo biopterin
6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
2-Amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]-7,8-dihydro-3H-pteridin-4-one
7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
L-Threoneopterin
L-Threoneopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesized by macrophages upon stimulation by interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins. Neopterin is a pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections (From Stedman, 26th ed). Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. Neopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesised by macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins.A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [HMDB] Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Dihydrobiopterin
Dihydrobiopterin, also known as BH2, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin, L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin, quinonoid dihydrobiopterin or q-BH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Dihydrobiopterin is also classified as a pteridine. Pteridines are aromatic compounds composed of fused pyrimidine and pyrazine rings. Dihydrobiopterin is produced during the synthesis of neurotransmitters L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin via the NADPH-dependant reduction of dihydrobiopterin reductase. Dihydrobiopterin can also be converted to tetrahydrobiopterin by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which is catalyzed by the flavoprotein "diaphorase" activity of NOS. This activity is located on the reductase (C-terminal) domain of NOS, whereas the high affinity tetrahydrobiopterin site involved in NOS activation is located on the oxygenase (N-terminal) domain (PMID: 8626754). Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) is another enzyme that plays a role in the production of dihydrobiopterin. SPR catalyzes the reduction of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the precursor for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is a cofactor critical for nitric oxide biosynthesis and alkylglycerol and aromatic amino acid metabolism (PMID: 25550200). Dihydrobiopterin is known to be synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Dihydrobiopterin exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, dihydrobiopterin is involved in several metabolic disorders including dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) deficiency. DHPR deficiency is a severe form of hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) due to impaired regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) leading to decreased levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) and folate in cerebrospinal fluid, and causing neurological symptoms such as psychomotor delay, hypotonia, seizures, abnormal movements, hypersalivation, and swallowing difficulties. Dihydrobiopterin is also associated with another metabolic disorder known as sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD). Sepiapterin reductase catalyzes the (NADP-dependent) reduction of carbonyl derivatives, including pteridines, and plays an important role in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. Low dihydrofolate reductase activity in the brain leads to the accumulation of dihydrobiopterin, which in turn, inhibits tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases. This uncouples neuronal nitric oxide synthase, leading to neurotransmitter deficiencies and neuronal cell death. SRD is characterized by low cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter levels and the presence of elevated cerebrospinal fluid dihydrobiopterin. SRD is characterized by motor delay, axial hypotonia, language delay, diurnal fluctuation of symptoms, dystonia, weakness, oculogyric crises, dysarthria, parkinsonian signs and hyperreflexia. Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is a natural occurring cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylase and is involved in the synthesis of tyrosine and the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. Tetrahydrobiopterin is also essential for nitric oxide synthase catalyzed oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide. [HMDB] 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is an oxidation product of tetrahydrobiopterin.
4a-Carbinolamine tetrahydrobiopterin
Carbinolamine 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin is formed as a consequence of the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine. During the physiological reaction tetrahydrobiopterin (the naturally occurring cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase), and the two substrates phenylalanine and molecular oxygen combine with phenylalanine hydroxylase to form a quarternary complex. An enzyme, 4a-carbinolamine dehydratase, catalyzes the reaction. (PMID: 2722790) [HMDB] Carbinolamine 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin is formed as a consequence of the hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine. During the physiological reaction tetrahydrobiopterin (the naturally occurring cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase), and the two substrates phenylalanine and molecular oxygen combine with phenylalanine hydroxylase to form a quarternary complex. An enzyme, 4a-carbinolamine dehydratase, catalyzes the reaction. (PMID: 2722790). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Dihydroneopterin triphosphate
The biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) from dihydroneopterin triphosphate (NH2P3) was studied in human liver extract. The phosphate-eliminating enzyme (PEE) was purified approximately 750-fold. The conversion of NH2P3 to BH4 was catalyzed by this enzyme in the presence of partially purified sepiapterin reductase, Mg2+, and NADPH. The PEE is heat stable when heated at 80°C for 5 min. It has a molecular weight of 63 000 daltons. One possible intermediate 6-(1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl)5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin(2-oxo-tetrahydropte rin) was formed upon incubation of BH4 in the presence of sepiapterin reductase and NADP+ at pH 9.0. The reduction of this compound with NaBD4 yielded monodeutero-, threo-, and erythro-BH4; the deuterium was incorporated at the 2 position. This and the UV spectra were consistent with a 2-oxo-tetrahydropterin structure. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzed the reduction of BH2 into BH4 and was found to be specific for the pro-R-NADPH side. The sepiapterin reductase catalyzed the transfer of the pro-S hydrogen of NADPH during the reduction of sepiapterin into BH2. In the presence of crude liver extracts, the conversion of NH2P3 into BH4 requires NADPH. Two deuterium atoms were incorporated from (4S-2H)NADHP in the 1 and 2 position of the BH4 side chain. The incorporation of one hydrogen from the solvent was found at position C(6). These results are consistent with the occurrence of an intramolecular redox exchange between the pteridine nucleus and the side chain and formation of 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin(tetrahydro-1-2-dioxopterin) as an intermediate (PMID: 3930838). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
2-Amino-4-oxo-4-alpha-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxypterin
2-Amino-4-oxo-4-alpha-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxypterin is a pterin derivative. Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring with Several tautomers; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. As a group, pterins are compounds that are derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxopteridine, with additional functional groups attached to the pyrazine ring. Pterins were first discovered in the pigments of butterfly wings and perform many roles in coloration in the biological world. Pterins also function as cofactors in enzyme catalysis (Wikipedia). Some pterin derivatives (biopterin, 6-formylpterin, 6-carboxypterin) accumulate in the skin of patients affected by vitiligo, a depigmentation disorder, where the protection against UV radiation fails due to the lack of melanin. Pterins participate in biologically important photosensitization processes; for example, pterins act as sensitizers in photochemical reactions that induce DNA damage4,5 and are able to generate singlet molecular oxygen6 and other reactive oxygen species (PMID: 19199487). 2-Amino-4-oxo-4-alpha-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxypterin is a pterin derivative. Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring with Several tautomers; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. As a group, pterins are compounds that are derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxopteridine, with additional functional groups attached to the pyrazine ring. Pterins were first discovered in the pigments of butterfly wings and perform many roles in coloration in the biological world. Pterins also function as cofactors in enzyme catalysis .
2-Amino-4-oxo-6-(1',2',3'-trihydroxypropyl)-diquinoid-7,8-dihydroxypterin
2-Amino-4-oxo-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-diquinoid-7,8-dihydroxypterin is a pterin derivative. Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring with Several tautomers; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. As a group, pterins are compounds that are derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxopteridine, with additional functional groups attached to the pyrazine ring. Pterins were first discovered in the pigments of butterfly wings and perform many roles in coloration in the biological world. Pterins also function as cofactors in enzyme catalysis (Wikipedia). Some pterin derivatives (biopterin, 6-formylpterin, 6-carboxypterin) accumulate in the skin of patients affected by vitiligo, a depigmentation disorder, where the protection against UV radiation fails due to the lack of melanin. Pterins participate in biologically important photosensitization processes; for example, pterins act as sensitizers in photochemical reactions that induce DNA damage4,5 and are able to generate singlet molecular oxygen6 and other reactive oxygen species (PMID: 19199487). 2-Amino-4-oxo-6-(1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-diquinoid-7,8-dihydroxypterin is a pterin derivative. Pterin is a heterocyclic compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring with Several tautomers; the pyrimidine ring has a carbonyl oxygen and an amino group. As a group, pterins are compounds that are derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxopteridine, with additional functional groups attached to the pyrazine ring. Pterins were first discovered in the pigments of butterfly wings and perform many roles in coloration in the biological world. Pterins also function as cofactors in enzyme catalysis .
Dihydroneopterin phosphate
Dihydroneopterin phosphate is involved in the folate biosynthesis pathway. Dihydroneopterin phosphate is produced from 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropteridine. triphosphate by [E3.6.1.-]. Dihydroneopterin phosphate is then converted to Dihydroneopterin by [E3.6.1.-]. Dihydroneopterin phosphate is involved in the folate biosynthesis pathway. Dihydroneopterin phosphate is produced from 2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)dihydropteridine
4a-Hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is essential for catalyzing the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase. During this physiological reaction, the oxidation of BH4 creates 4a-hydroxytetrahydropterin (CAS: 70110-58-6) intermediates and hydrogen peroxide is formed. The hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxytetrahydropterin can both be derived from alternate breakdown routes of a common precursor, the corresponding 4a-hydroperoxytetrahydropterin (PMID: 8323303). Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is essential to catalyze the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase. During this physiological reaction, the oxidation of BH4 creates 4a-hydroxytetrahydropterin intermediates and hydrogen peroxide is formed. The hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxytetrahydropterin can both derive from alternate routes of breakdown of a common precursor, the corresponding 4a-hydroperoxytetrahydropterin. (PMID 8323303) [HMDB]
Tetrahydroneopterin
Tetrahydroneopterin is a reduced form of neopterin. [HMDB] Tetrahydroneopterin is a reduced form of neopterin.
Biopterin
Biopterin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Parkinsons disease, in which the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons degenerate, are lower than those from age-matched older controls. In hereditary progressive dystonia/DOPA-responsive dystonia, which is a dopamine deficiency caused by mutations in GTP cyclohydrolase I without neuronal cell death (Segawas disease), biopterin in cerebrospinal fluid decrease in parallel owing to the decreased activity in GTP cyclohydrolase I (EC 3.5.4.16, is an enzyme that is part of the folate and biopterin biosynthesis pathways. It is responsible for the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to form 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. (Pteridines (1999), 10(1), 5-13.) Lowered levels of urinary biopterin concomitant with elevated serum phenylalanine concentration occur in a variant type of hyperphenylalaninemia caused by a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the obligatory cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase. The most frequent form of this cofactor deficiency is due to lack of 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) activity, the second enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for BH4. (PMID 8178819) The hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylating system consists of 3 essential components, phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase, and the nonprotein coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin. The reductase and the pterin coenzyme are also essential components of the tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylating systems. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of 1 of these essential components. The variant forms of the disease that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurol. deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837) [HMDB] Biopterin, also known as tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. Biopterin or tetrahydrobiopterin is also classified as a pterin derivative that consists of pterin group bearing an amino, an oxo and a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituent at positions 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Biopterin compounds found within the animals include BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), the free radical BH3, and BH2 (also a free radical, called Dihydrobiopterin). BH2 is produced in the synthesis of L-DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin by the enzyme dihydrobiopterin reductase. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline). It is also a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide syntheses. Tetrahydrobiopterin is biosynthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by three chemical reactions mediated by the enzymes GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), and sepiapterin reductase (SR). Biopterin synthesis disorders are a cause of hyperphenylalaninemia. There are 3 distinct forms of phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia, each caused by lack of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes. The variant forms of hyperphenylalaninemia that are caused by the lack of dihydropteridine reductase or tetrahydrobiopterin are characterized by severe neurological deterioration, impaired functioning of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases, and the resultant deficiency of tyrosine- and tryptophan-derived monoamine neurotransmitters in brain. (PMID 3930837). 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
7,8-Dihydroneopterin
7,8-Dihydroneopterin, also known as dihydroneopterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Within humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be biosynthesized from sepiapterin; which is catalyzed by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase or carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the metabolic disorder called hyperphenylalaninemia due to 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is produced by human monocyte-derived macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma. Increased amounts of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in human body fluids are found in many disorders, including viral infections and autoimmune diseases (PMID: 12804528). 7,8-dihydroneopterin, also known as npr, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydroneopterin can be found in a number of food items such as prickly pear, star anise, cocoa bean, and black salsify, which makes 7,8-dihydroneopterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 7,8-dihydroneopterin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is involved in the pterine biosynthesis. 7,8-dihydroneopterin is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency, sepiapterin reductase deficiency, dopa-responsive dystonia, and hyperphenylalaniemia due to guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase deficiency. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin, an inflammation marker, induces cellular apoptosis in astrocytes and neurons via enhancement of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin can be used in the research of neurodegenerative diseases[1].
D-Biopterin
D-Biopterin is a pterin which is a chemical compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring. The level of biopterin decreases in the urine of patients with guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I. (PMID 10770663) [HMDB] D-Biopterin is a pterin which is a chemical compound composed of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring. The level of biopterin decreases in the urine of patients with guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I. (PMID 10770663). 6-Biopterin (L-Biopterin), a pterin derivative, is a NO synthase cofactor.
Orinapterin
Orinapterin is a threo diastereomer of biopterin, was first isolated from human urine. Its structure was shown to be 2-amino-4(3H)-oxo-6-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]pteridine. A non-enzymatic transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin by a mechanism analogous to keto-enol tautomerism is postulated for the formation of umanopterin and orinapterin in human body. [HMDB] Orinapterin is a threo diastereomer of biopterin, was first isolated from human urine. Its structure was shown to be 2-amino-4(3H)-oxo-6-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]pteridine. A non-enzymatic transformation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin by a mechanism analogous to keto-enol tautomerism is postulated for the formation of umanopterin and orinapterin in human body.
Neopterin
Neopterin, also known as monapterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biopterins and derivatives. These are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative and are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. Neopterin is a solid that is soluble in water. Neopterin is a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). In humans, it is involved in pterine biosynthesis and it also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin, which is an essential cofactor in neurotransmitter synthesis. Neopterin has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products and are normally excreted in the urine or feces. Uremic toxins can cause kidney, liver and heart damage. They can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Uremic toxins such as neopterin are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Elevated levels of neopterin result from immune system activation, including from malignant cancer, allograft rejection, viral infection, and autoimmune disorders (PMID: 19500901). Measurement of neopterin concentration allows estimation of the extent of oxidative stress elicited by the immune system. Neopterin concentrations usually correlate with the extent and activity of a given disease, and are also used to monitor the course of the disease. Elevated neopterin concentrations are among the best predictors of adverse outcome in patients with HIV infection, in cardiovascular disease, and in various types of cancer. Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
Umanopterin
Umanopterin is a pteridine derivative. It is identified in body fluids. An elevated level of umanopterin is associated with immune system activation, malignant diseases, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (http://www.online-medical-dictionary.org/) [HMDB] Umanopterin is a pteridine derivative. It is identified in body fluids. An elevated level of umanopterin is associated with immune system activation, malignant diseases, allograft rejection, and viral infections (http://www.online-medical-dictionary.org/). Neopterin (D-(+)-Neopterin), a catabolic product of guanosine triphosphate (GTM), serves as a marker of cellular immune system activation.
D-Erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin
(6S)-2-Amino-6-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pteridin-4-one
Tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4 is a cofactor in the synthesis of nitric oxide. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase. A defect in BH4 production and/or a defect in the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) causes phenylketonuria type IV, as well as dopa-responsive dystonias. -- Wikipedia. [HMDB] Tetrahydrobiopterin ((Rac)-Sapropterin) is a cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases enzymes and also acts as an essential cofactor for all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms.
4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin
4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin, also known as 4a-hthb, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin can be found in a number of food items such as garden cress, japanese pumpkin, tronchuda cabbage, and arctic blackberry, which makes 4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. In humans, 4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include disulfiram action pathway, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. 4alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hawkinsinuria, monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), phenylketonuria, and tyrosinemia type 3 (TYRO3). 4α-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin, also known as 4a-hthb, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 4α-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4α-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin can be found in a number of food items such as garden cress, japanese pumpkin, tronchuda cabbage, and arctic blackberry, which makes 4α-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. In humans, 4α-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include disulfiram action pathway, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. 4α-hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include hawkinsinuria, monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), phenylketonuria, and tyrosinemia type 3 (TYRO3).
7,8-dihydromonapterin
7,8-dihydromonapterin, also known as dhm or h2-mpt, belongs to biopterins and derivatives class of compounds. Those are coenzymes containing a 2-amino-pteridine-4-one derivative. They are mainly synthesized in several parts of the body, including the pineal gland. 7,8-dihydromonapterin is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydromonapterin can be found in a number of food items such as mugwort, pineapple, eggplant, and japanese pumpkin, which makes 7,8-dihydromonapterin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-phosphate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, sweet bay, japanese persimmon, and caraway, which makes 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
