Classification Term: 168991
Fatty aldehydes (ontology term: d2e86f7a7d97168ae2236aaf057b2503)
found 50 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Fatty aldehydes
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Hexadecenal
Among the 19 human ALDHs, ALDH3A2 is the only known ALDH that catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain fatty aldehydes including C16 aldehydes (hexadecanal and trans-2-hexadecenal) generated through sphingolipid metabolism. (PMID: 23721920) We recently identified that two products within the sphingolipid pathway, sphingosine-1-PO4 and hexadecenal, directly regulate BAK and BAX activation, respectively. (PMID: 23750296) Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SPL) is the only known enzyme that irreversibly cleaves sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) into phosphoethanolamine and (2E)-hexadecenal during the final step of sphingolipid catabolism. (PMID: 22444536) Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a bioactive signaling molecule with diverse cellular functions, is irreversibly degraded by the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, generating trans-2-hexadecenal and phosphoethanolamine. We recently demonstrated that trans-2-hexadecenal causes cytoskeletal reorganization, detachment, and apoptosis in multiple cell types via a JNK-dependent pathway. (PMID: 22727907)
Succinic acid semialdehyde
Succinic acid semialdehyde (or succinate semialdehyde) is an intermediate in the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA (PMID:16435183). It is formed from GABA by the action of GABA transaminase, which leads to the production of succinate semialdehyde and alanine. The resulting succinate semialdehyde is further oxidized by succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase to become succinic acid, which also yields NADPH. Under certain situations, high levels of succinate semialdehyde can function as a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the brain and nerve tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Elevated serum levels of succinate semialdehyde are found in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria), a rare neurometabolic disorder of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) degradation. Symptoms include motor delay, hypotonia, speech delay, autistic features, seizures, and ataxia. Patients also exhibit behavioural problems such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, anxiety, or aggression (PMID:18622364). Succinate semialdehyde is considered a reactive carbonyl and may lead to increased oxidative stress. This stress is believed to contribute to the formation of free radicals in the brain tissue of animal models induced with SSADH deficiency, which further leads to secondary cell damage and death. Additionally, oxidative stress may be responsible for the loss of striatal dopamine, which may contribute to the neuropathology of SSADH deficiency. Succinic acid semialdehyde is an intermediate in the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyrate (PMID 16435183). Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction of succinate semialdehyde and NAD+ to form succinate and NADH. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria) is a rare neurometabolic disorder of gamma-aminobutyric acid degradation. Symptoms include motor delay, hypotonia, speech delay, autistic features, seizures, and ataxia. Patients also exhibit behavioral problems, such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, anxiety, or aggression. (PMID: 18622364) [HMDB]. Succinic acid semialdehyde is found in many foods, some of which are yellow zucchini, japanese chestnut, banana, and pineappple sage.
Palmitaldehyde
Palmitaldehyde, also known as 1-hexadecanal, is a member of the class of compounds known as fatty aldehydes. Fatty aldehydes are long chain aldehydes with a chain of at least 12 carbon atoms. Thus, palmitaldehyde is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Palmitaldehyde is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Palmitaldehyde can be found in a number of food items such as rose hip, lambsquarters, pak choy, and swede, which makes palmitaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Palmitaldehyde exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, palmitaldehyde is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include globoid cell leukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), and sphingolipid metabolism. Palmitaldehyde is also involved in few metabolic disorders, which include fabry disease, gaucher disease, and krabbe disease. Palmitaldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of Glycosphingolipid. It is a substrate for Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1]. Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde present in animals[1].
Stearaldehyde
Stearaldehyde or octadecanal is a normal long chain fatty aldehyde that can be found in total lipid extracts of muscle tissue. Stearaldehyde can also be found in the plasma of patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessively inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). (PMID 14564703, 11408337). Octadecanal is often used as the substrate of choice to test FALDH activity in patients suspected of having Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. [HMDB] Stearaldehyde or octadecanal is a normal long chain fatty aldehyde that can be found in total lipid extracts of muscle tissue. Stearaldehyde can also be found in the plasma of patients with Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessively inherited neurocutaneous disorder caused by a deficiency of the microsomal enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). (PMID 14564703, 11408337). Octadecanal is often used as the substrate of choice to test FALDH activity in patients suspected of having Sjogren-Larsson syndrome.
Pentadecanal
Isolated from essential oil of Cinnamomum micranthum and from lemon oil (Citrus limon). Pentadecanal is found in many foods, some of which are lemon, herbs and spices, citrus, and coriander. Pentadecanal is found in citrus. Pentadecanal is isolated from essential oil of Cinnamomum micranthum and from lemon oil (Citrus limon
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), one of the major end products of lipid peroxidation, has been shown to be involved in signal transduction and available evidence suggests that it can affect cell cycle events in a concentration-dependent manner. glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) can modulate the intracellular concentrations of HNE by affecting its generation during lipid peroxidation by reducing hydroperoxides and also by converting it into a glutathione conjugate. Overexpression of the Alpha class GSTs in cells leads to lower steady-state levels of HNE, and these cells acquire resistance to apoptosis induced by lipid peroxidation-causing agents such as H(2)O(2), UVA, superoxide anion, and pro-oxidant xenobiotics, suggesting that signaling for apoptosis by these agents is transduced through HNE. Cells with the capacity to exclude HNE from the intracellular environment at a faster rate are relatively more resistant to apoptosis caused by H(2)O(2), UVA, superoxide anion, and pro-oxidant xenobiotics as well as by HNE, suggesting that HNE may be a common denominator in mechanisms of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Transfection of adherent cells with HNE-metabolizing GSTs leads to transformation of these cells due to depletion of HNE. (PMID 15288119). HNE has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015853 - Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents Constituent of beef and pork. Lipid peroxidation product 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is an α,β unsaturated hydroxyalkenal and an oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarker. 4-Hydroxynonenal is a substrate and an inhibitor of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). 4-Hydroxynonenal can modulate a number of signaling processes mainly through forming covalent adducts with nucleophilic functional groups in proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane lipids. 4-Hydroxynonenal plays an important role in cancer through mitochondria[1][2][3].
Pentanal
Pentanal, also known as N-valeraldehyde or amyl aldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydro gen aldehydes. These are aldehydes with the general formula HC(H)(R)C(=O)H, where R is an organyl group. Pentanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain. Thus, pentanal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Pentanal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Pentanal is an almond, berry, and bready tasting compound. Pentanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black walnuts, milk (cow), and carrots and in a lower concentration in corns, tortilla, and safflowers. Pentanal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as crustaceans, garden tomato, herbs and spices, and guava. This could make pentanal a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Found in olive oil and several essential oilsand is also present in Bantu beer, plum brandy, cardamom, coriander leaf, rice, Bourbon vanilla, clary sage, cooked shrimps, scallops, apple, banana, sweet cherry, blackcurrant and other foods.
(E,E)-2,4-Octadienal
Present in roasted beef, bread, cheese, cocoa beans, fresh salted salmon, sturgeon caviar, salmon roe, salmon oil, pickled ham, grapes, cooked mutton, peanuts, rice, roasted sesame seeds and black tea. Flavouring ingredient. (E,E)-2,4-Octadienal is found in many foods, some of which are milk and milk products, cereals and cereal products, nuts, and fruits. (E,E)-2,4-Octadienal is found in animal foods. (E,E)-2,4-Octadienal is present in roasted beef, bread, cheese, cocoa beans, fresh salted salmon, sturgeon caviar, salmon roe, salmon oil, pickled ham, grapes, cooked mutton, peanuts, rice, roasted sesame seeds and black tea. (E,E)-2,4-Octadienal is a flavouring ingredien
Hexenal
Constituent of many foods. Flavouring ingredient. 2-Hexenal is found in many foods, some of which are black elderberry, ginkgo nuts, cucumber, and burdock. Trans-?2-?Hexenal can be used for the determination of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds which are reactive with biological nucleophiles in biological samples[1]. Trans-?2-?Hexenal can be used for the determination of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds which are reactive with biological nucleophiles in biological samples[1].
Caproaldehyde
A saturated fatty aldehyde that is hexane in which one of the terminal methyl group has been mono-oxygenated to form the corresponding aldehyde. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000935 - Antifungal Agents D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
2-heptenal
Isolated from soya bean oil (Glycine max). Flavouring constituent of many foods. 2-Heptenal is found in pulses.
PENTADECANAL
A long-chain fatty aldehyde that is pentadecane carrying an oxo substituent at position 1. It is a component of essential oils from plants like Solanum erianthum and Cassia siamea.
Hexenal
Trans-?2-?Hexenal can be used for the determination of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds which are reactive with biological nucleophiles in biological samples[1]. Trans-?2-?Hexenal can be used for the determination of low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds which are reactive with biological nucleophiles in biological samples[1].
4-hydroxynonenal
The E (trans) stereoisomer of 4-hydroxynon-2-enal; it is the primary alpha,beta-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal produced by lipid peroxidation in cells. D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors > D015853 - Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D003432 - Cross-Linking Reagents 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is an α,β unsaturated hydroxyalkenal and an oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarker. 4-Hydroxynonenal is a substrate and an inhibitor of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). 4-Hydroxynonenal can modulate a number of signaling processes mainly through forming covalent adducts with nucleophilic functional groups in proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane lipids. 4-Hydroxynonenal plays an important role in cancer through mitochondria[1][2][3].
