Bilobalide (BioDeep_00000229962)

 

Secondary id: BioDeep_00000003598

natural product PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 Volatile Flavor Compounds


代谢物信息卡片


4H,5aH,9H-Furo(2,3-b)furo(3,2:2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (5aR-(3aS*,5aalpha,8beta,8aS*,9alpha,10aalpha))-

化学式: C15H18O8 (326.1001628)
中文名称: 白果内酯
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Viridiplantae(plant) 0.89%

分子结构信息

SMILES: CC(C)(C)C1(CC2C3(C14C(C(=O)OC4OC3=O)O)CC(=O)O2)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C15H18O8/c1-12(2,3)14(20)4-6-13(5-7(16)21-6)10(19)23-11-15(13,14)8(17)9(18)22-11/h6,8,11,17,20H,4-5H2,1-3H3

描述信息

Bilobalide is a terpenoid trilactone found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba.
Bilobalide is a natural product found in Ginkgo biloba with data available.
See also: Ginkgo (part of).
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.473
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.474
relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.470
Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits the NMDA-induced efflux of choline with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Exerts protective and trophic effects on neurons[1][2].
Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits the NMDA-induced efflux of choline with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Exerts protective and trophic effects on neurons[1][2].

同义名列表

23 个代谢物同义名

4H,5aH,9H-Furo(2,3-b)furo(3,2:2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (5aR-(3aS*,5aalpha,8beta,8aS*,9alpha,10aalpha))-; 4H,5aH,9H-Furo[2,3-b]furo[3,2:2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (3aS,5aR,8R,8aS,9R,10aS)-; 4H,5aH,9H-furo(2,3-b)furo(3,2:2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (3aS,5aR,8R,8aS,9R,10aS)-; 4H,5aH,9H-Furo[2,3-b]furo[3,2:2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-,(3aS,5aR,8R,8aS,9R,10aS)-; (3aS,8R,8aS,9R,10aS)-9-tert-butyl-8,9-dihydroxydihydro-9H-furo[2,3-b]furo[3,2:2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione; (3aS,8R,8aS,9R,10aS)-9-tert-butyl-8,9-dihydroxydihydro-9H-furo(2,3-b)furo(3,2:2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3H,8H)-trione; (1S,4R,7R,8S,9R,11S)-9-tert-butyl-7,9-dihydroxy-3,5,12-trioxatetracyclo[6.6.0.0^{1,11}.0^{4,8}]tetradecane-2,6,13-trione; (1S,4R,7R,8S,9R,11S)-9-tert-butyl-7,9-dihydroxy-3,5,12-trioxatetracyclo[6.6.0.01,11.04,8]tetradecane-2,6,13-trione; (-)-Bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba leaves, >=93\\% (HPLC); BILOBALIDE (CONSTITUENT OF GINKGO) [DSC]; BILOBALIDE (CONSTITUENT OF GINKGO); tert-butyl(dihydroxy)[?]trione; BILOBALIDE [WHO-DD]; BILOBALIDE [MI]; UNII-M81D2O8H7U; (-)-bilobalide; Bilobalide A; M81D2O8H7U; Bilobalide; Bilobalid; 9-Tert-butyl-7,9-dihydroxy-3,5,12-trioxatetracyclo[6.6.0.01,11.04,8]tetradecane-2,6,13-trione; Bilobalide; Bilobalide



数据库引用编号

23 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

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代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

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BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

54 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Lars Wiklund, Aruna Sharma, Dafin F Muresanu, Zhiqiang Zhang, Cong Li, Z Ryan Tian, Anca D Buzoianu, José Vicente Lafuente, Ala Nozari, Lianyuan Feng, Hari Shanker Sharma. TiO2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. Advances in neurobiology. 2023; 32(?):353-384. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9. [PMID: 37480466]
  • Qiang Su, Jing Dong, Donglei Zhang, Lu Yang, Rupak Roy. Protective Effects of the Bilobalide on Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2022 Dec; 194(12):6407-6422. doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-04012-5. [PMID: 35932369]
  • T-T Niu, B-Y Yuan, G-Z Liu. Ginkgolides and bilobalide for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19: potential mechanisms of action. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2022 12; 26(24):9502-9510. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202212_30702. [PMID: 36591860]
  • Li-Juan Song, Ruo-Xuan Sui, Jing Wang, Qiang Miao, Yan He, Jun-Jun Yin, Jun An, Zhi-Bin Ding, Qing-Xian Han, Qing Wang, Jie-Zhong Yu, Bao-Guo Xiao, Cun-Gen Ma. Targeting the differentiation of astrocytes by Bilobalide in the treatment of Parkinson's disease model. The International journal of neuroscience. 2022 Aug; ?(?):1-18. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2100778. [PMID: 36037147]
  • Jiajia Zhao, Kun Li, Yingying Wang, Dan Li, Qianwen Wang, Shengsheng Xie, Jianxin Wang, Zhong Zuo. Enhanced anti-amnestic effect of donepezil by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) via further improvement in pro-cholinergic and antioxidative activities. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2021 Apr; 269(?):113711. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113711. [PMID: 33352242]
  • Yan Zhang, Hongyin Zhai. Bilobalide assuages morphine-induced addiction in hippocampal neuron cells through upregulation of microRNA-101. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2020 Jul; 34(7):e22493. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22493. [PMID: 32319158]
  • Qiang Miao, Xiao-Xue Zhang, Qing-Xian Han, Si-Si Ren, Ruo-Xuan Sui, Jing-Wen Yu, Jing Wang, Qing Wang, Jie-Zhong Yu, Liang Cao, Wei Xiao, Bao-Guo Xiao, Cun-Gen Ma. The therapeutic potential of bilobalide on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Metabolic brain disease. 2020 06; 35(5):793-807. doi: 10.1007/s11011-020-00555-w. [PMID: 32215835]
  • Hai-Li Dong, Shan Lin, Qiu-Ling Wu, Ri-Xin Su, Zhi-Li Wu, Hong-Yuan Dong, Hui-Liang Li, Wei-Dong Zhang. A new bilobalide isomer and two cis-coumaroylated flavonol glycosides from Ginkgo biloba leaves. Fitoterapia. 2020 Apr; 142(?):104516. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104516. [PMID: 32081701]
  • Shohei Nishimon, Mai Yamaguchi, Hisae Muraki, Noriaki Sakai, Seiji Nishino. Intraperitoneal injection of ginkgolide B, a major active compound of Ginkgo biloba, dose-dependently increases the amount of wake and decreases non-rapid eye movement sleep in C57BL/6 mice. Neuroscience letters. 2020 03; 722(?):134832. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134832. [PMID: 32050100]
  • Dongmei Mao, Hong Li, Lei Zhang, Jian Xu, Chunyan Yu, Qi Zhang. Bilobalide alleviates IL-17-induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells by downregulation of microRNA-125a. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2019 Dec; 33(12):e22405. doi: 10.1002/jbt.22405. [PMID: 31593333]
  • Meghan A Baker, Robert M Demoret, Masaki Ohtawa, Ryan A Shenvi. Concise asymmetric synthesis of (-)-bilobalide. Nature. 2019 11; 575(7784):643-646. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1690-5. [PMID: 31618759]
  • Haihua Zhang, Qiumei Shi, Weixiao Nan, Yaqi Wang, Shiyong Wang, Fuhe Yang, Guangyu Li. Ginkgolide B and bilobalide promote the growth and increase β-catenin expression in hair follicle dermal papilla cells of American minks. BioFactors (Oxford, England). 2019 Nov; 45(6):950-958. doi: 10.1002/biof.1562. [PMID: 31520488]
  • Peter Yaro, Jing Nie, Mingcheng Xu, Kui Zeng, Houhong He, Jianbiao Yao, Ruwei Wang, Su Zeng. Influence of organic anion transporter 1/3 on the pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of ginkgolides and bilobalide. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2019 Oct; 243(?):112098. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112098. [PMID: 31325605]
  • Jun Xiang, Jingsi Zhang, Xiaofang Cai, Feng Yang, Wen Zhu, Wen Zhang, Min Cai, Zhonghai Yu, Xiangting Li, Ting Wu, Guohua Wang, Dingfang Cai. Bilobalide protects astrocytes from oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced oxidative injury by upregulating manganese superoxide dismutase. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2019 Sep; 33(9):2329-2336. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6414. [PMID: 31243840]
  • Ruo-Xuan Sui, Qiang Miao, Jing Wang, Qing Wang, Li-Juan Song, Jing-Wen Yu, Liang Cao, Wei Xiao, Bao-Guo Xiao, Cun-Gen Ma. Protective and therapeutic role of Bilobalide in cuprizone-induced demyelination. International immunopharmacology. 2019 Jan; 66(?):69-81. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.041. [PMID: 30445309]
  • Lu Xiaoyan, Chen Li, Ting Liu, Han Ke, Xingchu Gong, Qingqing Wang, Jianbing Zhang, Xiaohui Fan. Chemical analysis, pharmacological activity and process optimization of the proportion of bilobalide and ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba extract. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2018 Oct; 160(?):46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.037. [PMID: 30071391]
  • Szilvia Czigle, Jaroslav Tóth, Nikoletta Jedlinszki, Erzsébet Háznagy-Radnai, Dezső Csupor, Daniela Tekeľová. Ginkgo biloba Food Supplements on the European Market - Adulteration Patterns Revealed by Quality Control of Selected Samples. Planta medica. 2018 Apr; 84(6-07):475-482. doi: 10.1055/a-0581-5203. [PMID: 29506293]
  • Lei-Lei Gong, Hui-Jun Yuan, Lan Wang, Xiao-Jie Yin, Hai-Yu Xu, Ri-Xin Liang, Hong-Jun Yang. [Simultaneous determination of seven bioactive compounds and pharmacokinetics in rat plasma after oral administration of Yindan Xinnaotong Ruanjiaonang by UPLC-MS/MS]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2017 Dec; 42(23):4665-4673. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.2017.0204. [PMID: 29376269]
  • Jingjing Liu, Yan He, Shuo Chen, Ming Ma, Shouzuo Yao, Bo Chen. New urea-modified paper substrate for enhanced analytical performance of negative ion mode paper spray mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2017 May; 166(?):306-314. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.076. [PMID: 28213239]
  • Z Yan-Yan, G Li-Li, S Guo-Ming, R Rong, T Jing-Zhen. Determination of Ginkgolides A, B, C, J and Bilobalide in Plasma by LC-ESI (-)/MS/MS (QQQ) and its Application to the Pharmacokinetic Study of Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Rats. Drug research. 2016 Oct; 66(10):520-526. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-111904. [PMID: 27490936]
  • Ruiyong Wu, Li Shui, Siyang Wang, Zhenzhen Song, Fadao Tai. Bilobalide alleviates depression-like behavior and cognitive deficit induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice. Behavioural pharmacology. 2016 10; 27(7):596-605. doi: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000252. [PMID: 27509313]
  • Yi-Xin Qian, Ji-Chuan Kang, Yi-Kai Luo, Jun-Jie Zhao, Jun He, Kun Geng. A Bilobalide-Producing Endophytic Fungus, Pestalotiopsis uvicola from Medicinal Plant Ginkgo biloba. Current microbiology. 2016 Aug; 73(2):280-6. doi: 10.1007/s00284-016-1060-6. [PMID: 27155842]
  • L Lu, S Wang, L Fu, D Liu, Y Zhu, A Xu. Bilobalide protection of normal human melanocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage via promotion of antioxidase expression and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 2016 Jan; 41(1):64-73. doi: 10.1111/ced.12664. [PMID: 26178968]
  • Hai-hong Si, Ting Geng, Xiao-ping Sun, Jie Zhao, Jia Xue. [Absolute bioavailability of ginkgolide compounds in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2015 Jul; 40(14):2882-6. doi: NULL. [PMID: 26666044]
  • Wenping Wang, Qian Kang, Na Liu, Qing Zhang, Yewen Zhang, Hui Li, Bochen Zhao, Yanyan Chen, Yi Lan, Qiang Ma, Qing Wu. Enhanced dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of Ginkgo biloba extract by preparing solid dispersion via hot-melt extrusion. Fitoterapia. 2015 Apr; 102(?):189-97. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.10.004. [PMID: 25446043]
  • A Priyanka, V M Nisha, S S Anusree, K G Raghu. Bilobalide attenuates hypoxia induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunctions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via its antioxidant potential. Free radical research. 2014 Oct; 48(10):1206-17. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2014.945442. [PMID: 25039303]
  • Wei-Zu Li, Wang-Yang Wu, Huan Huang, Yang-Yang Wu, Yan-Yan Yin. Protective effect of bilobalide on learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia. Molecular medicine reports. 2013 Sep; 8(3):935-41. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1573. [PMID: 23835946]
  • Hui Zhao, Yuhong Wang, Fang Liu, Yan Wang, Xue Gu, Chao Yan. [Microfluidic evaporative light scattering detector coupled with capillary liquid chromatography and its application to Ginkgo biloba extract analysis]. Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography. 2013 Aug; 31(8):795-9. doi: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.12043. [PMID: 24369616]
  • Leige Ma, Shiyan Wang, Fadao Tai, Gang Yuan, Ruiyong Wu, Xiao Liu, Bin Wei, Xiangping Yang. Effects of bilobalide on anxiety, spatial learning, memory and levels of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors in male Kunming mice. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2012 Dec; 20(1):89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.015. [PMID: 23083816]
  • Anne Eckert. Mitochondrial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract. International psychogeriatrics. 2012 Aug; 24 Suppl 1(?):S18-20. doi: 10.1017/s1041610212000531. [PMID: 22784423]
  • Walter E Müller, Jeanine Heiser, Kristina Leuner. Effects of the standardized Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on neuroplasticity. International psychogeriatrics. 2012 Aug; 24 Suppl 1(?):S21-4. doi: 10.1017/s1041610212000592. [PMID: 22784424]
  • Feng Qiu, J Brent Friesen, James B McAlpine, Guido F Pauli. Design of countercurrent separation of Ginkgo biloba terpene lactones by nuclear magnetic resonance. Journal of chromatography. A. 2012 Jun; 1242(?):26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.081. [PMID: 22579361]
  • In-Hyuk Jung, You-Han Lee, Ji-Young Yoo, Se-Jin Jeong, Seong Keun Sonn, Jong-Gil Park, Keun Ho Ryu, Bong Yong Lee, Hye Young Han, So Young Lee, Dae-Yong Kim, Hang Lee, Goo Taeg Oh. Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) enhances the anti-atherogenic effect of cilostazol by inhibiting ROS generation. Experimental & molecular medicine. 2012 May; 44(5):311-8. doi: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.5.035. [PMID: 22282402]
  • G Zadoyan, D Rokitta, S Klement, A Dienel, R Hoerr, T Gramatté, U Fuhr. Effect of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761® on human cytochrome P450 activity: a cocktail interaction study in healthy volunteers. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2012 May; 68(5):553-60. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1174-5. [PMID: 22189672]
  • Andrew J Thompson, Ian McGonigle, Rujee Duke, Graham A R Johnston, Sarah C R Lummis. A single amino acid determines the toxicity of Ginkgo biloba extracts. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2012 May; 26(5):1884-91. doi: 10.1096/fj.11-192765. [PMID: 22253475]
  • Shadia E Nada, Zahoor A Shah. Preconditioning with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®) provides neuroprotection through HO1 and CRMP2. Neurobiology of disease. 2012 Apr; 46(1):180-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.01.006. [PMID: 22297164]
  • Yuko Taki, Kaori Yokotani, Shizuo Yamada, Kazumasa Shinozuka, Yoko Kubota, Yasuo Watanabe, Keizo Umegaki. Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates warfarin-mediated anticoagulation through induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by bilobalide in mice. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2012 Jan; 19(2):177-82. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.020. [PMID: 21802929]
  • Tapan Kumar Mohanta, Andrea Occhipinti, Simon Atsbaha Zebelo, Maria Foti, Judith Fliegmann, Simone Bossi, Massimo E Maffei, Cinzia M Bertea. Ginkgo biloba responds to herbivory by activating early signaling and direct defenses. PloS one. 2012; 7(3):e32822. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032822. [PMID: 22448229]
  • Pius S Fasinu, Patrick J Bouic, Bernd Rosenkranz. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2012; 3(?):69. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00069. [PMID: 22557968]
  • Jing Liu, Junhong Wang, Xiangjian Chen, Changqing Guo, Yan Guo, Hui Wang. Ginkgo biloba extract EGB761 protects against aging-associated diastolic dysfunction in cardiomyocytes of D-galactose-induced aging rat. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2012; 2012(?):418748. doi: 10.1155/2012/418748. [PMID: 22693651]
  • Aik Jiang Lau, Guixiang Yang, Thomas K H Chang. Isoform-selective activation of human constitutive androstane receptor by Ginkgo biloba extract: functional analysis of the SV23, SV24, and SV25 splice variants. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2011 Nov; 339(2):704-15. doi: 10.1124/jpet.111.186130. [PMID: 21862659]
  • Hala O El Mesallamy, Nadia S Metwally, Mahmoud S Soliman, Kawkab A Ahmed, Mai M Abdel Moaty. The chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba and Silybum marianum extracts on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Cancer cell international. 2011 Oct; 11(1):38. doi: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-38. [PMID: 22040519]
  • Maciej A Pszczolkowski, Kevin Durden, Samantha Sellars, Brian Cowell, John J Brown. Effects of Ginkgo biloba constituents on fruit-infesting behavior of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apples. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011 Oct; 59(20):10879-86. doi: 10.1021/jf202386c. [PMID: 21905729]
  • Ting Hua Yang, Yi Ho Young, Shing Hwa Liu. EGb 761 (Ginkgo biloba) protects cochlear hair cells against ototoxicity induced by gentamicin via reducing reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide-related apoptosis. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry. 2011 Sep; 22(9):886-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.08.009. [PMID: 21190826]
  • Yasser Bustanji, Ihab M Al-Masri, Mohammad Mohammad, Mohammad Hudaib, Khaled Tawaha, Hamada Tarazi, Hatim S Alkhatib. Pancreatic lipase inhibition activity of trilactone terpenes of Ginkgo biloba. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry. 2011 Aug; 26(4):453-9. doi: 10.3109/14756366.2010.525509. [PMID: 21028941]
  • L Ribonnet, A Callebaut, I Nobels, M-L Scippo, Y-J Schneider, S De Saeger, L Pussemier, Y Larondelle. Modulation of CYP1A1 activity by a Ginkgo biloba extract in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Toxicology letters. 2011 May; 202(3):193-202. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.02.006. [PMID: 21329749]
  • Andrew J Thompson, Gavin E Jarvis, Rujee K Duke, Graham A R Johnston, Sarah C R Lummis. Ginkgolide B and bilobalide block the pore of the 5-HT₃receptor at a location that overlaps the picrotoxin binding site. Neuropharmacology. 2011 Feb; 60(2-3):488-95. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.11.003. [PMID: 21059362]
  • Soo Lim, Ji Won Yoon, Seon Mee Kang, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Jun Cho, Min Kim, Ho Seon Park, Hyun Ju Cho, Hayley Shin, Young-Bum Kim, Hyo Soo Kim, Hak Chul Jang, Kyong Soo Park. EGb761, a Ginkgo biloba extract, is effective against atherosclerosis in vitro, and in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. PloS one. 2011; 6(6):e20301. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020301. [PMID: 21655098]
  • S C Sati, Savita Joshi. Antibacterial activities of Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2011; 11(?):2241-6. doi: 10.1100/2011/545421. [PMID: 22125471]
  • Kundan Singh Bora, Anupam Sharma. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Effect of Medicago sativa Linn. against Ischemia and Reperfusion Insult. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 2011; 2011(?):792167. doi: 10.1093/ecam/neq019. [PMID: 21785631]
  • Aik Jiang Lau, Guixiang Yang, Ganesh Rajaraman, Christie C Baucom, Thomas K H Chang. Human pregnane X receptor agonism by Ginkgo biloba extract: assessment of the role of individual ginkgolides. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2010 Dec; 335(3):771-80. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.172338. [PMID: 20739453]
  • Virginie Rhein, Maria Giese, Ginette Baysang, Fides Meier, Stefania Rao, Kathrin L Schulz, Matthias Hamburger, Anne Eckert. Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates oxidative phosphorylation performance and rescues abeta-induced failure. PloS one. 2010 Aug; 5(8):e12359. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012359. [PMID: 20808761]
  • Chun Shi, Fengming Wu, David T Yew, Jie Xu, Yonghong Zhu. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death. 2010 Jun; 15(6):715-27. doi: 10.1007/s10495-010-0492-x. [PMID: 20333467]
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