Reaction Process: PlantCyc:PLANT_PWY-6074

Lanosterol

C30H50O (426.386145)

Lanosterol, also known as lanosterin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triterpenoids. These are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, lanosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Lanosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Lanosterol is biochemically synthesized starting from acetyl-CoA by the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. The critical step is the enzymatic conversion of the acyclic terpene squalene to the polycylic lanosterol via 2,3-squalene oxide. Constituent of wool fat used e.g. as chewing-gum softenerand is) also from yeast COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

Water

H2O (18.0105642)

Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .

Oxygen

O2 (31.98983)

Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131) [HMDB]. Oxygen is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, watermelon, sweet basil, and spinach. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131). V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases

Carbon dioxide

CO2 (43.98983)

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. Leavening agent, propellant, aerating agent, preservative. Solvent for supercritical extraction e.g. of caffeine in manufacture of caffeine-free instant coffee. It is used in carbonation of beverages, in the frozen food industry and as a component of controlled atmosphere packaging (CAD) to inhibit bacterial growth. Especies effective against Gram-negative spoilage bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases

Formic acid

CH2O2 (46.0054792)

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and its carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation. It is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Formate is typically produced as a byproduct in the production of acetate. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer. Urinary formate is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). It is used as a flavouring adjunct, an animal feed additive, a brewing antiseptic and as a food preservative

4,4-Dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol

C29H48O (412.37049579999996)

4,4-Dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol (14-demethyllanosterol) is an intermediate in sterol biosynthesis. In particular, it is an intermediate in the conversion of lanosterol to zymosterol. 4,4-Dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase, NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase, Cytochrome P450 51A1 and Delta(14)-sterol reductase. [HMDB] 4,4-Dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol (14-demethyllanosterol) is an intermediate in sterol biosynthesis. In particular, it is an intermediate in the conversion of lanosterol to zymosterol. 4,4-Dimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-b-ol is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase, NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase, Cytochrome P450 51A1 and Delta(14)-sterol reductase.

Zymosterol intermediate 2

C27H44O (384.3391974)

Zymosterol, also known as 5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol or delta8,24-cholestadien-3beta-ol, belongs to cholesterols and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, zymosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Zymosterol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Zymosterol can be synthesized from 5alpha-cholestane. Zymosterol is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 4beta-methylzymosterol-4alpha-carboxylic acid, 3-dehydro-4-methylzymosterol, and zymosterol intermediate 1b. Zymosterol can be found in a number of food items such as squashberry, hard wheat, salmonberry, and loquat, which makes zymosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Zymosterol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, zymosterol is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include zoledronate action pathway, alendronate action pathway, pravastatin action pathway, and atorvastatin action pathway. Zymosterol is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include cholesteryl ester storage disease, lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (wolman disease), smith-lemli-opitz syndrome (SLOS), and chondrodysplasia punctata II, X linked dominant (CDPX2). Zymosterol is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. Disregarding some intermediate compounds (e.g. 4-4-dimethylzymosterol) lanosterol can be considered a precursor of zymosterol in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. The conversion of zymosterol into cholesterol happens in the endoplasmic reticulum. Zymosterol accumulates quickly in the plasma membrane coming from the cytosol. The movement of zymosterol across the cytosol is more than twice as fast as the movement of cholesterol itself . Zymosterol is the precursor of cholesterol and is found in the plasma membrane. zymosterol circulates within the cells. The structural features of zymosterol provided optimal substrate acceptability. In human fibroblasts, zymosterol is converted to cholesterol solely in the rough ER. Little or no zymosterol or cholesterol accumulates in the rough ER in vivo. Newly synthesized zymosterol moves to the plasma membrane without a detectable lag and with a half-time of 9 min, about twice as fast as cholesterol. The pool of radiolabeled zymosterol in the plasma membrane turns over rapidly, faster than does intracellular cholesterol. Thus, plasma membrane zymosterol is not stagnant. [3H]Zymosterol pulsed into intact cells is initially found in the plasma membrane. (PMID: 1939176). COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol

C29H46O (410.3548466)

4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol is a product of the enzyme delta14-sterol reductase [EC 1.3.1.70] (KEGG). It is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids and is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to zymosterol. In particular, lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, catalyzes the C-14 demethylation of lanosterol to form 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. It is thought to be a meiosis activating sterol. [HMDB] 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol is a product of the enzyme delta14-sterol reductase [EC 1.3.1.70] (KEGG). It is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids and is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to zymosterol. In particular, lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, catalyzes the C-14 demethylation of lanosterol to form 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. It is thought to be a meiosis activating sterol.

3-Keto-4-methylzymosterol

C28H44O (396.3391974)

3-Keto-4-methylzymosterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids (KEGG:C15816). It is the 8th to last step in the synthesis of vitamin D2 and is converted from 4-methtylzymosterol-carboxylate via the enzyme sterol-4alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC:1.1.1.170). It is then converted to 4-methylzymosterol via the enzyme 3-keto steroid reductase (EC:1.1.1.270). [HMDB]. 3-Keto-4-methylzymosterol is found in many foods, some of which are sweet cherry, horseradish tree, eggplant, and dill. 3-Keto-4-methylzymosterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids (KEGG:C15816). It is the 8th to last step in the synthesis of vitamin D2 and is converted from 4-methtylzymosterol-carboxylate via the enzyme sterol-4alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC:1.1.1.170). It is then converted to 4-methylzymosterol via the enzyme 3-keto steroid reductase (EC:1.1.1.270).

Hydrogen Ion

H+ (1.0078246)

Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])

5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one

C27H42O (382.3235482)

4Alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol

C28H46O2 (414.34976159999997)

4Alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. It is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase (SC4MOL) and can be generated from 4-alpha-methylzymosterol. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway. [HMDB] 4Alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. It is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase (SC4MOL) and can be generated from 4-alpha-methylzymosterol. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway.

4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol

C28H44O2 (412.3341124)

4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).

4alpha-Hydroxymethyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol

C29H48O2 (428.36541079999995)

4alpha-hydroxymethyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis I and in cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol). It is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase (SC4MOL) and can be generated from the enzymatic oxidation of 4,4-dimethylzymosterol or the enzymatic reduction of 4alpha-formyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol in both cholesterol pathways. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol) may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway. In cholesterol biosynthesis I, 4alpha-hydroxymethyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is an intermediate in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. The enzymology of this multistep conversion was largely determined in rat liver and the human pathway is therefore inferred from this work. Indeed, the order of some of the reactions in this pathway may vary. The lanosterol-to-cholesterol conversion involves the oxidative removal of three methyl groups, reduction of double bonds, and migration of the lanosterol double bond to a new position in cholesterol. The reactions in the lanosterol pathway are catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes. Human genes have been identified for all the enzymes in this pathway and human disorders of cholesterol metabolism have been associated with genetic defects in most of these enzymes. 4alpha-hydroxymethyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is a

4alpha-Formyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol

C29H46O2 (426.34976159999997)

4alpha-formyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis I and in cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol). It is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase (SC4MOL) and can be generated from the enzymatic reduction of 4alpha-carboxy-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol or from the enzymatic oxidation of 4alpha-hydroxymethyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis II may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol) may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway. In cholesterol biosynthesis I, 4alpha-formyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is an intermediate in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. The enzymology of this multistep conversion was largely determined in rat liver and the human pathway is therefore inferred from this work. Indeed, the order of some of the reactions in this pathway may vary. The lanosterol-to-cholesterol conversion involves the oxidative removal of three methyl groups, reduction of double bonds, and migration of the lanosterol double bond to a new position in cholesterol. The reactions in the lanosterol pathway are catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes. Human genes have been identified for all the enzymes in this pathway and human disorders of cholesterol metabolism have been associated with genetic defects in most of these enzymes. 4alpha-formyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis I and in cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol). It is a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase (SC4MOL) and can be generated from the enzymatic reduction of 4alpha-carboxy-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol or from the enzymatic oxidation of 4alpha-hydroxymethyl-4beta-methyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis II may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway.

4alpha-Methylzymosterol

C28H46O (398.3548466)

A 3beta-sterol that is zymosterol substituted by a 4alpha-methyl group.

Coenzyme II

C21H25N7O17P3-3 (740.051977)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

NADPH(4-)

C21H26N7O17P3-4 (741.0598016)

beta-NADH

C21H27N7O14P2-2 (663.1091182000001)

COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

4beta-Methylzymosterol-4alpha-carboxylate

C29H45O3- (441.336852)

A steroid acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4beta-methylzymosterol-4alpha-carboxylic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.