Classification Term: 2362
Phenylsulfates (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0002626)
Compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group." []
found 91 associated metabolites at category metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Arylsulfates
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Phenol sulfate
Phenol sulphate, also known as phenylsulfate or aryl sulphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfate group conjugated to a phenyl group. In normal humans, phenol sulphate is primarily a gut-derived metabolite that arises from the activity of the bacterial enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase, which is responsible for the synthesis of phenol from dietary tyrosine (PMID: 31015435). Phenol sulphate can also arise from the consumption of phenol or from phenol poisoning (PMID: 473790). Phenol sulphate is produced from the conjugation of phenol with sulphate in the liver. In particular, phenol sulphate can be biosynthesized from phenol and phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate through the action of the enzyme sulfotransferase 1A1 in the liver. Phenol sulphate can be found in most mammals (mice, rats, sheep, dogs, humans) and likely most animals. Phenol sulphate is a uremic toxin (PMID: 30068866). It is a protein-bound uremic solute that induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreases glutathione levels, rendering cells vulnerable to oxidative stress (PMID: 29474405). In experimental models of diabetes, phenol sulphate administration has been shown to induce albuminuria and podocyte damage. In a diabetic patient cohort, phenol sulphate levels were found to significantly correlate with basal and predicted 2-year progression of albuminuria in patients with microalbuminuria (PMID: 31015435).
Dopamine 3-O-sulfate
Dopamine 3-O-sulfate is a sulfonated form of dopamine. In human blood circulation endogenous dopamine exists predominantly in the sulfated form and dopamine sulfate accounts for more than 90\\% of all dopamine. Dopamine-3-O-sulfate predominates in human plasma, with concentrations about 10-fold higher than those of the regioisomer dopamine-4-O-sulfate. Sulfonation is the most important metabolic pathway that interferes with the binding of dopamine to its receptors. The origins of this preponderance for Dopamine-3-O-sulfate have not been determined, although there has been speculation about the contribution of the specificity of transport proteins and/or arylsulfatases. It has also been proposed to depend on the regiospecificity of the metabolizing enzyme(s) for the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine. It is believed that the vast majority of circulating dopamine sulfate originates in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and indeed that is the main site of expression of the enzyme responsible for its formation. Aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A3, EC 2.8.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfonation of many endogenous and exogenous phenols and catechols; the most important endogenous substrate is dopamine. SULT1A3 strongly favors the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine over the 4-hydroxy group and may indeed be primarily responsible for the difference between the circulating levels of dopamine sulfates in human blood. (PMID: 17548063) [HMDB] Dopamine 3-O-sulfate is a sulfonated form of dopamine. In human blood circulation endogenous dopamine exists predominantly in the sulfated form and dopamine sulfate accounts for more than 90\\% of all dopamine. Dopamine-3-O-sulfate predominates in human plasma, with concentrations about 10-fold higher than those of the regioisomer dopamine-4-O-sulfate. Sulfonation is the most important metabolic pathway that interferes with the binding of dopamine to its receptors. The origins of this preponderance for Dopamine-3-O-sulfate have not been determined, although there has been speculation about the contribution of the specificity of transport proteins and/or arylsulfatases. It has also been proposed to depend on the regiospecificity of the metabolizing enzyme(s) for the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine. It is believed that the vast majority of circulating dopamine sulfate originates in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and indeed that is the main site of expression of the enzyme responsible for its formation. Aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A3, EC 2.8.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfonation of many endogenous and exogenous phenols and catechols; the most important endogenous substrate is dopamine. SULT1A3 strongly favors the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine over the 4-hydroxy group and may indeed be primarily responsible for the difference between the circulating levels of dopamine sulfates in human blood. (PMID: 17548063).
Dopamine 4-sulfate
Dopamine 4-sulfate is one of the metabolic products of the endogenous catecholamine dopamine which have also been implicated as intermediate in noradrenaline biosynthesis. In human blood circulation endogenous dopamine exists predominantly in the sulfated form and dopamine sulfate accounts for more than 90\\% of all dopamine. Sulfonation is the most important metabolic pathway that interferes with the binding of dopamine to its receptors. Dopamine-4-O-sulfate has concentrations about a 10th of those of the regioisomer dopamine-3-O-sulfate. It is believed that the vast majority of circulating dopamine sulfate originates in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and indeed that is the main site of expression of the enzyme responsible for its formation. Aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A3, EC 2.8.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfonation of many endogenous and exogenous phenols and catechols; the most important endogenous substrate is dopamine. SULT1A3 strongly favors the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine over the 4-hydroxy group and may indeed be primarily responsible for the difference between the circulating levels of dopamine sulfates in human blood. (PMID: 17548063) [HMDB] Dopamine 4-sulfate is one of the metabolic products of the endogenous catecholamine dopamine which have also been implicated as intermediate in noradrenaline biosynthesis. In human blood circulation endogenous dopamine exists predominantly in the sulfated form and dopamine sulfate accounts for more than 90\\% of all dopamine. Sulfonation is the most important metabolic pathway that interferes with the binding of dopamine to its receptors. Dopamine-4-O-sulfate has concentrations about a 10th of those of the regioisomer dopamine-3-O-sulfate. It is believed that the vast majority of circulating dopamine sulfate originates in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and indeed that is the main site of expression of the enzyme responsible for its formation. Aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A3, EC 2.8.2.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfonation of many endogenous and exogenous phenols and catechols; the most important endogenous substrate is dopamine. SULT1A3 strongly favors the 3-hydroxy group of dopamine over the 4-hydroxy group and may indeed be primarily responsible for the difference between the circulating levels of dopamine sulfates in human blood. (PMID: 17548063).
p-Cresol sulfate
p-Cresol sulfate is a microbial metabolite that is found in urine and likely derives from secondary metabolism of p-cresol. It appears to be elevated in the urine of individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMID:10775436). p-Cresol sulfate is the major component of urinary MBPLM (myelin basic protein-like material). p-Cresol sulfate is a small protein-bound molecule that is poorly cleared with dialysis. It has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID:22626821). Uremic toxins include other low-molecular-weight compounds such as indoxyl sulfate, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (PMID:18941347). It has also been linked to cardiovascular disease and oxidative injury. Higher levels are associated with overgrowth of intestinal bacteria from Clostridia species, including C. difficile. p-Cresol is generated by the partial breakdown of tyrosine and phenylalanine by a wide range of intestinal obligate or facultative anaerobes, including the genera Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Bifidobacterium, and especially Clostridium (PMID:2394806). p-Cresol sulfate is a microbial metabolite that is found in urine and likely derives from secondary metabolism of p-cresol. It appears to be elevated in the urine of individuals with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMID: 10775436). p-Cresol sulfate is the major component of urinary MBPLM (myelin basic protein-like material). p-Cresol sulfate is a small protein-bound molecule that is poorly cleared with dialysis and is often considered to be a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins include low-molecular-weight compounds such as indoxyl sulfate, p-cresol sulfate, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid and asymmetric dimethylarginine (PMID: 18941347). It has been linked to cardiovascular disease and oxidative injury. [HMDB] p-Cresol sulfate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3233-58-7 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 3233-58-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). p-Cresyl Sulfate, a major uremic toxin derived from the metabolites of tyrosine and phenylalanine through liver, existed in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Catechol sulfate
Pyrocatechol sulfate, also known as 1,2-benzenediol mono(hydrogen sulfate) and 2-aminophenol sulfate, is classified as a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Pyrocatechol sulfate is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound. Pyrocatechol sulfate is a benzoxazinoid metabolite. It is a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 27805021). Pyrocatechol sulfate. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=4918-96-1 (retrieved 2024-10-16) (CAS RN: 4918-96-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
4-acetaminophen sulfate
Paracetamol sulfate, also known as paracetamol sulfuric acid or 4-acetaminophen sulfate, is classified as a phenylsulfate. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Paracetamol sulfate is considered a slightly soluble (in water), acidic compound. Paracetamol sulfate is a metabolite of paracetamol, a common drug used for the relief of pain as an antipyretic. After paracetamol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, it forms paracetamol sulfate by conjugation with sulfuric acid. Paracetamol sulfate can be found in both plasma and urine (PMID: 15127815).
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) is the major metabolite of noradrenaline in serum. Chronic schizophrenics have lower serum levels than healthy individuals. Treatment of both groups with 7 daily 3-mg doses of haloperidol caused similar decreases in MHPG-SO4 concentration (PMID: 7343757). In human urine, MHPG-SO4 constitutes 44\\% of the total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (PMID: 7379456). 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) is the major metabolite of noradrenaline in serum. Chronic schizophrenics have lower serum levels than healthy individuals. Treatment of both groups with 7 daily 3-mg doses of Haloperidol caused similar decreases in MHPG-SO4 concentration. (PMID 7343757)
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol O-sulfate
3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol O-sulfate is a norepinephrine metabolite, a transmitter produced by sympathetic nerves, in particular those innervating mesenteric organs. This sulfate conjugate is produced by extrahepatic tissues (mesenteric organs) and eliminated by the kidneys. (PMID: 8627312) [HMDB] 3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol O-sulfate is a norepinephrine metabolite, a transmitter produced by sympathetic nerves, in particular those innervating mesenteric organs. This sulfate conjugate is produced by extrahepatic tissues (mesenteric organs) and eliminated by the kidneys. (PMID: 8627312).
Epinephrine sulfate
Epinephrine sulfate is found in human plasma at different levels. Glucuronidation may be an improtant pathway for catecholammine in man at rest or under sympathetic stimulation.(PMID: 6688268) [HMDB] Epinephrine sulfate is found in human plasma at different levels. Glucuronidation may be an improtant pathway for catecholammine in man at rest or under sympathetic stimulation.(PMID: 6688268).
Norepinephrine sulfate
Plasma norepinephrine sulfate increases after sympathetic nervous system activation by an exhausting incremental exercise test and remain elevated up to 2 h after exercise. (PMID: 8330610). Human platelets contribute to the formation of plasma norepinephrine sulfate by norepinephrine uptake, intraplatelet sulfoconjugation and release of norepinephrine sulfate. (PMID: 7968241). Higher concentrations of norepinephrine sulfate in portal venous than arterial plasma indicate substantial production of norepinephrine by mesenteric organs. (PMID: 8627312). Intravenously infused norepinephrine is sulfoconjugated in humans, indicating that a major part of NE is sulfoconjugated in blood or at sites easily accessible from blood. (PMID: 12020748). Plasma norepinephrine sulfate increases after sympathetic nervous system activation by an exhausting incremental exercise test and remain elevated up to 2 h after exercise. (PMID: 8330610)
Tyramine-O-sulfate
Tyramine-O-sulfate is a sulfate derivative of tyramine. Tyramine is formed from the decarboyxlation of tyrosine. Tyramine O-sulfate is found in the urine of patients following an oral load of tyramine with unipolar and bipolar major depressive episode. (PMID: 8432957, 2175186) [HMDB] Tyramine-O-sulfate is a sulfate derivative of tyramine. Tyramine is formed from the decarboyxlation of tyrosine. Tyramine O-sulfate is found in the urine of patients following an oral load of tyramine with unipolar and bipolar major depressive episode. (PMID: 8432957, 2175186).
4-Nitrophenyl sulfate
4-Nitrophenyl sulfate is a minor metabolic byproduct of parathion metabolism that is excreted in the urine (PMID: 1956875). Parathion is an organophosphate compound developed in the 1940s. It is a potent insecticide and acaricide. It is highly toxic to non-target organisms, including humans. 4-Nitrophenyl sulfate is also used as a model substrate to investigate the influence of drug therapy, disease, nutrient deficiencies and other physiologically altered conditions on conjugative drug metabolism in animal studies.(PMID: 16844228) [HMDB] 4-Nitrophenyl sulfate is a minor metabolic byproduct of parathion metabolism that is excreted in the urine (PMID: 1956875). Parathion is an organophosphate compound developed in the 1940s. It is a potent insecticide and acaricide. It is highly toxic to non-target organisms, including humans. 4-Nitrophenyl sulfate is also used as a model substrate to investigate the influence of drug therapy, disease, nutrient deficiencies and other physiologically altered conditions on conjugative drug metabolism in animal studies.(PMID: 16844228).
Homovanillic acid sulfate
Homovanillic acid sulfate is a component of olive oil and is a major catecholamine metabolite. It is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. In psychiatry and neuroscience, brain and cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) are measured as a marker of metabolic stress caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. HVA presence supports a diagnosis of neuroblastoma and malignant pheochromocytoma (Wikipedia). Homovanillic acid sulfate is an endogenous phenolic acid metabolite detected after the consumption of whole grain. Homovanillic acid sulfate is a component of olive oil and is a major catecholamine metabolite.It is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain.
5'-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone sulfate
5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone sulfate is a cocoa metabolite from gut microflora. It is found in urine.
Dihydrocaffeic acid 3-sulfate
Dihydrocaffeic acid 3-sulfate is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313).
Dihydroferulic acid 4-O-sulfate
Dihydroferulic acid 4-O-sulfate is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313). Dihydroferulic acid 4-O-sulfate was found to be elevated in rat urine after whole rye consumption which makes this compound a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 26862900).
Tyrosol 4-sulfate
Tyrosol 4-sulfate is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313).
Vanillin 4-sulfate
Vanillin 4-sulfate is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313).
3-hydroxybenzoic acid-3-O-sulphate
3-hydroxybenzoic acid-3-O-sulphate is a conjugate of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and sulphate. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be formed by a Pseudomonas species from 3-chlorobenzoic acid. (Wikipedia)
4-hydroxybenzoic acid-4-O-sulphate
4-hydroxybenzoic acid-4-O-sulphate is a conjugate of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and sulphate. 4-phenylbutyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the γ-globin gene and affects hPPARγ activation. (CHEBI:41500) 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-o-sulphate, also known as 4-sulfooxybenzoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-o-sulphate can be found primarily in urine.
5-(3',4',5'-Trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-3'-O-sulphate
5-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-3-O-sulphate belongs to the family of Catechols. These are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety.
5-(3',4',5'-Trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-4'-O-sulphate
5-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-4-O-sulphate belongs to the family of Resorcinols. These are compounds containing a resorcinol moiety, which is a benzene ring bearing two hydrocyl groups at positions 1 and 3.
5-(Hydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-O-sulphate
5-(Hydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-O-sulphate belongs to the family of Substituted Benzenes. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzene substituted at one or more positions.
Benzeneacetamide-4-O-sulphate
Benzeneacetamide-4-O-sulphate is a conjugate of benzeneacetamide and sulphate.
O-methoxycatechol-O-sulphate
O-methoxycatechol-O-sulphate is a conjugate of O-methoxycatechol and sulphate.
Pyrogallol-1-O-sulphate
Pyrogallol-1-O-sulphate is a conjugate of Pyrogallol and sulphate.Pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3-triol is a benzenetriol. The aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum produces pyrogallic acid. (Wikipedia). Pyrogallol sulfate in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of legumes.
Pyrogallol-2-O-sulphate
Pyrogallol-2-O-sulphate is a conjugate of Pyrogallol and sulphate. Pyrogallol or benzene-1,2,3-triol is a benzenetriol. The aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum produces pyrogallic acid. (Wikipedia)
Olopatadine n-oxide
Olopatadine n-oxide is a metabolite of olopatadine. Olopatadine hydrochloride is an antihistamine (as well as anticholinergic) and mast cell stabilizer, sold as a prescription eye drop (0.2\\% solution, Pataday, manufactured by Alcon). It is used to treat itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1\\% is sold as Patanol (or Opatanol in some countries). A nasal spray formulation is sold as Patanase, which was approved by the FDA on April 15, 2008. (Wikipedia)
Olsalazine-O-sulfate
Olsalazine-O-sulfate is a metabolite of phenytoin. Phenytoin sodium is a commonly used antiepileptic. Phenytoin acts to suppress the abnormal brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells by stabilizing the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels. Aside from seizures, it is an option in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in the event that carbamazepine or other first-line treatment seems inappropriate. It is sometimes considered a class 1b antiarrhythmic. (Wikipedia)
Salbutamol 4-O-sulfate
Salbutamol 4-O-sulfate is a metabolite of salbutamol. Salbutamol or albuterol is a short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is marketed as Ventolin among other brand names. Salbutamol was the first selective β2-receptor agonist to be marketed — in 1968. It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys under the brand name Ventolin. The drug was an instant success, and has been used for the treatment of asthma ever since. (Wikipedia)
Orciprenaline-3-O-sulfate
Orciprenaline-3-O-sulfate is a metabolite of orciprenaline. Orciprenaline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma. Orciprenaline is a moderately selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist that stimulates receptors of the smooth muscle in the lungs, uterus, and vasculature supplying skeletal muscle, with minimal or no effect on alpha-adrenergic receptors. (Wikipedia)
2-aminophenol sulphate
2-aminophenol sulphate is a metabolite found in urine of individuals that have consumed whole grains. It is a particularly strong biomarker for whole grain rye bread consumption (PMID: 23307617).
2-Hydroxyacetaminophen sulfate
2-Hydroxyacetaminophen sulfate is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 2-Hydroxyacetaminophen sulfate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-Hydroxyacetaminophen sulfate can be found in feces.
2-Methoxyacetaminophen sulfate
2-Methoxyacetaminophen sulfate, also known as 4-(acetylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl hydrogen sulfate, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 2-Methoxyacetaminophen sulfate is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).
Thymol
Thymol Sulfate is also known as Thymol sulfuric acid. Thymol Sulfate is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. Thymol (also known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, IPMP), C10H14O, is a natural monoterpenoid phenol derivative of p-Cymene, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted from Thymus vulgaris (common thyme), ajwain,[4] and various other plants as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties. Thymol also provides the distinctive, strong flavor of the culinary herb thyme, also produced from T. vulgaris. Thymol is only slightly soluble in water at neutral pH, but it is extremely soluble in alcohols and other organic solvents. It is also soluble in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions due to deprotonation of the phenol. Its dissociation constant (pKa) is 10.59±0.10.[5] Thymol absorbs maximum UV radiation at 274 nm.[6] Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming.[9] The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burned it as incense in their temples, believing it was a source of courage. The spread of thyme throughout Europe was thought to be due to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs".[10] In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed beneath pillows to aid sleep and ward off nightmares.[11] In this period, women also often gave knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves, because it was believed to bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals, because it was supposed to ensure passage into the next life.[12] The bee balms Monarda fistulosa and Monarda didyma, North American wildflowers, are natural sources of thymol. The Blackfoot Native Americans recognized these plants' strong antiseptic action and used poultices of the plants for skin infections and minor wounds. A tisane made from them was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis.[13] Thymol was first isolated by German chemist Caspar Neumann in 1719.[14] In 1853, French chemist Alexandre Lallemand[15] (1816-1886) named thymol and determined its empirical formula.[16] Thymol was first synthesized by Swedish chemist Oskar Widman[17] (1852-1930) in 1882.[18]
3-ethylphenyl Sulfate
3-ethylphenyl Sulfate is also known as 3-Ethylphenol sulfuric acid. 3-ethylphenyl Sulfate is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
4-Vinylphenol sulfate
4-Vinylphenol sulfate, also known as 4-vinylphenol sulphuric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-Vinylphenol sulfate is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-Vinylphenol sulfate can be found in blood and urine.
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate sulfate
3-[3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid, also known as 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoate sulfate or Mhppa sulfate, is classified as a member of the phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 3-[3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid is considered to be a slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound. 3-[3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid can be found in feces.
Protocatechuic acid 3-O-sulfate
Protocatechuic acid sulfate, also known as 3,4-DHBA sulfate, is an endogenous phenolic acid metabolite found to be elevated in mice urine after rye-bran supplemented diets which makes this compound a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 25944556). BioTransformer predicts that protocatechuic acid 3-O-sulfate is a product of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid metabolism via a 3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction catalyzed by sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and sulfotransferase enzymes (PMID: 30612223). Protocatechuic acid 3-o-sulphate is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Protocatechuic acid 3-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).
2-[4-hydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid
2-[4-hydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
2-[3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid
2-[3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
3-[4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid
3-[4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -4-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -4-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
{2-methoxy-4-[(5-oxooxolan-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}oxidanesulfonic acid
{2-methoxy-4-[(5-oxooxolan-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}oxidanesulfonic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 5-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -4-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -4-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
3-[4-methoxy-3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid
3-[4-methoxy-3-(sulfooxy)phenyl]propanoic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
2-[4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid
2-[4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -4-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -4-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
2-hydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)benzoic acid
2-hydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)benzoic acid is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. It is generated by Sulfotransferase 1A3 (P0DMM9) and Sulfotransferase enzymes via a -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound reaction. This -3-O-sulfation-of-phenolic-compound occurs in humans.
Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate
Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212).
4-Allylphenol sulfate
4-Allylphenol sulfate, also known as chavicol hydrogen sulfate or p-allylphenyl sulfate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-Allylphenol sulfate has been identified in blood (PMID: 26561314).
Hydroquinone sulfate
Hydroquinone sulfate, also known as quinol sulfate, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group.
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid sulfate
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid sulfate (3,5-DHBA sulfate) is an alkylresorcinol metabolite. 3,5-DHBA sulfate was found to be elevated in mice urine after rye-bran supplemented diets which makes this compound a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 25944556).
HBOA glucuronide
2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucuronide (HBOA glucuronide) is a benzoxazinoid metabolite. It is a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 23681766).
HHPAA sulfate
2-Hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide sulfate (HHPAA sulfate) is a benzoxazinoid metabolite. It is a potential plasma biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 24812068).
HPAA sulfate
N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide sulfate (HPAA sulfate) is a benzoxazinoid metabolite. It is a potential plasma biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 24812068).
Protocatechuic acid 4-O-sulfate
Protocatechuic acid 4-o-sulphate, also known as 3-hsob, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. Protocatechuic acid 4-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Protocatechuic acid sulfate, also known as 3,4-DHBA sulfate, is an endogenous phenolic acid found to be elevated in mice urine after rye-bran supplemented diets which makes this compound a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 25944556).
4-Methylcatechol 1-sulfate
4-Methylcatechol 1-sulfate is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-Methylcatechol 1-sulfate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-Methylcatechol 1-sulfate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 4-methyl-catechol-1-o-sulphate is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-methyl-catechol-1-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).
4-Methylcatechol 2-sulfate
4-Methylcatechol 2-sulfate is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-Methylcatechol 2-sulfate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4-Methylcatechol 2-sulfate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 4-methyl-catechol-2-o-sulphate is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 4-methyl-catechol-2-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).
4-Methylgallic acid 3-glucuronide
5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone 4'-sulfate
5-(3',5'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone sulfate
o-Cresol sulfate
o-Cresol sulfate, also known as o-tolyl sulfate or 2-methylphenyl hydrogen sulfate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. o-Cresol sulfate is a uremic toxin (PMID: 30087103).
3-Methylcatechol 1-sulfate
3-Methylcatechol 1-sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. These are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 3-Methylcatechol sulfate is a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 27805021).
3-Methylcatechol 2-sulfate
3-Methylcatechol 2-sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates. These are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 3-Methylcatechol sulfate is a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 27805021).
Methylpyrogallol sulfate 3
2-methyl-pyrogallol-1-o-sulphate, also known as 2-methoxyresorcinol monosulfate or 2-methylpyrogallol monosulfuric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as phenylsulfates. Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 2-methyl-pyrogallol-1-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).
5-(4'-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone 4'-sulfate
Methylpyrogallol sulfate 2
1-methyl-pyrogallol-3-o-sulphate is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa).
N-Palmitoyl Asparagine
N-palmitoyl asparagine, also known as propyl paraben sulfate or propyl 4-sulfooxybenzoate belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is a Palmitic acid amide of Asparagine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Palmitoyl Asparagine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Palmitoyl Asparagine is therefore classified as a long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.
