Classification Term: 1733
Branched fatty acids (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0000338)
Fatty acids containing a branched chain." []
found 10 associated metabolites at category metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Fatty acids and conjugates
Child Taxonomies: Methyl-branched fatty acids
Itaconic acid
Itaconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a dicarboxylic acid and an olefinic compound. It derives from a succinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an itaconate(2-). This dicarboxylic acid is a white solid that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. Historically, itaconic acid was obtained by the distillation of citric acid, but currently it is produced by fermentation. The name itaconic acid was devised as an anagram of aconitic acid, another derivative of citric acid. Itaconic acid, also known as itaconate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids containing a branched chain. Itaconic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Since the 1960s, it is produced industrially by the fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose or molasses using fungi such as Aspergillus itaconicus or Aspergillus terreus. For A. terreus the itaconate pathway is mostly elucidated. The generally accepted route for itaconate is via glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and a decarboxylation of cis-aconitate to itaconate via cis-aconitate-decarboxylase. The smut fungus Ustilago maydis uses an alternative route. Cis-aconitate is converted to the thermodynamically favoured trans-aconitate via aconitate-Δ-isomerase (Adi1). trans-Aconitate is further decarboxylated to itaconate by trans-aconitate-decarboxylase (Tad1). Itaconic acid is also produced in cells of macrophage lineage. It was shown that itaconate is a covalent inhibitor of the enzyme isocitrate lyase in vitro. As such, itaconate may possess antibacterial activities against bacteria expressing isocitrate lyase (such as Salmonella enterica and Mycobacterium tuberculosis). It is also sythesized in the laboratory, where dry distillation of citric acid affords itaconic anhydride, which undergoes hydrolysis to itaconic acid. Itaconic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=97-65-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 97-65-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Itaconic acid, a precursor of polymers, chemicals, and fuels, can be synthesized by many fungi. Itaconic acid also is a macrophage-specific metabolite. Itaconic acid mediates crosstalk between macrophage metabolism and peritoneal tumors[1][2].
2-Ethylbutanoic acid
2-Ethylbutanoic acid is a branched-chain fatty acid. 2-Ethylbutyric acid is a natural product found in Nicotiana tabacum and Pelargonium graveolens with data available. 2-Ethylbutanoic acid occurs in bread crusts and geranium oil. Also found in tobacco vapour Occurs in bread crusts and geranium oiland is also found in tobacco vapours. 2-Ethylbutyric acid acts as an internal standard (IS) in a standard addition calibration method for the VFA analysis of faeces[1].
Ethylmalonate
Ethylmalonic acid, also known as alpha-carboxybutyric acid or ethylmalonate, is a member of the class of compounds known as branched fatty acids. Branched fatty acids are fatty acids containing one or more branched chains. Ethylmalonic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Ethylmalonic acid can be synthesized from malonic acid, and can be synthesized into (S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA and (R)-ethylmalonyl-CoA. Ethylmalonic acid can be found in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, prostate, and skeletal muscle tissues. Moreover, ethylmalonic acid is found to be associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency. Ethylmalonic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Chronically high levels of ethylmalonic acid are associated with at least two inborn errors of metabolism, including short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD deficiency) and ethylmalonic encephalopathy. Ethylmalonic acid is identified in the urine of patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is a fatty acid metabolism disorder. When present at sufficiently high levels, ethylmalonic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Ethylmalonic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures. Ethylmalonic acid is identified in the urine of patients with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, which is a fatty acid metabolism disorder. [HMDB] Ethylmalonic acid is non-carcinogenic potentially toxic and associated with anorexia nervosa and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency.
S-Acetyl dihydroasparagusic acid
S-Acetyl dihydroasparagusic acid is found in asparagus. S-Acetyl dihydroasparagusic acid is a constituent of asparagusAsparagus officinalis Constituent of asparagusAsparagus officinalis. S-Acetyl dihydroasparagusic acid is found in asparagus and green vegetables.
2-Ethylacrylic acid
2-ethylacrylic acid is an alpha, beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by an ethyl group. It has a role as a mammalian metabolite. It derives from an acrylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 2-ethylacrylate. 2-Ethylacrylic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the conversion of R-2-methylbutyrate into 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, which is variably increased in defects of isoleucine oxidation at distal steps in the catabolic pathway (3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase deficiency and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency) (PMID 1016232). 2-Ethylacrylic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the conversion of R-2-methylbutyrate into 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, which is variably increased in defects of isoleucine oxidation at distal steps in the catabolic pathway (3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase deficiency and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency) (PMID 1016232) [HMDB]
2,3-Methyleneglutaric acid
2,3-Methyleneglutaric acid belongs to the family of Branched Fatty Acids. These are fatty acids containing a branched chain.
2,3-Methylenesuccinic acid
2,3-Methylenesuccinic acid belongs to the family of Branched Fatty Acids. These are fatty acids containing a branched chain.
Mergepta
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D011480 - Protease Inhibitors