Reaction Process: PathBank:SMP0002055
Thiazole Biosynthesis I related metabolites
find 14 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Thiazole Biosynthesis I
L-Tyrosine + NADPH + S-Adenosylmethionine ⟶ 4-Methylcatechol + 5'-Deoxyadenosine + Dehydroglycine + Hydrogen Ion + L-Methionine + NADP
L-Tyrosine
Tyrosine (Tyr) or L-tyrosine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-tyrosine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tyrosine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aromatic amino acid. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the body can synthesize it – usually from phenylalanine. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, a monooxygenase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction causing the addition of a hydroxyl group to the end of the 6-carbon aromatic ring of phenylalanine, such that it becomes tyrosine. Tyrosine is found in many high-protein food products such as chicken, turkey, fish, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, soy products, lima beans, avocados and bananas. Tyrosine is one of the few amino acids that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, including thyroid hormones (diiodotyrosine), catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism have been identified, such as hawkinsinuria and tyrosinemia I. The most common feature of these diseases is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements can help reverse these disease symptoms. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This typically indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can help aleviate biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for treating psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-Dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-Dopa (http://www.dcnutrition.com). In addition to its role as a precursor for neurotransmitters, tyrosine plays an important role for the function of many proteins. Within many proteins or enzymes, certain tyrosine residues can be tagged (at the hydroxyl group) with a phosphate group (phosphorylated) by specialized protein kinases. In its phosphorylated form, tyrosine is called phosphotyrosine. Tyrosine phosphorylation is considered to be one of the key steps in signal transduction and regulation of enzymatic activity. Tyrosine (or its precursor phenylalanine) is also needed to synthesize the benzoquinone structure which forms part of coenzyme Q10. L-tyrosine is an optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. It has a role as an EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor, a nutraceutical, a micronutrient and a fundamental metabolite. It is an erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a tyrosine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a L-tyrosinal. It is a conjugate base of a L-tyrosinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-tyrosinate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-tyrosine. It is a tautomer of a L-tyrosine zwitterion. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from [phenylalanine]. It is also the precursor of [epinephrine], thyroid hormones, and melanin. L-Tyrosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). L-Tyrosine is the levorotatory isomer of the aromatic amino acid tyrosine. L-tyrosine is a naturally occurring tyrosine and is synthesized in vivo from L-phenylalanine. It is considered a non-essential amino acid; however, in patients with phenylketonuria who lack phenylalanine hydroxylase and cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, it is considered an essential nutrient. In vivo, tyrosine plays a role in protein synthesis and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamines, thyroxine, and melanin. Tyrosine is an essential amino acid that readily passes the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain, it is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, better known as adrenalin. These neurotransmitters are an important part of the bodys sympathetic nervous system, and their concentrations in the body and brain are directly dependent upon dietary tyrosine. Tyrosine is not found in large concentrations throughout the body, probably because it is rapidly metabolized. Folic acid, copper and vitamin C are cofactor nutrients of these reactions. Tyrosine is also the precursor for hormones, thyroid, catecholestrogens and the major human pigment, melanin. Tyrosine is an important amino acid in many proteins, peptides and even enkephalins, the bodys natural pain reliever. Valine and other branched amino acids, and possibly tryptophan and phenylalanine may reduce tyrosine absorption. A number of genetic errors of tyrosine metabolism occur. Most common is the increased amount of tyrosine in the blood of premature infants, which is marked by decreased motor activity, lethargy and poor feeding. Infection and intellectual deficits may occur. Vitamin C supplements reverse the disease. Some adults also develop elevated tyrosine in their blood. This indicates a need for more vitamin C. More tyrosine is needed under stress, and tyrosine supplements prevent the stress-induced depletion of norepinephrine and can cure biochemical depression. However, tyrosine may not be good for psychosis. Many antipsychotic medications apparently function by inhibiting tyrosine metabolism. L-dopa, which is directly used in Parkinsons, is made from tyrosine. Tyrosine, the nutrient, can be used as an adjunct in the treatment of Parkinsons. Peripheral metabolism of tyrosine necessitates large doses of tyrosine, however, compared to L-dopa. A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. Dietary supplement, nutrient. Flavouring ingredient. L-Tyrosine is found in many foods, some of which are blue crab, sweet rowanberry, lemon sole, and alpine sweetvetch. An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. L-Tyrosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=60-18-4 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 60-18-4). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex. L-Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid which can inhibit citrate synthase activity in the posterior cortex.
L-Methionine
Methionine (Met), also known as L-methionine, is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. Methionine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Methionine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as an aliphatic, non-polar amino acid. Methionine is an essential amino acid (there are 9 essential amino acids), meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. It is required for normal growth and development of humans, other mammals, and avian species. In addition to being a substrate for protein synthesis, methionine is an intermediate in transmethylation reactions, serving as the major methyl group donor in vivo, including the methyl groups for DNA and RNA intermediates. Methionine is a methyl acceptor for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthase), the only reaction that allows for the recycling of this form of folate, and is also a methyl acceptor for the catabolism of betaine. Methionine is the metabolic precursor for cysteine. Only the sulfur atom from methionine is transferred to cysteine; the carbon skeleton of cysteine is donated by serine (PMID: 16702340 ). There is a general consensus concerning normal sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirements. WHO recommendations amount to 13 mg/kg per 24 h in healthy adults. This amount is roughly doubled in artificial nutrition regimens. In disease or after trauma, requirements may be altered for methionine, cysteine, and taurine. Although in specific cases of congenital enzyme deficiency, prematurity, or diminished liver function, hypermethioninemia or hyperhomocysteinemia may occur, SAA supplementation can be considered safe in amounts exceeding 2-3 times the minimum recommended daily intake. Apart from some very specific indications (e.g. acetaminophen poisoning) the usefulness of SAA supplementation is not yet established (PMID: 16702341 ). Methionine is known to exacerbate psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic patients, but there is no evidence of similar effects in healthy subjects. The role of methionine as a precursor of homocysteine is the most notable cause for concern. Acute doses of methionine can lead to acute increases in plasma homocysteine, which can be used as an index of the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease. Sufficiently high doses of methionine can actually result in death. Longer-term studies in adults have indicated no adverse consequences of moderate fluctuations in dietary methionine intake, but intakes higher than 5 times the normal amount resulted in elevated homocysteine levels. These effects of methionine on homocysteine and vascular function are moderated by supplements of vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and folic acid (PMID: 16702346 ). When present in sufficiently high levels, methionine can act as an atherogen and a metabotoxin. An atherogen is a compound that when present at chronically high levels causes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of methionine are associated with at least ten inborn errors of metabolism, including cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria, tyrosinemia, galactosemia, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defects in cobalamin metabolism, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase deficiency. Chronically elevated levels of methionine in infants can lead to intellectual disability and othe... [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Adenosine (exact mass = 267.09675) and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (exact mass = 384.12159) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] L-Methionine (exact mass = 149.05105) and Tyramine (exact mass = 137.08406) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. l-Methionine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=63-68-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 63-68-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant. L-Methionine is the L-isomer of Methionine, an essential amino acid for human development. Methionine acts as a hepatoprotectant.
4-Methylcatechol
A methylcatechol having a single methyl substituent at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Picea abies. D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D018696 - Neuroprotective Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D009676 - Noxae > D002273 - Carcinogens 4-Methylcatechol, a metabolite of p-toluate, is a substrate as well as a suicide inhibitor of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase. 4-Methylcatechol, a metabolite of p-toluate, is a substrate as well as a suicide inhibitor of Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase.
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid, also known as 2-oxopropanoic acid or alpha-ketopropionic acid, belongs to alpha-keto acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the adjacent carbon. Thus, pyruvic acid is considered to be a fatty acid lipid molecule. Pyruvic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Pyruvic acid can be synthesized from propionic acid. Pyruvic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenylpyruvate, 3-acylpyruvic acid, and methyl pyruvate. Pyruvic acid can be found in a number of food items such as kumquat, groundcherry, coconut, and prunus (cherry, plum), which makes pyruvic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Pyruvic acid can be found primarily in most biofluids, including sweat, blood, urine, and feces, as well as throughout most human tissues. Pyruvic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, pyruvic acid is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include glycogenosis, type IB, glycolysis, urea cycle, and gluconeogenesis. Pyruvic acid is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include non ketotic hyperglycinemia, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency, and 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria/succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Moreover, pyruvic acid is found to be associated with anoxia, schizophrenia, fumarase deficiency, and meningitis. Pyruvic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Pyruvic acid is a drug which is used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalanc. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation . Those taking large doses of supplemental pyruvate—usually greater than 5 grams daily—have reported gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal discomfort and bloating, gas and diarrhea. One child receiving pyruvate intravenously for restrictive cardiomyopathy died (DrugBank). Pyruvate serves as a biological fuel by being converted to acetyl coenzyme A, which enters the tricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to produce ATP aerobically. Energy can also be obtained anaerobically from pyruvate via its conversion to lactate. Pyruvate injections or perfusions increase contractile function of hearts when metabolizing glucose or fatty acids. This inotropic effect is striking in hearts stunned by ischemia/reperfusion. The inotropic effect of pyruvate requires intracoronary infusion. Among possible mechanisms for this effect are increased generation of ATP and an increase in ATP phosphorylation potential. Another is activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, promoting its own oxidation by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inactivated in ischemia myocardium. Yet another is reduction of cytosolic inorganic phosphate concentration. Pyruvate, as an antioxidant, is known to scavenge such reactive oxygen species as hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. Indirectly, supraphysiological levels of pyruvate may increase cellular reduced glutathione (T3DB). Pyruvic acid or pyruvate is a simple alpha-keto acid. It is a three-carbon molecule containing a carboxylic acid group and a ketone functional group. Pyruvate is the simplest alpha-keto acid and according to official nomenclature by IUPAC, it is called alpha-keto propanoic acid. Like other keto acids, pyruvic acid can tautomerize from its ketone form to its enol form, containing a double bond and an alcohol. Pyruvate is found in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It is intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pyruvate is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. In particular, pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactate when oxygen is lacking (lactic acid). In glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible. In gluconeogenesis, it takes two enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase, to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP. Pyruvic acid is also a metabolite of Corynebacterium (PMID: 27872963). Pyruvic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=127-17-3 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 127-17-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
5'-Deoxyadenosine
5-Deoxyadenosine is an oxidized nucleoside found in the urine of normal subjects. Oxidized nucleosides represent excellent biomarkers for determining the extent of damage in genetic material, which has long been of interest in understanding the mechanism of aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and carcinogenesis. (PMID 15116424). The normal form of deoxyadenosine used in DNA synthesis and repair is 2-deoxyadenosine where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is at the 2 position of its ribose sugar moiety. 5-deoxyadenosine has its hydroxyl group at the 5 position of the ribose sugar. [HMDB] 5-Deoxyadenosine is an oxidized nucleoside found in the urine of normal subjects. Oxidized nucleosides represent excellent biomarkers for determining the extent of damage in genetic material, which has long been of interest in understanding the mechanism of aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and carcinogenesis. (PMID 15116424). The normal form of deoxyadenosine used in DNA synthesis and repair is 2-deoxyadenosine where the hydroxyl group (-OH) is at the 2 position of its ribose sugar moiety. 5-deoxyadenosine has its hydroxyl group at the 5 position of the ribose sugar. KEIO_ID D082; [MS2] KO008948 KEIO_ID D082 5'-Deoxyadenosine is an oxidized nucleoside found in the urine of normal subjects. 5'-Deoxyadenosine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1]. 5'-Deoxyadenosine is an oxidized nucleoside found in the urine of normal subjects. 5'-Deoxyadenosine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity[1].
NADP+
[Spectral] NADP+ (exact mass = 743.07545) and NAD+ (exact mass = 663.10912) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (CAS: 591-59-3), also known as triose phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates are compounds containing a glyceraldehyde substituted at position O3 by a phosphate group. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as sea-buckthorn berries, lingonberries, prunus (cherry, plum), quinoa, and sparkleberries. This could make glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG). This is the process by which glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) or triose phosphate is an aldotriose, an important metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and in tryptophan biosynthesis. G3P is formed from Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP),and 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, (1,3BPG), and this is how glycerol (as DHAP) enters the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are quince, chinese cabbage, carob, and peach. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST.
Water
Water is a chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. It appears colorless to the naked eye in small quantities, though it is actually slightly blue in color. It covers 71\\% of Earths surface. Current estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (330 million m3) of it available on Earth, and it exists in many forms. It appears mostly in the oceans (saltwater) and polar ice caps, but it is also present as clouds, rain water, rivers, freshwater aquifers, lakes, and sea ice. Water in these bodies perpetually moves through a cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and runoff to the sea. Clean water is essential to human life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this role by allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which many of the bodys solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essential and central to these metabolic processes. Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the suns energy to split off waters hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined with CO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the suns energy and reform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration). Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH-) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acids have pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7. Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on the esophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base such as aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the salt aluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performs optimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4. (Wikipedia). Water, also known as purified water or dihydrogen oxide, is a member of the class of compounds known as homogeneous other non-metal compounds. Homogeneous other non-metal compounds are inorganic non-metallic compounds in which the largest atom belongs to the class of other nonmetals. Water can be found in a number of food items such as caraway, oxheart cabbage, alaska wild rhubarb, and japanese walnut, which makes water a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Water can be found primarily in most biofluids, including ascites Fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and lymph, as well as throughout all human tissues. Water exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, water is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/i-15:0/i-20:0/i-24:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(18:0/18:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), and cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/i-18:0/i-13:0/i-19:0). Water is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/i-13:0/21:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(22:0/20:0/i-20:0), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(a-21:0/i-20:0/i-14:0), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis tg(i-21:0/a-17:0/i-12:0). Water is a drug which is used for diluting or dissolving drugs for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, according to instructions of the manufacturer of the drug to be administered [fda label]. Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70\\% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil and natural gas) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, and diving .
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend on living and decaying plants for food, either directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Additionally, carbon dioxide is used by plants during photosynthesis to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, proteins and the wide variety of other organic compounds required for plant growth and development. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than usual atmospheric levels, it can produce a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. Leavening agent, propellant, aerating agent, preservative. Solvent for supercritical extraction e.g. of caffeine in manufacture of caffeine-free instant coffee. It is used in carbonation of beverages, in the frozen food industry and as a component of controlled atmosphere packaging (CAD) to inhibit bacterial growth. Especies effective against Gram-negative spoilage bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a substrate for 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (mitochondrial). [HMDB]. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is found in many foods, some of which are jackfruit, dandelion, italian sweet red pepper, and summer grape. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is a substrate for 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase (mitochondrial). It has been found to be a metabolite of Escherichia and Streptomyces (PMID: 10648511; PMID: 9371765).
Hydrogen Ion
Hydrogen ion, also known as proton or h+, is a member of the class of compounds known as other non-metal hydrides. Other non-metal hydrides are inorganic compounds in which the heaviest atom bonded to a hydrogen atom is belongs to the class of other non-metals. Hydrogen ion can be found in a number of food items such as lowbush blueberry, groundcherry, parsley, and tarragon, which makes hydrogen ion a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Hydrogen ion exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, hydrogen ion is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-13:0/a-25:0/a-21:0/i-15:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(a-13:0/a-17:0/i-13:0/a-25:0), cardiolipin biosynthesis cl(i-12:0/i-13:0/a-17:0/a-15:0), and cardiolipin biosynthesis CL(16:1(9Z)/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/18:1(11Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)). Hydrogen ion is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:5(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:2(9Z,12Z)/20:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)), de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/18:4(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)), and de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis TG(24:0/20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/24:0). A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions . Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. Under aqueous conditions found in biochemistry, hydrogen ions exist as the hydrated form hydronium, H3O+, but these are often still referred to as hydrogen ions or even protons by biochemists. [Wikipedia])
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
ent-NADPH
COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
