Trimethylglycine

Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt

C5H11NO2 (117.0789746)


Glycine betaine is the amino acid betaine derived from glycine. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an amino-acid betaine and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate base of a N,N,N-trimethylglycinium. Betaine is a methyl group donor that functions in the normal metabolic cycle of methionine. It is a naturally occurring choline derivative commonly ingested through diet, with a role in regulating cellular hydration and maintaining cell function. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder that leads to the accumulation of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Currently, no treatments are available to correct the genetic causes of homocystinuria. However, in order to normalize homocysteine levels, patients can be treated with vitamin B6 ([pyridoxine]), vitamin B12 ([cobalamin]), [folate] and specific diets. Betaine reduces plasma homocysteine levels in patients with homocystinuria. Although it is present in many food products, the levels found there are insufficient to treat this condition. The FDA and EMA have approved the product Cystadane (betaine anhydrous, oral solution) for the treatment of homocystinuria, and the EMA has approved the use of Amversio (betaine anhydrous, oral powder). Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Betaine is a Methylating Agent. The mechanism of action of betaine is as a Methylating Activity. Betaine is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several metabolic pathways and is used to treat the rare genetic causes of homocystinuria. Betaine has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury. Betaine is a natural product found in Hypoestes phyllostachya, Barleria lupulina, and other organisms with data available. Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341) See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Betaine; panthenol (component of); Betaine; scutellaria baicalensis root (component of) ... View More ... A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D008082 - Lipotropic Agents Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites CONFIDENCE standard compound; ML_ID 42 D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents KEIO_ID B047

   

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)


4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-formylphenol or 4-hydroxybenzenecarbonal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzaldehydes. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene ring carrying an aldehyde group and a hydroxyl group. A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and balsam tasting compound. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within vinegars and oats. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cardoons, colorado pinyons, oyster mushrooms, common chokecherries, and potato. This could make 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is a hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a mouse metabolite and an EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a natural product found in Ficus septica, Visnea mocanera, and other organisms with data available. Occurs naturally combined in many glycosides. Constituent of vanillin. Isol. in free state from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=123-08-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 123-08-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.

   

Phytol

2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (theta-(theta,theta-(E)))-

C20H40O (296.307899)


Phytol, also known as trans-phytol or 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol, is a member of the class of compounds known as acyclic diterpenoids. Acyclic diterpenoids are diterpenoids (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, phytol is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Phytol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Phytol can be found in a number of food items such as salmonberry, rose hip, malus (crab apple), and black raspberry, which makes phytol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Phytol can be found primarily in human fibroblasts tissue. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol that can be used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. In ruminants, the gut fermentation of ingested plant materials liberates phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll, which is then converted to phytanic acid and stored in fats. In shark liver it yields pristane . Phytol is a diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a schistosomicide drug and an algal metabolite. It is a diterpenoid and a long-chain primary fatty alcohol. Phytol is a natural product found in Elodea canadensis, Wendlandia formosana, and other organisms with data available. Phytol is an acyclic diterpene alcohol and a constituent of chlorophyll. Phytol is commonly used as a precursor for the manufacture of synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Furthermore, phytol also was shown to modulate transcription in cells via transcription factors PPAR-alpha and retinoid X receptor (RXR). Acyclic diterpene used in making synthetic forms of vitamin E and vitamin K1. Phytol is a natural linear diterpene alcohol which is used in the preparation of vitamins E and K1. It is also a decomposition product of chlorophyll. It is an oily liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. -- Wikipedia. A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15. C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1].

   

Cholesterol

(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol

C27H46O (386.3548466)


Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50\\\\% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80\\\\% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with c... Constituent either free or as esters, of fish liver oils, lard, dairy fats, egg yolk and bran Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

   

Elatol

2-bromo-8-chloro-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

C15H22BrClO (332.0542452)


   

Laurinterol

[1S-(1alpha,2beta,5alpha)]-4-Bromo-2-(1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-yl)-5-methylphenol

C15H19BrO (294.06191839999997)


A sesquiterpenoid isolated from Laurencia intermedia and Aplysia kurodai and has been found to exhibit antibacterial activity,

   

4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol

Para-methoxybenzyl alcohol

C8H10O2 (138.06807600000002)


4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol is found in anise. 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol is isolated from vanilla, aniseed oil, sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) flowers and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus). 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol is used in flower perfumes and flavouring Isolated from vanilla, aniseed oil, sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) flowers and tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus). It is used in flower perfumes and flavourings. 4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol is found in herbs and spices and anise.

   

kainic acid

3-(carboxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

C10H15NO4 (213.100103)


   

Aristolone

2H-Cyclopropa(a)naphthalen-2-one, 1,1a,4,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-, (1aalpha,7alpha,7aalpha,7balpha)-

C15H22O (218.1670562)


Aristolone is a natural product found in Litophyton erectum, Aristolochia clematitis, and other organisms with data available. Aristolone is a sesquiterpene isolated from Aristolochia debilis[1]. Aristolone is a sesquiterpene isolated from Aristolochia debilis[1].

   

Debromolaurinterol

[1S-(1alpha,2beta,5alpha)]-2-(1,2-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-yl)-5-methylphenol

C15H20O (216.151407)


A sesquiterpenoid that is laurinterol in which the bromo group has been replaced by a hydrogen. Isolated from Laurencia intermedia and Aplysia kurodai, it exhibits antimicrobial activity.

   

Betaine

2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate

C5H11NO2 (117.0789746)


Betaine or trimethylglycine is a methylated derivative of glycine. It functions as a methyl donor in that it carries and donates methyl functional groups to facilitate necessary chemical processes. The donation of methyl groups is important to proper liver function, cellular replication, and detoxification reactions. Betaine also plays a role in the manufacture of carnitine and serves to protect the kidneys from damage. Betaine has also been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th Ed, p1341). Betaine is found in many foods, some of which are potato puffs, poppy, hazelnut, and garden cress. Betaine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=107-43-7 (retrieved 2024-06-28) (CAS RN: 107-43-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

   
   

Cholesterol

(1S,2R,5S,10S,11S,14R,15R)-2,15-dimethyl-14-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-7-en-5-ol

C27H46O (386.3548466)


A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

   

2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1-methylindole

2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1-methylindole

C9H5Br4N (442.71554100000003)


   

2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1H-indole

2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-1H-indole

C8H3Br4N (428.6998918)


   

Kainic acid

InChI=1/C10H15NO4/c1-5(2)7-4-11-9(10(14)15)6(7)3-8(12)13/h6-7,9,11H,1,3-4H2,2H3,(H,12,13)(H,14,15)/t6-,7+,9-/m0/s

C10H15NO4 (213.100103)


Kainic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, a L-proline derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It has a role as an antinematodal drug and an excitatory amino acid agonist. It is a conjugate acid of a kainate(1-). (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2]. Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2].

   

Phytol

2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, (theta-(theta,theta-(E)))-

C20H40O (296.307899)


Phytol is a key acyclic diterpene alcohol that is a precursor for vitamins E and K1. Phytol is an extremely common terpenoid, found in all plants esterified to Chlorophyll to confer lipid solubility[citation needed].; Phytol is a natural linear diterpene alcohol which is used in the preparation of vitamins E and K1. It is also a decomposition product of chlorophyll. It is an oily liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. -- Wikipedia C1907 - Drug, Natural Product > C28269 - Phytochemical Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Phytol ((E)?-?Phytol), a diterpene alcohol from chlorophyll widely used as a food additive and in medicinal fields, possesses promising antischistosomal properties. Phytol has antinociceptive and antioxidant activitiesas well as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. Phytol has antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus[1].

   

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)


p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.

   

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)


p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.

   

Kainic acid

Kainic acid

C10H15NO4 (213.100103)


Annotation level-1

   

Anis alcohol

4-Methoxy-benzenemethanol

C8H10O2 (138.06807600000002)


   
   

Lanol

(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol

C27H46O (386.3548466)


Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].

   

FR-0985

4-08-00-00251 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)

C7H6O2 (122.0367776)


p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde is a one of the major components in vanilla aroma, with antagonistic effect on GABAA receptor of the α1β2γ2S subtype at high concentrations.

   

LS-2359

InChI=1\C8H10O2\c1-10-8-4-2-7(6-9)3-5-8\h2-5,9H,6H2,1H

C8H10O2 (138.06807600000002)


   

Trimethylglycine

Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt

C5H11NO2 (117.0789746)


Glycine betaine is the amino acid betaine derived from glycine. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an amino-acid betaine and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate base of a N,N,N-trimethylglycinium. Betaine is a methyl group donor that functions in the normal metabolic cycle of methionine. It is a naturally occurring choline derivative commonly ingested through diet, with a role in regulating cellular hydration and maintaining cell function. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder that leads to the accumulation of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Currently, no treatments are available to correct the genetic causes of homocystinuria. However, in order to normalize homocysteine levels, patients can be treated with vitamin B6 ([pyridoxine]), vitamin B12 ([cobalamin]), [folate] and specific diets. Betaine reduces plasma homocysteine levels in patients with homocystinuria. Although it is present in many food products, the levels found there are insufficient to treat this condition. The FDA and EMA have approved the product Cystadane (betaine anhydrous, oral solution) for the treatment of homocystinuria, and the EMA has approved the use of Amversio (betaine anhydrous, oral powder). Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Betaine is a Methylating Agent. The mechanism of action of betaine is as a Methylating Activity. Betaine is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several metabolic pathways and is used to treat the rare genetic causes of homocystinuria. Betaine has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury. Betaine is a natural product found in Hypoestes phyllostachya, Barleria lupulina, and other organisms with data available. Betaine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341) See also: Arnica montana Flower (part of); Betaine; panthenol (component of); Betaine; scutellaria baicalensis root (component of) ... View More ... A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives D057847 - Lipid Regulating Agents > D000960 - Hypolipidemic Agents > D008082 - Lipotropic Agents The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents

   

(1s,2s,4s,5s,6s,8r)-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethyl-11-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.0¹,⁶]undecan-3-one

(1s,2s,4s,5s,6s,8r)-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethyl-11-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.0¹,⁶]undecan-3-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)


   

(1s,2r,2'r,4s,4's,5's,6r)-5'-bromo-4'-chloro-1,4,4'-trimethyl-3-methylidene-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

(1s,2r,2'r,4s,4's,5's,6r)-5'-bromo-4'-chloro-1,4,4'-trimethyl-3-methylidene-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

C15H22BrClO2 (348.0491602)


   

3-[(5-{[6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(sulfoamino)-4-(sulfooxy)oxan-2-yl)oxy]-6-({4,6-dihydroxy-5-[(1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-2-[(sulfooxy)methyl]oxan-3-yl}oxy)-4-hydroxy-5-(sulfooxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid

3-[(5-{[6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-(sulfooxy)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(sulfoamino)-4-(sulfooxy)oxan-2-yl)oxy]-6-({4,6-dihydroxy-5-[(1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-2-[(sulfooxy)methyl]oxan-3-yl}oxy)-4-hydroxy-5-(sulfooxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid

C26H42N2O37S5 (1134.0069962000002)


   

2-bromo-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

2-bromo-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

C15H23BrO (298.0932168)


   

8-bromo-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-octahydro-1h-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-6-ol

8-bromo-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-octahydro-1h-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-6-ol

C20H33BrO2 (384.1663778)


   

4-bromo-2-[(1r,3s)-1,3-dimethyl-2-methylidenecyclopentyl]-5-methylphenol

4-bromo-2-[(1r,3s)-1,3-dimethyl-2-methylidenecyclopentyl]-5-methylphenol

C15H19BrO (294.06191839999997)


   

1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-5-one

1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-5-one

C15H20O (216.151407)


   

(2r,3r,6r)-2-bromo-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

(2r,3r,6r)-2-bromo-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

C15H23BrO (298.0932168)


   
   

(6r,8s)-8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-2-ene

(6r,8s)-8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-2-ene

C15H23Br (282.0983018)


   

(4r,6s)-4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-diene

(4r,6s)-4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-diene

C15H23Br (282.0983018)


   

(2z,6z,8z,12e)-n-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-13-[(1r,2r)-2-methylcyclopropyl]trideca-2,6,8,12-tetraenimidic acid

(2z,6z,8z,12e)-n-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-13-[(1r,2r)-2-methylcyclopropyl]trideca-2,6,8,12-tetraenimidic acid

C20H31NO3 (333.2303816)


   

5'-bromo-4'-chloro-1,4,4'-trimethyl-3-methylidene-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

5'-bromo-4'-chloro-1,4,4'-trimethyl-3-methylidene-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

C15H22BrClO2 (348.0491602)


   

(2r,3s,6r)-2-bromo-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

(2r,3s,6r)-2-bromo-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

C15H23BrO (298.0932168)


   

(3s,4s,4as)-3-hydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

(3s,4s,4as)-3-hydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)


   

(4r)-2-methyl-6-[(1e)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene]hept-2-en-4-yl acetate

(4r)-2-methyl-6-[(1e)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene]hept-2-en-4-yl acetate

C17H26O2 (262.1932696)


   

4-bromo-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2-methylidenecyclopentyl)-5-methylphenol

4-bromo-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2-methylidenecyclopentyl)-5-methylphenol

C15H19BrO (294.06191839999997)


   

(1s,3r,10r,12s)-12-bromo-1,11,11-trimethyl-2,5-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.0³,⁷]tetradec-7-en-6-one

(1s,3r,10r,12s)-12-bromo-1,11,11-trimethyl-2,5-dioxatricyclo[8.4.0.0³,⁷]tetradec-7-en-6-one

C15H21BrO3 (328.06739760000005)


   

(1s,2s,3r,4s,7s,8r,11r,12s,15s)-4,8,11,12,15-pentamethyltetracyclo[9.3.1.0²,⁸.0³,⁷]pentadecane-1,4-diol

(1s,2s,3r,4s,7s,8r,11r,12s,15s)-4,8,11,12,15-pentamethyltetracyclo[9.3.1.0²,⁸.0³,⁷]pentadecane-1,4-diol

C20H34O2 (306.2558664)


   

3-hydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

3-hydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)


   

(1r,2r,4r,5r,6r,8s)-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethyl-11-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.0¹,⁶]undecan-3-one

(1r,2r,4r,5r,6r,8s)-4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethyl-11-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.0¹,⁶]undecan-3-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)


   

(1r,2s,3s,5s,8s,9r)-2,3,5,9-tetramethyltricyclo[6.3.0.0¹,⁵]undecan-2-ol

(1r,2s,3s,5s,8s,9r)-2,3,5,9-tetramethyltricyclo[6.3.0.0¹,⁵]undecan-2-ol

C15H26O (222.1983546)


   

4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-dien-3-ol

4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-dien-3-ol

C15H23BrO (298.0932168)


   

6-amino-6-carboxy-2-(trimethylammonio)hexanoate

6-amino-6-carboxy-2-(trimethylammonio)hexanoate

C10H20N2O4 (232.1423)


   

2-{1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl}-5-methylphenol

2-{1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl}-5-methylphenol

C15H20O (216.151407)


   

4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-diene

4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-diene

C15H23Br (282.0983018)


   

(3s,4s,6s)-4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-dien-3-ol

(3s,4s,6s)-4-bromo-1,5,5,9-tetramethylspiro[5.5]undeca-1,8-dien-3-ol

C15H23BrO (298.0932168)


   

(1ar,3s,7r,7ar,7bs)-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,2h,3h,5h,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-3-ol

(1ar,3s,7r,7ar,7bs)-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,2h,3h,5h,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-3-ol

C15H24O (220.18270539999997)


   

2-methyl-6-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene)hept-2-en-4-yl acetate

2-methyl-6-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene)hept-2-en-4-yl acetate

C17H26O2 (262.1932696)


   

(4s)-2-methyl-6-[(1e)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene]hept-2-en-4-yl acetate

(4s)-2-methyl-6-[(1e)-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ylidene]hept-2-en-4-yl acetate

C17H26O2 (262.1932696)


   

(3r,4r,4ar)-3-hydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

(3r,4r,4ar)-3-hydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)


   

2,3,5,9-tetramethyltricyclo[6.3.0.0¹,⁵]undecan-2-ol

2,3,5,9-tetramethyltricyclo[6.3.0.0¹,⁵]undecan-2-ol

C15H26O (222.1983546)


   

3,9-dihydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

3,9-dihydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

C15H22O3 (250.1568862)


   

(1s,2r,2'r,4s,4's,5's,6r)-4,5'-dibromo-4'-chloro-1,3,3,4'-tetramethyl-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

(1s,2r,2'r,4s,4's,5's,6r)-4,5'-dibromo-4'-chloro-1,3,3,4'-tetramethyl-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

C15H23Br2ClO2 (427.9753208)


   

(2z,6z,8z,12e)-n-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-13-[(1s,2s)-2-methylcyclopropyl]trideca-2,6,8,12-tetraenimidic acid

(2z,6z,8z,12e)-n-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-13-[(1s,2s)-2-methylcyclopropyl]trideca-2,6,8,12-tetraenimidic acid

C20H31NO3 (333.2303816)


   

n-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-13-(2-methylcyclopropyl)trideca-2,6,8,12-tetraenimidic acid

n-(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-13-(2-methylcyclopropyl)trideca-2,6,8,12-tetraenimidic acid

C20H31NO3 (333.2303816)


   

4,5'-dibromo-4'-chloro-1,3,3,4'-tetramethyl-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

4,5'-dibromo-4'-chloro-1,3,3,4'-tetramethyl-7-oxaspiro[bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,1'-cyclohexan]-2'-ol

C15H23Br2ClO2 (427.9753208)


   

(1ar,7r,7ar,7bs)-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-5-one

(1ar,7r,7ar,7bs)-1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-5-one

C15H20O (216.151407)


   

4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethyl-11-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.0¹,⁶]undecan-3-one

4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethyl-11-methylidenetricyclo[6.2.1.0¹,⁶]undecan-3-one

C15H22O2 (234.1619712)


   

(3r,4as,6s,6as,8r,10ar,10bs)-8-bromo-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-octahydro-1h-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-6-ol

(3r,4as,6s,6as,8r,10ar,10bs)-8-bromo-3-ethenyl-3,4a,7,7,10a-pentamethyl-octahydro-1h-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-6-ol

C20H33BrO2 (384.1663778)


   

1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,2h,3h,5h,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-3-ol

1,1,7,7a-tetramethyl-1ah,2h,3h,5h,6h,7h,7bh-cyclopropa[a]naphthalen-3-ol

C15H24O (220.18270539999997)


   

4-bromo-2-{1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl}-5-methylphenol

4-bromo-2-{1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl}-5-methylphenol

C15H19BrO (294.06191839999997)


   

(2r,3s,6r)-2-bromo-8-chloro-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

(2r,3s,6r)-2-bromo-8-chloro-1,1,9-trimethyl-5-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-8-en-3-ol

C15H22BrClO (332.0542452)


   

(3r,4r,4ar,9r)-3,9-dihydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

(3r,4r,4ar,9r)-3,9-dihydroxy-1,4,4a,7-tetramethyl-4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-benzo[7]annulen-2-one

C15H22O3 (250.1568862)


   

(3r,6s,8s,9r)-8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-1-ene-3,9-diol

(3r,6s,8s,9r)-8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-1-ene-3,9-diol

C15H23BrO2 (314.0881318)


   

8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-1-ene-3,9-diol

8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-1-ene-3,9-diol

C15H23BrO2 (314.0881318)


   

2-[(1s,5r)-1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl]-5-methylphenol

2-[(1s,5r)-1,2-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-yl]-5-methylphenol

C15H20O (216.151407)


   

8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-2-ene

8-bromo-3,7,7-trimethyl-11-methylidenespiro[5.5]undec-2-ene

C15H23Br (282.0983018)