Gene Association: AREG
UniProt Search:
AREG (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: amphiregulin
found 24 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Adenosine
Adenosine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. It has a role as an anti-arrhythmia drug, a vasodilator agent, an analgesic, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is a purines D-ribonucleoside and a member of adenosines. It is functionally related to an adenine. The structure of adenosine was first described in 1931, though the vasodilating effects were not described in literature until the 1940s. Adenosine is indicated as an adjunct to thallium-201 in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, though it is rarely used in this indication, having largely been replaced by [dipyridamole] and [regadenson]. Adenosine is also indicated in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Adenosine was granted FDA approval on 30 October 1989. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenosine is an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. The mechanism of action of adenosine is as an Adenosine Receptor Agonist. Adenosine is a natural product found in Smilax bracteata, Mikania laevigata, and other organisms with data available. Adenosine is a ribonucleoside comprised of adenine bound to ribose, with vasodilatory, antiarrhythmic and analgesic activities. Phosphorylated forms of adenosine play roles in cellular energy transfer, signal transduction and the synthesis of RNA. Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP. Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously, adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Because of the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Adenosine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. See also: Adenosine; Niacinamide (component of); Adenosine; Glycerin (component of); Adenosine; ginsenosides (component of) ... View More ... Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes. Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. [Wikipedia]. Adenosine is found in many foods, some of which are borage, japanese persimmon, nuts, and barley. COVID info from PDB, Protein Data Bank, COVID-19 Disease Map, clinicaltrial, clinicaltrials, clinical trial, clinical trials A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Adenosine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-61-7 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 58-61-7). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2]. Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation[1][2].
L-Arginine
Arginine (Arg), also known as L-argninine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (–NH2) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-asparagine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Arginine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Arginine is an essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. It is classified as a charged, basic, aliphatic amino acid. Arginine is considered to be a basic amino acid as it has a strongly basic guanidinium group. With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic, and even most basic environments. Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized. This group is able to form multiple H-bonds. In mammals, arginine is formally classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. Infants are unable to effectively synthesize arginine, making it nutritionally essential for infants. Adults, however, are able to synthesize arginine in the urea cycle. L-Arginine is an amino acid that has numerous functions in the body. It helps dispose of ammonia, is used to make compounds such as nitric oxide, creatine, L-glutamate, and L-proline, and it can be converted into glucose and glycogen if needed. Arginine also plays an important role in cell division, immunity and wound healing. Arginine is the immediate precursor of nitric oxide (NO), an important signaling molecule which can act as a second messenger, as well as an intercellular messenger which regulates vasodilation, and also has functions in the immune systems reaction to infection. Nitric oxide is made via the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (PMID 10690324). Arginine is also a precursor for several important nitrogen-containing compounds including urea, ornithine, and agmatine. Arginine is necessary for the synthesis of creatine and can be used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine, citrulline, and glutamate.) The presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in serum or plasma, a close relative of argninine, inhibits the nitric oxide synthase reaction. ADMA is considered a marker for vascular disease, just as L-arginine is considered a sign of a healthy endothelium. In large doses, L-arginine also stimulates the release of the hormones growth hormone and prolactin. Arginine is a known inducer of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and is responsible for inducing protein synthesis through the mTOR pathway. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin partially reduces arginine-induced protein synthesis (PMID: 20841502). Catabolic disease states such as sepsis, injury, and cancer cause an increase in arginine utilization, which can exceed normal body production, leading to arginine depletion. Arginine also activates AMP kinase (AMPK) which then stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, thereby increasing insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells (PMID: 21311355). Arginine is found in plant and animal proteins, such as dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and nuts. The ratio of L-arginine to lysine is also important: soy and other plant proteins have more L-arginine than animal sources of protein. [Spectral] L-Arginine (exact mass = 174.11168) and L-Histidine (exact mass = 155.06948) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. L-Arginine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74-79-3 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 74-79-3). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2]. L-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline[1][2].
Heroin
A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. N - Nervous system > N07 - Other nervous system drugs > N07B - Drugs used in addictive disorders > N07BC - Drugs used in opioid dependence D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C67413 - Opioid Receptor Agonist > C1657 - Opiate D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 1533
Dihomolinoleate (20:2n6)
Eicosadienoic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid found in human milk (PMID: 15256803). Omega-6 fatty acids are a family of unsaturated fatty acids which have in common a carbon-carbon double bond in the n−6 position; that is, the sixth bond from the end of the fatty acid. The biological effects of the omega−6 fatty acids are largely mediated by their conversion to n-6 eicosanoids that bind to diverse receptors found in every tissue of the body. Eicosadienoic acid has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). Isolated from lipids of Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues[1][2]. Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues[1][2].
Phosphoserine
The phosphoric acid ester of serine. As a constituent (residue) of proteins, its side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation. This might be important in explaining some of the devastating consequences of diabetes. It is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signalling in eukaryotes. Phosphorylated serine residues are often referred to as phosphoserine. Serine proteases are a common type of protease. Serine, organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. Only the L-stereoisomer appears in mammalian protein. It is not essential to the human diet, since it can be synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine. Serine was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865. Its name is derived from the Latin for silk, sericum. Serines structure was established in 1902. [HMDB] Phosphoserine is the phosphoric acid ester of the amino acid serine. It is found in essentially all living organisms ranging from microbes to plants to mammals. Phosphoserine is a component of many proteins as the result of posttranslational modifications to the native protein’s serine residue(s). The phosphorylation of the hydroxyl functional group in serine to produce phosphoserine is catalyzed by various types of kinases. Serine is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signalling in eukaryotes. Free phosphoserine is found in many biofluids and likely arises from the proteolysis of proteins containing phosphoserine residues (PMID: 7693088). Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID P060 DL-O-Phosphoserine, a normal metabolite in human biofluid, is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.
4-Oxoretinol
4-oxo-retinol, a metabolite of retinol synthesized in mouse embryonal carcinoma F9 cells,is active in inducing differentiation of these cells. It also functions as a ligand of retinoic acid receptors and a transcriptional activator of reporter. genes.[PMID: 9110564]. 4-Oxoretinol is a metabolite of retinol in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4 which induces cell growth arrest and granulocytic differentiation.[PMID: 9581846]. 4-oxo-retinol, a metabolite of retinol synthesized in mouse embryonal carcinoma F9 cells,is active in inducing differentiation of these cells. It also functions as a ligand of retinoic acid receptors and a transcriptional activator of reporter D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol
4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol is a product of the enzyme delta14-sterol reductase [EC 1.3.1.70] (KEGG). It is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids and is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to zymosterol. In particular, lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, catalyzes the C-14 demethylation of lanosterol to form 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. It is thought to be a meiosis activating sterol. [HMDB] 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol is a product of the enzyme delta14-sterol reductase [EC 1.3.1.70] (KEGG). It is involved in the biosynthesis of steroids and is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to zymosterol. In particular, lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, catalyzes the C-14 demethylation of lanosterol to form 4,4-Dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. It is thought to be a meiosis activating sterol.
1-((4-Methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole
D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
Lavoltidine
C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists
ICI 164384
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones
4-Ketoretinoic acid
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, induces gene transcription via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs).
DL-Arginine
DL-Arginine is used in physicochemical analysis of amino acid complexation dynamics and crystal structure formations. DL-Arginine is used in physicochemical analysis of amino acid complexation dynamics and crystal structure formations.
4-oxo-Retinoic acid
4-oxo-Retinoic acid is a biologically active geometric isomer of retinoic acid (RA). 4-oxo-retinoic acid is generated from its precursor canthaxanthin and enhances gap junctional communication in cells. Metabolic transformation of all-trans RA to 4-hydroxylated RA appears to be primarily catalyzed by the cytochrome P 450 (CYP) 26AI in human skin cells. Cellular levels of all-trans RA are meticulously regulated utilizing an array of systems to balance uptake, biosynthesis, catabolism, and efflux transport. RA is a critical regulator of gene expression during embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult epithelial tissues. (PMID: 8794203, 7893159, 17330217, 16778795, 17460545) [HMDB] 4-oxo-Retinoic acid is a biologically active geometric isomer of retinoic acid (RA). 4-oxo-retinoic acid is generated from its precursor canthaxanthin and enhances gap junctional communication in cells. Metabolic transformation of all-trans RA to 4-hydroxylated RA appears to be primarily catalyzed by the cytochrome P 450 (CYP) 26AI in human skin cells. Cellular levels of all-trans RA are meticulously regulated utilizing an array of systems to balance uptake, biosynthesis, catabolism, and efflux transport. RA is a critical regulator of gene expression during embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult epithelial tissues. (PMID: 8794203, 7893159, 17330217, 16778795, 17460545). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, induces gene transcription via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs).
DL-O-Phosphoserine
DL-O-Phosphoserine, also known as DL-O-phosphorylserine or DL-O-serine phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Serine proteases are a common type of protease. DL-O-Phosphoserine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Serine is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signalling in eukaryotes. It is a normal metabolite found in human biofluids. (PMID 7693088, 7688003) DL-O-Phosphoserine, a normal metabolite in human biofluid, is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.
4-Oxoretinol
D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
2-(6-Aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol
N-n-Butyl-N-methyl-11-(3,17beta-dihydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-7alpha-yl)undecanamide
D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006727 - Hormone Antagonists > D004965 - Estrogen Antagonists D006730 - Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists > D006728 - Hormones
DL-Arginine
DL-Arginine is used in physicochemical analysis of amino acid complexation dynamics and crystal structure formations. DL-Arginine is used in physicochemical analysis of amino acid complexation dynamics and crystal structure formations.
loxtidine
C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent > C29702 - Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018494 - Histamine Agents > D006633 - Histamine Antagonists
SC-58125
D018501 - Antirheumatic Agents > D000894 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal > D016861 - Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000893 - Anti-Inflammatory Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid
A retinoid that consists of all-trans-retinoic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid, an active metabolite of vitamin A, induces gene transcription via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs).
