Exact Mass: 933.2145790000001

3-Oxoheptanoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

3-Oxoheptanoyl-CoA is also known as (3S)-3-Isopropenyl-6-oxoenanthoyl-CoA. 3-Oxoheptanoyl-CoA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 3-Oxoheptanoyl-CoA is a fatty ester lipid molecule

c0893

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

2,6-Dimethyl-5-methylene-3-oxo-heptanoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

cobalt(2+);3-[(2S,3S,7S,8S)-7,13,17-tris(2-carboxyethyl)-3,8,12,18-tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-3,8,10-trimethyl-2,7-dihydroporphyrin-21,23-diid-2-yl]propanoic acid

C43H46CoN4O16 (933.2240655999999)

α-D-GlcNAc3S-(1→4)-β-D-GlcA(1→3)-β-D-Gal(1→3)-β-D-Gal(1→4)-D-Xyl

C31H51NO29S (933.2267356000001)

GlcNAc3S(alpha1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Xyl is a pentasaccharide comprised of an N-acetylated galactosamine residue sulfated on O-3, a glucuronic acid residue, and two galactose residues linked to a xylose residue at the reducing end.

3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a 3_4-dimethylideneheptanedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 7 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA into 3_4-dimethylideneheptanedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, 3_4-dimethylideneheptanedioylcarnitine is converted back to 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of 3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-C...

(4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(4e,6z)-3-hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (4E_6Z)-3-hydroxydeca-4_6-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (4e,6z)-3-hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (4e,6z)-3-hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (4e,6z)-3-hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA into (4E_6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4_6-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (4E_6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4_6-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD ...

(6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(6z,8e)-3-hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6Z_8E)-3-hydroxydeca-6_8-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6z,8e)-3-hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6z,8e)-3-hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6z,8e)-3-hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA into (6Z_8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6_8-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6Z_8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6_8-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD ...

(4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(4e,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (4E_7E)-3-hydroxydeca-4_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (4e,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (4e,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (4e,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA into (4E_7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (4E_7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD ...

(5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(5z,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (5Z_7E)-3-hydroxydeca-5_7-dienoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (5z,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (5z,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (5z,7e)-3-hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA into (5Z_7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (5Z_7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5_7-dienoylcarnitine is converted back to (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD ...

(6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(6e)-undec-6-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (6E)-undec-6-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (6e)-undec-6-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (6e)-undec-6-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (6e)-undec-6-enoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA into (6E)-Undec-6-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (6E)-Undec-6-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol ...

(2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(2e)-undec-2-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E)-undec-2-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e)-undec-2-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 10 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e)-undec-2-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e)-undec-2-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA into (2E)-Undec-2-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E)-Undec-2-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the al...

(5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(5e)-undec-5-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (5E)-undec-5-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (5e)-undec-5-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (5e)-undec-5-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (5e)-undec-5-enoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA into (5E)-Undec-5-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (5E)-Undec-5-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol ...

(4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(4e)-undec-4-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (4E)-undec-4-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (4e)-undec-4-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (4e)-undec-4-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (4e)-undec-4-enoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA into (4E)-Undec-4-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (4E)-Undec-4-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol ...

(7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(7e)-undec-7-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (7E)-undec-7-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (7e)-undec-7-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 1 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (7e)-undec-7-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a short chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (7e)-undec-7-enoyl-coa, being a short chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for short chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA into (7E)-Undec-7-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (7E)-Undec-7-enoylcarnitine is converted back to (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA is a short chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol ...

Undec-3-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-3-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-3-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-3-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-3-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-3-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undec-3-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undec-3-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undec-3-enoyl-CoA into Undec-3-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undec-3-enoylcarnitine is converted back to Undec-3-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undec-3-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undec-3-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undec-3-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thio...

Undec-9-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-9-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-9-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-9-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-9-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undec-9-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undec-9-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undec-9-enoyl-CoA into Undec-9-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undec-9-enoylcarnitine is converted back to Undec-9-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undec-9-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undec-9-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undec-9-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thio...

Undec-8-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-8-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-8-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-8-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-8-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-8-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, Undec-8-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of Undec-8-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts Undec-8-enoyl-CoA into Undec-8-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, Undec-8-enoylcarnitine is converted back to Undec-8-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of Undec-8-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since Undec-8-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of Undec-8-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+. Finally, Thio...

undec-10-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-10-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is an undec-10-enoic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Undec-10-enoyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 11 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Undec-10-enoyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Undec-10-enoyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, undec-10-enoyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of undec-10-enoyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts undec-10-enoyl-CoA into undec-10-enoylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, undec-10-enoylcarnitine is converted back to undec-10-enoyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of undec-10-enoyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since undec-10-enoyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of undec-10-enoyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone and NADH is produced from NAD+....

nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

Nona-2,5-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nona-2_5-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nona-2,5-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nona-2,5-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nona-2,5-dienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA into nona-2_5-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nona-2_5-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ox...

nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

Nona-2,6-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nona-2_6-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nona-2,6-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nona-2,6-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nona-2,6-dienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA into nona-2_6-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nona-2_6-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ox...

nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

Nona-3,5-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nona-3_5-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nona-3,5-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nona-3,5-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nona-3,5-dienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA into nona-3_5-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nona-3_5-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ox...

(2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

(2e,7e)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a (2E_7E)-nona-2_7-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. (2e,7e)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. (2e,7e)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. (2e,7e)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA into (2E_7E)-nona-2_7-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, (2E_7E)-nona-2_7-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of (2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the add...

nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

Nona-3,6-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nona-3_6-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nona-3,6-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nona-3,6-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nona-3,6-dienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA into nona-3_6-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nona-3_6-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ox...

nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

Nona-2,4-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA or acyl-coenzyme A. More specifically, it is a nona-2_4-dienedioic acid thioester of coenzyme A. Nona-2,4-dienedioyl-coa is an acyl-CoA with 9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety attached to coenzyme A. Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann (Journal of Biological Chemistry (1946) 162 (3): 743–744) and its structure was determined in the early 1950s at the Lister Institute in London. Coenzyme A is a complex, thiol-containing molecule that is naturally synthesized from pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is found in various foods such as meat, vegetables, cereal grains, legumes, eggs, and milk. More specifically, coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a beta-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) through an amide linkage and 3-phosphorylated ADP. Coenzyme A is synthesized in a five-step process that requires four molecules of ATP, pantothenate and cysteine. It is believed that there are more than 1100 types of acyl-CoA’s in the human body, which also corresponds to the number of acylcarnitines in the human body. Acyl-CoAs exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The general role of acyl-CoA’s is to assist in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. This process facilitates the production of fatty acids in cells, which are essential in cell membrane structure. Acyl-CoAs are also susceptible to beta oxidation, forming, ultimately, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle, eventually forming several equivalents of ATP. In this way, fats are converted to ATP -- or biochemical energy. Acyl-CoAs can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain acyl-CoAs; 2) medium-chain acyl-CoAs; 3) long-chain acyl-CoAs; and 4) very long-chain acyl-CoAs; 5) hydroxy acyl-CoAs; 6) branched chain acyl-CoAs; 7) unsaturated acyl-CoAs; 8) dicarboxylic acyl-CoAs and 9) miscellaneous acyl-CoAs. Short-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with two to four carbons (C2-C4), medium-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with five to eleven carbons (C5-C11), long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl-groups with twelve to twenty carbons (C12-C20) while very long-chain acyl-CoAs have acyl groups with more than 20 carbons. Nona-2,4-dienedioyl-coa is therefore classified as a medium chain acyl-CoA. The oxidative degradation of fatty acids is a two-step process, catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase/synthase. Fatty acids are first converted to their acyl phosphate, the precursor to acyl-CoA. The latter conversion is mediated by acyl-CoA synthase. Three types of acyl-CoA synthases are employed, depending on the chain length of the fatty acid. Nona-2,4-dienedioyl-coa, being a medium chain acyl-CoA is a substrate for medium chain acyl-CoA synthase. The second step of fatty acid degradation is beta oxidation. Beta oxidation occurs in mitochondria and, in the case of very long chain acyl-CoAs, the peroxisome. After its formation in the cytosol, nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA is transported into the mitochondria, the locus of beta oxidation. Transport of nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA into the mitochondria requires carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), which converts nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA into nona-2_4-dienedioylcarnitine, which gets transported into the mitochondrial matrix. Once in the matrix, nona-2_4-dienedioylcarnitine is converted back to nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA by CPT2, whereupon beta-oxidation can begin. Beta oxidation of nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA occurs in four steps. First, since nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA is a medium chain acyl-CoA it is the substrate for a medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which catalyzes dehydrogenation of nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA, creating a double bond between the alpha and beta carbons. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor, yielding FADH2. Second, Enoyl-CoA hydrase catalyzes the addition of water across the newly formed double bond to make an alcohol. Third, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase ox...

CoA 10:2;O

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

An oxo-fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxylic acid group of (3S)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid. An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxylic acid group of 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid. A 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy-4-isopropenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid.

Decabromobiphenyl

C12Br10 (933.18336)

(S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S-4 (933.2145790000001)

(R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S-4 (933.2145790000001)

3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S-4 (933.2145790000001)

trans-2-undecenoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

A medium-chain unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of trans-2-undecenoic acid.

10-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S-4 (933.2145790000001)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (Z)-undec-4-enethioate

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-undec-4-enethioate

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-undec-3-enethioate

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (E)-9-methyldec-7-enethioate

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

undec-10-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

3,4-dimethylideneheptanedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

(2E)-Undec-2-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-3-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-9-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

Undec-8-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

nona-2,5-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

nona-2,6-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

nona-3,5-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

nona-3,6-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

nona-2,4-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

(6E)-Undec-6-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(5E)-Undec-5-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(4E)-Undec-4-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(7E)-Undec-7-enoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)

(2E,7E)-nona-2,7-dienedioyl-CoA

C30H46N7O19P3S (933.1781956000001)

(4E,6Z)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,6-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(6Z,8E)-3-Hydroxydeca-6,8-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(4E,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-4,7-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(5Z,7E)-3-Hydroxydeca-5,7-dienoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

alpha-D-GlcNAc3S-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcA(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal(1-->3)-beta-D-Gal(1-->4)-D-Xyl

C31H51NO29S (933.2267356000001)

GalNAc(4-S)-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl

C31H51NO29S (933.2267356000001)

2-hydroxy-3-methylnonanoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S-4 (933.2145790000001)

2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S-4 (933.2145790000001)

cobalt(II)-factor III

C43H46CoN4O16-2 (933.2240655999999)

3-sulfated Le(a) pentasaccharide

C32H55NO28S (933.263119)

c0888; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

c0893; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(3R)-3-Isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA; (Acyl-CoA); [M+H]+

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

(R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA.

3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.

(S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA(4-)

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

An (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of (S)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.

Isopropenyloxoheptanoyl-CoA

C31H50N7O18P3S (933.2145790000001)

Undecenoyl-CoA

C32H54N7O17P3S (933.2509624)