Exact Mass: 355.226
Exact Mass Matches: 355.226
Found 432 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 355.226,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
Tetrahydropalmatine
Tetrahydropalmatine is a berberine alkaloid obtained by formal addition of two molecules of hydrogen to the pyridine ring of palmatine. It has a role as an adrenergic agent, a non-narcotic analgesic and a dopaminergic antagonist. It is a berberine alkaloid, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and an an (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine. It is functionally related to a palmatine. Tetrahydropalmatine is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02118610 (Treatment of Schizophrenia With L-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP): a Novel Dopamine Antagonist With Anti-inflammatory and Antiprotozoal Activity). Tetrahydropalmatine is a natural product found in Corydalis heterocarpa, Ceratocapnos heterocarpa, and other organisms with data available. A berberine alkaloid obtained by formal addition of two molecules of hydrogen to the pyridine ring of palmatine. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in several different plant species, mainly in the genus Corydalis (Yan Hu Suo),[1][2] but also in other plants such as Stephania rotunda.[3] These plants have traditional uses in Chinese herbal medicine. The pharmaceutical industry has synthetically produced the more potent enantiomer Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (Levo-THP), which has been marketed worldwide under different brand names as an alternative to anxiolytic and sedative drugs of the benzodiazepine group and analgesics such as opiates. It is also sold as a dietary supplement. In 1940, a Vietnamese scientist Sang Dinh Bui extracted an alkaloid from the root of Stephania rotunda with the yield of 1.2–1.5\\\\\\\% and he named this compound rotundine. From 1950 to 1952, two Indian scientists studied and extracted from Stephania glabra another alkaloid named hyndanrine. In 1965, the structure of rotundine and hyndarin was proved to be the same as tetrahydropalmatine. Tetrahydropalmatine has been demonstrated to possess analgesic effects and may be beneficial in the treatment of heart disease and liver damage.[5][6] It is a blocker of voltage-activated L-type calcium channel active potassium channels.[citation needed] It is a potent muscle relaxant.[citation needed] It has also shown potential in the treatment of drug addiction to both cocaine and opiates, and preliminary human studies have shown promising results.[7][8][9] The pharmacological profile of l-THP includes antagonism of dopamine D1, and D2 receptors as well as actions at dopamine D3, alpha adrenergic and serotonin receptors. The Ki values for l-THP at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are approximately 124 nM (D1) and 388 nM (D2). In addition to the antagonism of post-synaptic dopamine receptors, the blockade of pre-synaptic autoreceptors by l-THP results in increased dopamine release, and it has been suggested that lower affinity of l-THP for D2 receptors may confer some degree of autoreceptor selectivity. Along with dopamine receptors, l-THP has been reported to interact with a number of other receptor types, including alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, at which it functions as an antagonist, and GABA-A receptors, through positive allosteric modulation. Additionally, l-THP displays significant binding to 5-HT1A and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. In the case of 5-HT1A receptors, l-THP binds with a Ki of approximately 340 nM.[10] Animal experiments have shown that the sedative effect of THP results from blocking dopaminergic neurons in the brain. Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system where it occurs in several important signaling systems that regulate muscular activity and attention, as well as feelings of joy, enthusiasm, and creativity. Therefore, THP causes no feelings of euphoria, and has been seen as an alternative to addictive drugs for people suffering from anxiety and pain, and as a possibility for relief for people not helped by existing drugs.[citation needed] Several cases of poisoning related to THP have been reported.[11] These cases involved negative effects on respiration, cardiac activity, and the nervous system. In addition, chronic hepatitis has been reported, caused by THP production in East Asia under conditions that were insufficiently sterile. Fatalities started to be reported in 1999 in cases where THP had been used in combination with other drugs having analgesic and anti-anxiety effects. All 1999 deaths could be tied to a single THP-based supplement, sold under the name "Jin Bu Huan Anodyne Tablets". Toxicity with even Jin Bu Huan has been reported.[12] This product was therefore blacklisted by US and European health authorities. In some other countries, such as Singapore, THP is treated as a controlled substance, and license is required to sell it.[citation needed] Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM. Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM. Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM. Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats[1]. Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats[1]. Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats[1].
Glaucine
(S)-glaucine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. It has a role as a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, an antitussive, an antibacterial agent, a muscle relaxant, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite and a rat metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid, a polyether, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-glaucine(1+). Glaucine is a natural product found in Sarcocapnos baetica, Sarcocapnos saetabensis, and other organisms with data available. An aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D000996 - Antitussive Agents D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Isoquinoline alkaloids, Aporphine alkaloids Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 μM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3]. Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 μM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3]. Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 μM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3].
Pipercide
Alkaloid from the aerial parts of Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper) and the fruits of Piper nigrum (pepper). Pipercide is found in herbs and spices and pepper (spice). Pipercide is found in herbs and spices. Pipercide is an alkaloid from the aerial parts of Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper) and the fruits of Piper nigrum (pepper). Pipercide is a member of benzodioxoles. Pipercide is a natural product found in Piper mullesua, Piper retrofractum, and other organisms with data available.
3,4-dimethylidenenonanedioylcarnitine
3,4-dimethylidenenonanedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3,4-dimethylidenenonanedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3,4-dimethylidenenonanedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3,4-dimethylidenenonanedioylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxydodeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxydodeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-Hydroxydodeca-6,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxydodeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxydodeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxydodeca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxydodeca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-Hydroxydodeca-5,7-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxydodeca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxydodeca-5,7-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-Hydroxydodeca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine
5-Hydroxydodeca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 5-Hydroxydodeca-7,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-Hydroxydodeca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 5-Hydroxydodeca-7,9-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
3-Hydroxydodeca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine
3-Hydroxydodeca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-Hydroxydodeca-7,10-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxydodeca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 3-Hydroxydodeca-7,10-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
2-Hydroxydodeca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine
2-Hydroxydodeca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 2-Hydroxydodeca-5,8-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 2-Hydroxydodeca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 2-Hydroxydodeca-5,8-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
6-Hydroxydodeca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine
6-Hydroxydodeca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 6-Hydroxydodeca-8,10-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 6-Hydroxydodeca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 6-Hydroxydodeca-8,10-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(6E,10E)-3-Hydroxydodeca-6,10-dienoylcarnitine
(6E,10E)-3-Hydroxydodeca-6,10-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (6E,10E)-3-Hydroxydodeca-6,10-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (6E,10E)-3-Hydroxydodeca-6,10-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine (6E,10E)-3-Hydroxydodeca-6,10-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
4-Hydroxydodeca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine
4-Hydroxydodeca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 4-Hydroxydodeca-6,8-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 4-Hydroxydodeca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 4-Hydroxydodeca-6,8-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
2-Hydroxydodeca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine
2-Hydroxydodeca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 2-Hydroxydodeca-4,6-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 2-Hydroxydodeca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a medium chain AC. As a medium-chain acylcarnitine 2-Hydroxydodeca-4,6-dienoylcarnitine is somewhat less abundant than short-chain acylcarnitines. These are formed either through esterification with L-carnitine or through the peroxisomal metabolism of longer chain acylcarnitines (PMID: 30540494). Many medium-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (CrOT, EC:2.3.1.137) is responsible for the synthesis of all medium-chain (MCAC, C5-C12) and medium-length branched-chain acylcarnitines in peroxisomes (PMID: 10486279). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-3-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-3-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-3-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-3-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-3-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-5-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-5-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-5-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-5-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-5-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-8-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-8-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-8-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-8-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-8-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(11E)-Tridec-11-enoylcarnitine
(11E)-Tridec-11-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (11E)-tridec-11-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (11E)-Tridec-11-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (11E)-Tridec-11-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-2-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-2-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-2-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-2-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-2-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-4-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-4-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-4-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-4-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-4-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-6-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-6-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-6-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-6-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-6-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(9E)-Tridec-9-enoylcarnitine
(9E)-Tridec-9-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (9E)-tridec-9-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (9E)-Tridec-9-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (9E)-Tridec-9-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-7-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-7-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-7-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-7-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-7-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tridec-10-enoylcarnitine
Tridec-10-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tridec-10-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tridec-10-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tridec-10-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-lysergide
2-[[10-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)anthracen-9-yl]methylamino]-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol
Cyanoketone
10H-Pyrido(3,2-b)(1,4)benzothiazine, 10-(2-(dibutylamino)ethyl)-
Glaucine
Glaucine is a member of the class of compounds known as aporphines. Aporphines are quinoline alkaloids containing the dibenzo[de,g]quinoline ring system or a dehydrogenated derivative thereof. Glaucine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Glaucine can be found in barley and custard apple, which makes glaucine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Glaucine has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries. Glaucine may produce side effects such as sedation, fatigue, and a hallucinogenic effect characterised by colourful visual images, and has been detected as a novel psychoactive drug . Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 μM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3]. Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 μM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3]. Glaucine (O,O-Dimethylisoboldine) is an alkaloid isolated from Glaucium flavum with antitussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Glaucine is a selective and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with Kis of 3.4 μM in human bronchus and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Glaucine is also a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist, a Ca2+ entry blocker, and a weak dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonist. Glaucine has antioxidative and antiviral activities[1][2][3].
(4-Methyl-1-naphthyl)-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone
Moperone
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AD - Butyrophenone derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent
N-(4-Methoxy-3-phenethoxyphenethyl)-N-propylpropan-1-amine
Nicanartine
C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent C26170 - Protective Agent > C275 - Antioxidant
1-(1-Methoxybutan-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-6-methyltriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-amine
N-[3-(1,3-Dioxoisoindol-2-yl)propyl]-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide
2-[1-(Dimethylamino)-3-methylpentyl]-5-(1H-indole-3-yl)oxazole-4-carboxylic acid
Laetispicine|N-isobutyl-11-(3,4-methylendioxyphenyl)-2E,4E,9E-undecatrienamide
(E, E, E)-Piperstachine|Piperstachin|piperstachine
1-[(2E,4E)-11-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2,4-undecadienoyl]pyrrolidine
A natural product found in Piper boehmeriaefolium.
1-[(2E,10E)-11-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2,10-undecadienoyl]pyrrolidine
A natural product found in Piper boehmeriaefolium.
1-methyl-2-[7-hydroxy-(E)-9-tridecenyl]-4(1H)-quinolone
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methylacrylamide|beecheyamide
daphlongamine G|rel-(2aS,4aS,8S,9R,10aR,10bS,10cS)-2,2a,3,4,4a,5,7,8,9,10,10a,10b,11,12-tetradecahydro-2a-methoxy-8,10b-dimethyl-1H-9,10c-methanocyclopenta[1,8]azuleno[4,5-a]indolizine-1,13-dione
1-Hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine methyl 2-O-acetyl-2-isopropylmalate
N-methyl-2-(3,4,6,7-tetramethoxyphenanthren-1-yl)ethanamine
2,3,9-trimethoxy-13-methyl-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-10-ol
2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-13-methyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-5,11-epiazano-dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene|O,O-Dimethylmunitagin|O-methylplatycerine
5H-Pyrano(3,2-c)quinolin-5-one, 2,6-dihydro-8-methoxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-((3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxy)-
Glaucine, dl
1,2,9,10-Tetramethoxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline is a natural product found in Sarcocapnos baetica, Sarcocapnos saetabensis, and other organisms with data available.
2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline
rotundine
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Isoquinoline alkaloids, Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats[1]. Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats[1]. Tetrahydropalmatine possesses analgesic effects. Tetrahydropalmatine acts through inhibition of amygdaloid release of dopamine to inhibit an epileptic attack in rats[1].
Tetrahydropalmatin
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2302 D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis[1]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors[2]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor[3]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis[1]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors[2]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor[3]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis[1]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors[2]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor[3].
2-{2-[4[(2-Hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)-benzyloxy]ethoxy}-propionic acid
D-Tetrahydropalmatine
D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis[1]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors[2]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor[3]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis[1]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors[2]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor[3]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis[1]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors[2]. D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) inhibitor[3].
9-ethyl-3-[n-ethyl-n-(m-tolyl)hydrazonomethyl]carbazole
5,6-Dihydro-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1-[4-(2-oxo-1-piperidinyl)phenyl]-2(1H)-pyridinone
(6Z)-2,4-ditert-butyl-6-[(2-nitrophenyl)hydrazinylidene]cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one
1-butyl-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-7,7-dimethyl-6,8-dihydroquinoline-2,5-dione
(6Z)-6-[(2-nitrophenyl)hydrazinylidene]-4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one
methyl (2R)-2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]-3-(4-phenylphenyl)propanoate
N-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine,2-(chloromethyl)oxirane,dimethyl pentanedioate
4-(Boc-amino)-2-fluorobenzeneboronic acid pinacol ester
(2R)-2-{[6-(Benzyloxy)-9-isopropyl-9H-purin-2-YL]amino}butan-1-OL
Piperazine, 1-(((2S)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-(3-(methoxy-11C-methyl)-2-pyridinyl)-
N-Ethyl-N-Isopropyl-3-Methyl-5-{[(2s)-2-(Pyridin-4-Ylamino)propyl]oxy}benzamide
N-[3-(1,3-Dioxoisoindol-2-yl)propyl]-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide
1,3-Propanediol, 2-(((10-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-9-anthracenyl)methyl)amino)-2-methyl-
10H-Pyrido(3,2-b)(1,4)benzothiazine, 10-(2-(dibutylamino)ethyl)-
4-(4-Methylpiperazino)-2,6-diphenyl-5-pyrimidinecarbonitrile
N-(4-butylphenyl)-4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinecarbothioamide
1-cyclopentyl-N-[2-(3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-oxo-3-pyrrolidinecarboxamide
7-Benzyl-1,3-dimethyl-8-piperazin-4-ium-1-ylpurine-2,6-dione
Moperone
N - Nervous system > N05 - Psycholeptics > N05A - Antipsychotics > N05AD - Butyrophenone derivatives C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C28197 - Antianxiety Agent
Hyndarin
D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents > D014150 - Antipsychotic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D011619 - Psychotropic Drugs > D014149 - Tranquilizing Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018492 - Dopamine Antagonists D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D018689 - Sensory System Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000889 - Anti-Arrhythmia Agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000700 - Analgesics D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM. Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM. Rotundine is an antagonist of dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors with IC50s of 166 nM, 1.4 μM and 3.3 μM, respectively. Rotundine is also an antagonist of 5-HT1A with an IC50 of 370 nM.
(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoate
A tetracosahexaenoate that is the conjugate base of (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(3E)-3-[(2E,4E)-1-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylocta-2,4-dienylidene]-5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]pyrrolidine-2,4-dione
17-Hydroxy-4,4,10,13,17-pentamethyl-3-oxo-1,2,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2-carbonitrile
2-[(E)-1-amino-2-hydroxyheptadec-3-enyl]-2-hydroxypropanedial
Martefragin A
An indole alkaloid isolated from the red alga Martensia fragilis and has been shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation.
1-[(4E,10E)-11-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-4,10-undecadienoyl]pyrrolidine
A natural product found in Piper boehmeriaefolium.
(3R,5R)-5-[2-[2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]phenoxy]ethyl]-1-methyl-3-pyrrolidinol
1,1-Dimethyl-3-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl]-3-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)urea
17-O-acetylnorajmaline(1+)
An indole alkaloid cation that is the conjugate acid of 17-O-acetylnorajmaline, obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino function. Major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
(-)-Minovincinine(1+)
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of (-)-minovincinine. The major species at pH 7.3.
2,7-Dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)-3,5-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
(2E,4E,8E)-N-isobutyl-11-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)undeca-2,4,8-trienamide
A natural product found in Piper boehmeriaefolium.
(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrotabersoninium
An indole alkaloid cation that is the conjugate acid of (3R)-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine, obtained by protonation of the tertiary amino group. Major species at pH 7.3.
(2S,3S,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)-3-[4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]phenyl]azetidine-2-carbonitrile
2-[(3R,6aS,8R,10aS)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-(2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)acetamide
(2R,3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)-3-[4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]phenyl]azetidine-2-carbonitrile
(2R,3S,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)-3-[4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]phenyl]azetidine-2-carbonitrile
2-[(3S,6aS,8R,10aS)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]acetamide
2-[(3S,6aS,8S,10aS)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-(2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)acetamide
N-[(2R,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
N-[(2S,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
N-[(2S,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
2-[(2R,3S,6S)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(2S,3S,6R)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(2S,3S,6S)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(3S,6aR,8S,10aR)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]acetamide
2-[(3R,6aR,8R,10aR)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]acetamide
2-[(3S,6aR,8R,10aR)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]acetamide
cyclopropyl-[(1S)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-1-spiro[3,9-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]methanone
N-[(2S,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
N-[(2S,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
N-[(2R,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
N-[(2R,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
N-[(2R,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-oxo-2-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamino]ethyl]-3-oxanyl]propanamide
2-[(2S,3R,6R)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(2S,3R,6S)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(2R,3S,6R)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(2R,3R,6S)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
2-[(2R,3R,6R)-3-[[(cyclopentylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide
(2S,3S,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)-3-[4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]phenyl]azetidine-2-carbonitrile
(2S,3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)-3-[4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]phenyl]azetidine-2-carbonitrile
2-[(3R,6aS,8S,10aS)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]acetamide
2-[(3R,6aR,8S,10aR)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]-N-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethyl]acetamide
(1R,5S)-7-[4-(2-methylphenyl)phenyl]-6-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
[(1R)-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-spiro[1,3-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]methanol
[(1S)-1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-7-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-1-spiro[1,3-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]methanol
(1R,5S)-7-[4-(2-methylphenyl)phenyl]-6-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-3,6-diazabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane
cyclopropyl-[(1R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-1-spiro[3,9-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-4,3-azetidine]yl]methanone
N(alpha)-acetyl-N(tele)-(1,4-dihydroxynonan-3-yl)-L-histidine
(2S)-hydroxy[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoylamino]acetic acid
10-Hydroxycoronaridine(1+)
A tertiary ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of 10-hydroxycoronaridine. The major species at pH 7.3.
2,6-dimethyl-4-[(E)-styryl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester
(5Z,9alpha,11alpha,15S)-9,11,15-trihydroxyprost-5-en-1-oate
4-(Dimethylamino)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2-phenylbutan-2-yl propanoate
4-(Dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,2-diphenylbutan-2-yl propanoate
(3-Heptoxy-2-hydroxypropyl) 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
2-Aminoethyl (3-decoxy-2-hydroxypropyl) hydrogen phosphate
2-(beta-Dipropylaminopropionyl)-5,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimido[3,4-a]indole
methyl (2S,13bS,14aS,1R,4aR)-2-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,8,14,13b,14a,4a-decahydrobenz o[1,2-g]indolo[2,3-a]quinolizinecarboxylate
15alpha-stemmadenine(1+)
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of 15alpha-stemmadenine. The major species at pH 7.3.
(+)-minovincinine(1+)
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the tertiary amino group of (+)-minovincinine. The major species at pH 7.3.
Tetracosahexaenoate
A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of tetracosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
2,3,9,10-tetramethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinoline
13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha(1-)
A prostaglandin carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
2,3,8,9-tetramethoxy-13-methyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-5,11-epiminodibenzo[a,e][8]annulene
An isoquinoline alkaloid that is 13-methyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-5,11-epiminodibenzo[a,e][8]annulene substituted at positions 2, 3, 8 and 9 by methoxy groups.
(1r,5r,6s,11r,12s,14s,17s,20s,21s)-21-hydroxy-5-methyl-15-methylidene-7-oxa-10-azaheptacyclo[12.6.2.0¹,¹¹.0⁵,²⁰.0⁶,¹⁰.0¹²,¹⁷.0¹⁷,²¹]docosan-19-one
(1s,9s)-3,4,12,13-tetramethoxy-17-methyl-17-azatetracyclo[7.7.1.0²,⁷.0¹⁰,¹⁵]heptadeca-2,4,6,10(15),11,13-hexaene
4,5,12,13-tetramethoxy-17-methyl-17-azatetracyclo[7.6.2.0²,⁷.0¹⁰,¹⁵]heptadeca-2(7),3,5,10,12,14-hexaene
methyl 14,18-dimethyl-12-azahexacyclo[10.6.1.1¹,⁴.0¹⁰,¹⁸.0¹⁵,¹⁹.0⁷,²⁰]icos-7(20)-ene-3-carboxylate
(5r,12bs)-3,10,11-trimethoxy-5-methyl-7,8,12b,13-tetrahydro-5h-6-azatetraphen-2-ol
(3r,3as,9as)-3-hexanoyl-9a-methyl-6-[(1e)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-3h,3ah,4h-furo[3,2-g]isoquinoline-2,9-dione
(2s,4s,6z)-1-[(5z)-2,4-dihydroxy-5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyrrol-3-yl]-2,4-dimethyloct-6-en-1-one
(1r,2r,5r,7s,8r,9r,10r,13r,17r)-11-ethyl-7-hydroxy-13-methyl-6-methylidene-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.1⁵,⁸.0¹,¹⁰.0²,⁸.0¹³,¹⁷]nonadecane-4,16-dione
(12bs,13r)-3,4,11-trimethoxy-13-methyl-7,8,12b,13-tetrahydro-5h-6-azatetraphen-10-ol
[(3r,3ar,3br,4r,8ar)-4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-oxo-hexahydro-3h-furo[3,2-a]pyrrolizin-3a-yl]methyl 3-methylbutanoate
(2-{1,2-dimethoxy-5h,6h,9h-phenanthro[2,3-d][1,3]dioxol-4-yl}ethyl)dimethylamine
(1s,2s,3r,5r,6s,10s,13s)-13-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-8-azahexacyclo[11.5.1.1¹,⁵.0²,¹⁰.0³,⁸.0¹⁶,¹⁹]icos-16(19)-ene-15,20-dione
3,4,12,13-tetramethoxy-17-methyl-17-azatetracyclo[7.7.1.0²,⁷.0¹⁰,¹⁵]heptadeca-2,4,6,10(15),11,13-hexaene
(2e,4e,10e)-11-(2h-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-n-(2-methylpropyl)undeca-2,4,10-trienimidic acid
(2s,4s,6e)-1-[(5z)-2,4-dihydroxy-5-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyrrol-3-yl]-2,4-dimethyloct-6-en-1-one
(4e)-5-hydroxy-4-[(2s,4s)-1-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyloct-6-en-1-ylidene]-2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]pyrrol-3-one
104387-15-7
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN000035","Ingredient_name": "104387-15-7","Alias": "6H-Dibenzo(a,g)quinolizin-10-ol, 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-2,3,9-trimethoxy-13-methyl-, (13S-trans)-; (13S,13aR)-2,3,9-trimethoxy-13-methyl-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino[3,2-a]isoquinolin-10-ol","Ingredient_formula": "C21H25NO4","Ingredient_Smile": "CC1C2C3=CC(=C(C=C3CCN2CC4=C1C=CC(=C4OC)O)OC)OC","Ingredient_weight": "355.4 g/mol","OB_score": "24.8713867","CAS_id": "104387-15-7","SymMap_id": "SMIT06191","TCMID_id": "NA","TCMSP_id": "MOL004235","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "128558","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
11-methoxygelsemamide
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN000466","Ingredient_name": "11-methoxygelsemamide","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C21H25NO4","Ingredient_Smile": "CC=C1CN2C3CC(C2=O)(C4CC1C3CO4)C5=C(C=C(C=C5)O)COC","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "13931","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
(–)-argemonine
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN016712","Ingredient_name": "(\u2013)-argemonine","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C21H25NO4","Ingredient_Smile": "CN1C2CC3=CC(=C(C=C3C1CC4=CC(=C(C=C24)OC)OC)OC)OC","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "1667","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
