Classification Term: 2785
Purine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0002177)
Compounds consisting of a purine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2." []
found 21 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Purine nucleosides
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyadenosine is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine. It is composed of adenine attached to a deoxyribose moiety via a N9-glycosidic bond. Deoxyribose differs from ribose by the absence of oxygen in the 3 position of its ribose ring. Deoxyadenosine is a critical component of DNA. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxyadensoine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of deoxyadenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, an inborn error of metabolism. ADA deficiency damages the immune system and causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). People with SCID lack virtually all immune protection from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are prone to repeated and persistent infections that can be very serious or life-threatening. These infections are often caused by "opportunistic" organisms that ordinarily do not cause illness in people with a normal immune system. The main symptoms of ADA deficiency are pneumonia, chronic diarrhea, and widespread skin rashes. The mechanism by which dATP functions as an immunotoxin is as follows: because deoxyadenosine is a precursor to dATP, a buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes. Deoxyadenosine is a derivative of nucleoside adenosine. It is comprised of adenine attached to a deoxyribose moiety via a N9-glycosidic bond. Deoxyribose differs from ribose by the absence of oxygen in the 3 position of its ribose ring. Deoxyadenosine is a critical component of DNA. [HMDB] Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D009676 - Noxae > D009153 - Mutagens KEIO_ID D069 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2'-Deoxyadenosine is a nucleoside adenosine derivative, pairing with deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA. 2'-Deoxyadenosine is a nucleoside adenosine derivative, pairing with deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA. 2'-Deoxyadenosine is a nucleoside adenosine derivative, pairing with deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA.
Deoxyinosine
Deoxyinosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a deoxyribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Deoxyinosine is found in DNA while inosine is found in RNA. Inosine is a nucleic acid important for RNA editing. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes the conversion of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine, respectively. ADA-deficient individuals suffer from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and are unable to produce significant numbers of mature T or B lymphocytes. This occurs as a consequence of the accumulation of ADA substrates or their metabolites. Inosine is also an intermediate in a chain of purine nucleotides reactions required for muscle movements. Moreover, deoxyinosine is found to be associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean). 2-Deoxyinosine is found in pulses, yellow wax bean, and green bean. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2’-deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of human colon-carcinoma cell lines and is found to be associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency. 2’-deoxyadenosine inhibits the growth of human colon-carcinoma cell lines and is found to be associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency.
Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine, also known as dG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine 2-deoxyribonucleosides. Purine 2-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a purine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2‚Äô. Deoxyguanosine is a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. Deoxyguanosine is one of the four deoxyribonucleosides that make up DNA. Deoxyguanosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Deoxyguanosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, deoxyguanosine can be biosynthesized from 2-deoxyguanosine 5-monophosphate through the enzyme known as cytosolic purine 5-nucleotidase. In addition, deoxyguanosine can be converted into 2-deoxyguanosine 5-monophosphate (dGMP); which is mediated by the enzyme deoxyguanosine kinase. Deoxyguanosine is involved in the rare, inherited metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNP deficiency). In particular PNP deficiency is characterized by elevated levels of dGTP (deoxyguanosine triphosphate). PNP accounts for approximately 4\\\\% of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (PMID: 1931007). PNP-deficient patients suffer from recurrent infections, usually beginning in the first year of life. Two thirds of patients have evidence of neurologic disorders with spasticity, developmental delay and mental retardation. Deoxyguanosine can be converted to 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) due to hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine is a sensitive marker of the DNA damage This damage, if left unrepaired, has been proposed to contribute to mutagenicity and cancer promotion. Isolated from plants, e.g. Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map KEIO_ID D057; [MS2] KO008942 KEIO_ID D057 Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS 2’-Deoxyguanosine (Deoxyguanosine) is a purine nucleoside with a variety of biological activities. 2’-Deoxyguanosine can induce DNA division in mouse thymus cells. 2’-Deoxyguanosine is a potent cell division inhibitor in plant cells[1][2][3]. 2'-Deoxyguanosine (Deoxyguanosine) is deoxyguanosine.
Cladribine
Cladribine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases including hairy-cell leukemia. [PubChem]Cladribine is structurally related to fludarabine and pentostatin but has a different mechanism of action. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been fully determined, evidence shows that cladribine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase to the nucleotidecladribine triphosphate (CdATP; 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-triphosphate), which accumulates and is incorporated into DNA in cells such as lymphocytes that contain high levels of deoxycytidine kinase and low levels of deoxynucleotidase, resulting in DNA strand breakage and inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair. High levels of CdATP also appear to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, which leads to an imbalance in triphosphorylated deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pools and subsequent DNA strand breaks, inhibition of DNA synthesis and repair, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and ATP depletion, and cell death. Unlike other antimetabolite drugs, cladribine has cytotoxic effects on resting as well as proliferating lymphocytes. However, it does cause cells to accumulate at the G1/S phase junction, suggesting that cytotoxicity is associated with events critical to cell entry into S phase. It also binds purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), however no relationship between this binding and a mechanism of action has been established. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L04 - Immunosuppressants > L04A - Immunosuppressants > L04AA - Selective immunosuppressants L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BB - Purine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2157 - Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitor C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C798 - Radiosensitizing Agent D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Cladribine (2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine), a purine nucleoside analog, is an orally active adenosine deaminase inhibitor. Cladribine functions as an inhibitor of DNA synthesis to block the repair of the damaged DNA. Cladribine can inhibit DNA methylation. Cladribine has anti-lymphoma activity. Cladribine can be used for the research of several hematologic malignancies and multiple sclerosis[1][2].
15-Acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol
15-Acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum and Gibberella zeae.
Clofarabine
Clofarabine is a purine nucleoside antimetabolite that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is marketed in the U.S. and Canada as Clolar. In Europe and Australia/New Zealand the product is marketed under the name Evoltra. Clofarabine is used in paediatrics to treat a type of leukaemia called relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), only after at least two other types of treatment have failed. It is not known if the drug extends life expectancy. Some investigations of effectiveness in cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) have been carried out. L - Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents > L01 - Antineoplastic agents > L01B - Antimetabolites > L01BB - Purine analogues C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2150 - Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor D009676 - Noxae > D000963 - Antimetabolites D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents Clofarabine, a nucleoside analogue for research of cancer, is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (IC50=65 nM) by binding to the allosteric site on the regulatory subunit[1].
8-Hydroxy-deoxyguanosine
8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a sensitive marker of the DNA damage due to hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. This damage, if left unrepaired, has been proposed to contribute to mutagenicity and cancer promotion. 8-OHdG has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a sensitive marker of the DNA damage due to hydroxyl radical attack at the C8 of guanine. This damage, if left unrepaired, has been proposed to contribute to mutagenicity and cancer promotion. [HMDB] 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine is a critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis.
