Carnitine
(R)-carnitine is the (R)-enantiomer of carnitine. It has a role as an antilipemic drug, a water-soluble vitamin (role), a nutraceutical, a nootropic agent and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a (R)-carnitinium. It is an enantiomer of a (S)-carnitine. Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. L-Carnitine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Levocarnitine is a Carnitine Analog. Levocarnitine is a natural product found in Mucidula mucida, Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, and other organisms with data available. Levocarnitine is an amino acid derivative. Levocarnitine facilitates long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria, delivering substrate for oxidation and subsequent energy production. Fatty acids are utilized as an energy substrate in all tissues except the brain. (NCI04) Carnitine is not an essential amino acid; it can be synthesized in the body. However, it is so important in providing energy to muscles including the heart-that some researchers are now recommending carnitine supplements in the diet, particularly for people who do not consume much red meat, the main food source for carnitine. Carnitine has been described as a vitamin, an amino acid, or a metabimin, i.e., an essential metabolite. Like the B vitamins, carnitine contains nitrogen and is very soluble in water, and to some researchers carnitine is a vitamin (Liebovitz 1984). It was found that an animal (yellow mealworm) could not grow without carnitine in its diet. However, as it turned out, almost all other animals, including humans, do make their own carnitine; thus, it is no longer considered a vitamin. Nevertheless, in certain circumstances-such as deficiencies of methionine, lysine or vitamin C or kidney dialysis--carnitine shortages develop. Under these conditions, carnitine must be absorbed from food, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as a metabimin or a conditionally essential metabolite. Like the other amino acids used or manufactured by the body, carnitine is an amine. But like choline, which is sometimes considered to be a B vitamin, carnitine is also an alcohol (specifically, a trimethylated carboxy-alcohol). Thus, carnitine is an unusual amino acid and has different functions than most other amino acids, which are most usually employed by the body in the construction of protein. Carnitine is an essential factor in fatty acid metabolism in mammals. Its most important known metabolic function is to transport fat into the mitochondria of muscle cells, including those in the heart, for oxidation. This is how the heart gets most of its energy. In humans, about 25\\\\\% of carnitine is synthesized in the liver, kidney and brain from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Most of the carnitine in the body comes from dietary sources such as red meat and dairy products. Inborn errors of carnitine metabolism can lead to brain deterioration like that of Reyes syndrome, gradually worsening muscle weakness, Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy and extreme muscle weakness with fat accumulation in muscles. Borurn et al. (1979) describe carnitine as an essential nutrient for pre-term babies, certain types (non-ketotic) of hypoglycemics, kidney dialysis patients, cirrhosis, and in kwashiorkor, type IV hyperlipidemia, heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), and propionic or organic aciduria (acid urine resulting from genetic or other anomalies). In all these conditions and the inborn errors of carnitine metabolism, carnitine is essential to life and carnitine supplements are valuable. carnitine therapy may also be useful in a wide variety of clinical conditions. carnitine supplementation has improved some patients who have angina secondary to coronary artery disease. It may be worth a trial in any form of hyperlipidemia or muscle weakness. carnitine supplements may... (-)-Carnitine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=541-15-1 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 541-15-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3]. L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism[1][2][3].
L-Histidinol
L-Histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, enhances the toxicity of a variety of anticancer drugs for many tumour cells of animal origin (PMID:8297120). L-Histidinol inhibits human myristoyl-CoA:protein-myristoyltransferase (hNMT), an essential eukaryotic enzyme that catalyzes the cotranslational transfer of myristate into the NH2-terminal glycine residue of a number of important proteins of diverse function (PMID:9778369). L-Histidinol, a structural analogue of the essential amino acid L-histidine, enhances the toxicity of a variety of anticancer drugs for many tumor cells of animal origin. (PMID 8297120)
Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucine
N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucine is a L-leucine derivative obtained by the substitution of a benzyloxycarbonyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a carbamate ester and a L-leucine derivative. It is a conjugate acid of a N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucinate. Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2018-66-8 (retrieved 2024-09-09) (CAS RN: 2018-66-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Carglumic acid
Carglumic acid is an orphan drug used for the treatment of hyperammonaemia in patients with N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency. This rare genetic disorder results in elevated blood levels of ammonia, which can eventually cross the blood-brain barrier and cause neurologic problems, cerebral edema, coma, and death. Carglumic acid was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 18 March 2010. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives C78275 - Agent Affecting Blood or Body Fluid KEIO_ID C078
S-(4-Bromophenyl)-L-cysteine
S-(4-bromophenyl)-L-cysteine is a L-cysteine thioether and a bromoamino acid. It is a tautomer of a S-(4-bromophenyl)-L-cysteine zwitterion. S-(4-Bromophenyl)-L-cysteine is a natural product found in Euglena gracilis
L-Lysopine
L-Lysopine is isolated from crown gall tumours of various plants including tomato, jerusalem artichoke and salsify. Isolated from crown gall tumours of various plants including tomato, jerusalem artichoke and salsify. N2-[(1R)-1-Carboxyethyl]-L-lysine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=34522-31-1 (retrieved 2024-08-20) (CAS RN: 34522-31-1). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
Valine betaine
Valine betaine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as valine and derivatives. Valine and derivatives are compounds containing valine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Valine betaine.
Kainic acid
Kainic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, a pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, a L-proline derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It has a role as an antinematodal drug and an excitatory amino acid agonist. It is a conjugate acid of a kainate(1-). (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018683 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agents > D018690 - Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C276 - Antiparasitic Agent > C250 - Antihelminthic Agent Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2]. Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures[1][2].
Bacillibactin
Bacillibactin is a catechol-based siderophore secreted by members of the genus Bacillus, including Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis. It is involved in the chelation of ferric iron (Fe3+) from the surrounding environment and is subsequently transferred into the bacterial cytoplasm via the use of ABC transporters.[1] The biosynthetic pathway of bacillibactin was first identified by May et al. in the Gram-positive B. subtilis.[2] The siderophore is synthesized through multimodular non ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), similar to enterobactin. However, unlike enterobactin, the genes responsible for encoding the bacillibactin synthetases are all located in one operon. This gene cluster is termed dhb – cognate to the catecholic structure of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB) – and it can be divided into the specific genes responsible for encoding the enzymes. The three genes are dhbE, dhbB, and dhbF, which get translated into DhbE, DhbB, and DhbF synthetases. Notably, DhbF was characterized as a dimodular NRPS, unlike the monomodular EntF synthetase for enterobactin. The structure of bacillibactin consists of three 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB) groups attached to a cyclic amino acid core synthesized by multimodular NRPS. It is the condensation of three DHB-Glycine-Threonine units that ultimately leads to the formation of bacillibactin. In the first step of NRPS, the relevant amino acid is adenylated and transferred to the thiol group of the adjacent synthetases. DhbE is selective for DHB, DhbF1 is selective for glycine, and DhbF2 is selective for threonine. DHB is first adenylated by DhbE and transferred to DhbB's thiol group in the second step of NRPS. Once the relevant compounds are thiolated, the construction of bacillibactin begins. After DHB is transferred to DhbB, an adjacent synthetase orchestrates the condensation of DHB and glycine onto DhbF1. Then the DHB-Gly unit is further condensed onto the threonine unit on DhbF2, resulting in a DHB-Gly-Thr unit. This process is repeated twice more. However at the end of the third iteration, the hydroxyl group from the first threonine intramolecularly attacks the synthetase-ester bond to create the cyclic amino acid core for bacillibactin.
8-Amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate
8-Amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate is an organic compound that belongs to the class of amino acid derivatives. In this molecule, the amino group (-NH2) and the carboxy group (-COOH) are typical functional groups found in amino acids, and they are attached to the 8th and 7th carbon atoms of a nonanoic acid chain, respectively. Nonanoic acid is a nine-carbon fatty acid, and the presence of these functional groups at specific positions on the chain modifies its chemical properties, making it distinct from simple nonanoic acid. The compound's chemical formula is C11H22N2O4, indicating that it contains 11 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, 2 nitrogen atoms, and 4 oxygen atoms. The amino and carboxy groups are both polar, which means that 8-Amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate is likely to be soluble in water and may participate in various chemical reactions typical of amino acids, such as peptide bond formation. In biological systems, amino acids and their derivatives play crucial roles in protein synthesis, metabolism, and signaling. The specific functions of 8-Amino-7-(carboxyamino)nonanoate would depend on its occurrence in nature, if any, and how it interacts with other biomolecules. If this compound is not naturally occurring, it could be synthesized in a laboratory setting or potentially produced by microorganisms through metabolic engineering, where the organisms are genetically modified to produce specific compounds.
