Strychnine
Strychnine (/ˈstrɪkniːn, -nɪn/, STRIK-neen, -nin, US chiefly /-naɪn/ -nyne)[6][7] is a highly toxic, colorless, bitter, crystalline alkaloid used as a pesticide, particularly for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine, when inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the eyes or mouth, causes poisoning which results in muscular convulsions and eventually death through asphyxia.[8] While it is no longer used medicinally, it was used historically in small doses to strengthen muscle contractions, such as a heart and bowel stimulant[9] and performance-enhancing drug. The most common source is from the seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. Strychnine is a natural product found in Strychnos ignatii, Strychnos wallichiana D002491 - Central Nervous System Agents > D000697 - Central Nervous System Stimulants > D003292 - Convulsants A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position. D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018684 - Glycine Agents D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons Annotation level-1 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.465 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.456 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5745; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5743 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5769; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5767 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5764; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5762 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5713; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5712 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5746; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5745 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 694; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 5749; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 5746 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2322
Glucaric acid
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon. A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. [HMDB] KEIO_ID S025
Cysteamine
Cysteamine is a product of the constitutive degradation of coenzyme A, a process that occurs in all tissues, although some tissues such as brain and heart may have exceptionally high coenzyme A turnover rates. Cysteamine has only one known function, and that is as a precursor for the formation of hypotaurine, which is subsequently oxidized to taurine. The rate of cysteamine production as a result of coenzyme A breakdown is not well understood but it is clear that cysteamine levels are not as dramatically affected by dietary habits as are cysteine levels. Cysteamine is generated from hypotaurine by cysteamine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.19), an enzyme that was recently identified in mammals (PMID: 17581819). Cysteamine is the simplest stable aminothiol found in the body. It is used in the treatment of disorders of cystine excretion. Cysteamine cleaves the disulfide bond with cysteine to produce molecules that can escape the metabolic defect in cystinosis and cystinuria. Cyst(e)amine may also serve as an endogenous regulator of immune system activity as well as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Huntington disease. Cysteamine is also used as a radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. -- Wikipedia [HMDB] Cysteamine is a product of the constitutive degradation of coenzyme A, a process that occurs in all tissues, although some tissues such as brain and heart may have exceptionally high coenzyme A turnover rates. Cysteamine has only one known function, and that is as a precursor for the formation of hypotaurine, which is subsequently oxidized to taurine. The rate of cysteamine production as a result of coenzyme A breakdown is not well understood but it is clear that cysteamine levels are not as dramatically affected by dietary habits as are cysteine levels. Cysteamine is generated from hypotaurine by cysteamine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.19), an enzyme that was recently identified in mammals (PMID:17581819). Cysteamine is the simplest stable aminothiol found in the body. It is used in the treatment of disorders of cystine excretion. Cysteamine cleaves the disulfide bond with cysteine to produce molecules that can escape the metabolic defect in cystinosis and cystinuria. Cyst(e)amine may also serve as an endogenous regulator of immune system activity as well as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Huntington disease. Cysteamine is also used as a radiation-protective agent that oxidizes in air to form cystamine. It can be given intravenously or orally to treat radiation sickness. A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals D065104 - Cystine Depleting Agents
Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside
Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is found in cereals and cereal products. Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is present in Medicago sativa (alfalfa Methyl β-D-Galactopyranoside is an endogenous metabolite.
Acteoside
The main hydroxycinnamic deriv. in olives. Acteoside is found in many foods, some of which are olive, lemon verbena, bitter gourd, and common verbena. Acteoside is found in bitter gourd. It is the main hydroxycinnamic derivative in olives Verbascoside is isolated from Acanthus mollis, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity. Verbascoside is isolated from Acanthus mollis, acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of PKC, with an IC50 of 25 μM, and has antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antineuropathic pain activity.
(1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate
Indole-3-glycerol phosphate, also known as c1-(3-indolyl)-glycerol 3-phosphate, is a member of the class of compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Indole-3-glycerol phosphate can be found in a number of food items such as german camomile, lambsquarters, other soy product, and hazelnut, which makes indole-3-glycerol phosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Indole-3-glycerol phosphate may be a unique E.coli metabolite. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents
Methyl alpha-D-galactopyranoside
Present in Medicago sativa (alfalfa). Methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside is found in cereals and cereal products.
Verbascoside
2-Aminoethanethiol
A - Alimentary tract and metabolism > A16 - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16A - Other alimentary tract and metabolism products > A16AA - Amino acids and derivatives An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29701 - Anti-ulcer Agent S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals D065104 - Cystine Depleting Agents
1-C-(Indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate
D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents
