Reaction Process: WikiPathways:WP1600
Nicotine metabolism in liver cells related metabolites
find 10 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Nicotine metabolism in liver cells
Nicotine ⟶ Nornicotine
Nicotine
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine constitutes 0.3 to 5\\\% of the tobacco plant by dry weight, with biosynthesis taking place in the root and accumulation in the leaves. It is a potent neurotoxin with particular specificity to insects; therefore nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine derivatives such as imidacloprid continue to be widely used. It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75\\\% to 90\\\%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to self-medicate with nicotine. More recent research has found the reverse: it is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short-term effects. However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing. As nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier. On average, it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain. The half-life of nicotine in the body is around 2 hours. The amount of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke is a fraction of the amount contained in the tobacco leaves (most of the substance is destroyed by the heat). The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. For chewing tobacco, often called dip, snuff, or sinus, which is held in the mouth between the lip and gum, the amount released into the body tends to be much greater than smoked tobacco. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of cancer in healthy tissue and has no mutagenic properties. Its teratogenic properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a nicotine patch or nicotine gum while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased acetylcholinic activity it causes have been shown to impede apoptosis, which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells (programmed cell death). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine create a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus, nicotine plays an indirect role in carcinogenesis. It is also important to note that its addictive properties are often the primary motivating factor for tobacco smoking, contributing to the proliferation of cancer. Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, oily liquid that is miscible with water in its base form. As a nitrogenous base, nicotine forms salts with acids that are usually solid and water soluble. Nicotine easily penetrates the skin. As shown by the physical data, free base nicotine will burn at a temperature below its boiling point, and its vapours will combust at 95 °C in the air despite a low vapour pressure. Because of this, most nicotine is burned when a cigarette is smoked; however, enough is inhaled to provide the desired effects. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nic... Nicotine appears as a colorless to light yellow or brown liquid. Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. (S)-nicotine is a 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. It has a role as a phytogenic insecticide, a teratogenic agent, a neurotoxin, an anxiolytic drug, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, a biomarker, an immunomodulator, a mitogen, a peripheral nervous system drug, a psychotropic drug, a plant metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-nicotinium(1+). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-nicotine. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a Cholinergic Nicotinic Agonist. Nicotine is a natural alkyloid that is a major component of cigarettes and is used therapeutically to help with smoking cessation. Nicotine has not been associated with liver test abnormalities or with clinically apparent hepatotoxicity. Nicotine is a natural product found in Cyphanthera tasmanica, Nicotiana cavicola, and other organisms with data available. Nicotine is a plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotines CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting. Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. See also: Tobacco Leaf (part of); Nicotine Polacrilex (related); Menthol; nicotine (component of) ... View More ... Alkaloid from Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana subspecies, Asclepias syriaca, Lycopodium subspecies, and other subspecies (Solanaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Crassulaceae). Rare spread of occurrence between angiosperms and cryptogametes (CCD) A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
Nornicotine
Nornicotine is an alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. An alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2228 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Hydroxycotinine
Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. [HMDB] Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. Hydroxycotinine is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine.
Cotinine N-oxide
Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5\\% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883) [HMDB] Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5\\% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883).
Nicotine-1'-N-oxide
Nicotine N-oxide (NNO) is a primary metabolite of nicotine, although only about 4-7\\% of nicotine absorbed by smokers is metabolized via this route. The conversion of nicotine to NNO involves a flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). It appears that NNO is not further metabolized to any significant extent, except by reduction back to nicotine, which may lead to recycling of nicotine in the body. [HMDB]. Nicotine-1-N-oxide is found in many foods, some of which are thistle, swede, sorghum, and pulses. Nicotine N-oxide (NNO) is a primary metabolite of nicotine, although only about 4-7\\% of nicotine absorbed by smokers is metabolized via this route. The conversion of nicotine to NNO involves a flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). It appears that NNO is not further metabolized to any significant extent, except by reduction back to nicotine, which may lead to recycling of nicotine in the body.
Nicotine imine
Nicotine-delta 1-(5)-iminium ion is an intermediate in the metabolic conversion of nicotine to cotinine. This product is generated by liver enzymes. [HMDB] Nicotine-delta 1-(5)-iminium ion is an intermediate in the metabolic conversion of nicotine to cotinine. This product is generated by liver enzymes.
trans-3-Hydroxycotinine glucuronide
3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. [HMDB] 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\% of the nicotine dose in urine.
Nicotine glucuronide
Nicotine glucuronidation results in an N-quaternary glucuronide in humans. This reaction is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme(s) producing (S)-nicotine-N-beta-glucuronide (Nicotine-Gluc). About 3-5\\% of nicotine is converted to Nicotine-Gluc and excreted in urine in humans. [HMDB] Nicotine glucuronidation results in an N-quaternary glucuronide in humans. This reaction is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme(s) producing (S)-nicotine-N-beta-glucuronide (Nicotine-Gluc). About 3-5\\% of nicotine is converted to Nicotine-Gluc and excreted in urine in humans.
5'-Hydroxycotinine
A hydroxylated derivative of cotinine. Cotinine is dervied from nicotine. [HMDB]. 5-Hydroxycotinine is found in many foods, some of which are shiitake, sweet cherry, moth bean, and blackcurrant. 5-Hydroxycotinine is a hydroxylated derivative of cotinine. Cotinine is dervied from nicotine.
1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrrolidinone
C10H12N2O (176.09495819999998)