Reaction Process: Reactome:R-TGU-1237112
Methionine salvage pathway related metabolites
find 8 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Methionine salvage pathway
MTAD + Pi ⟶ Ade + MTRIBP
View the spectrum consensus network of the metabolites related with current reaction.
Adenine
Adenine is the parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a purine nucleobase and a member of 6-aminopurines. It derives from a hydride of a 9H-purine. A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Adenine is a natural product found in Fritillaria cirrhosa, Annona purpurea, and other organisms with data available. Adenine is a purine nucleobase with an amine group attached to the carbon at position 6. Adenine is the precursor for adenosine and deoxyadenosine nucleosides. Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (A3372, A3373). Adenine is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES. See also: adenine; dextrose, unspecified form (component of) ... View More ... Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339). Widespread throughout animal and plant tissue, purine components of DNA, RNA, and coenzymes. Vitamin The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. Adenine (/ˈædɪnɪn/) (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase. It is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acids of DNA, the other three being guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine derivatives have various roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and Coenzyme A. It also has functions in protein synthesis and as a chemical component of DNA and RNA.[2] The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. The adjacent image shows pure adenine, as an independent molecule. When connected into DNA, a covalent bond is formed between deoxyribose sugar and the bottom left nitrogen (thereby removing the existing hydrogen atom). The remaining structure is called an adenine residue, as part of a larger molecule. Adenosine is adenine reacted with ribose, as used in RNA and ATP; Deoxyadenosine is adenine attached to deoxyribose, as used to form DNA. Adenine forms several tautomers, compounds that can be rapidly interconverted and are often considered equivalent. However, in isolated conditions, i.e. in an inert gas matrix and in the gas phase, mainly the 9H-adenine tautomer is found.[3][4] Purine metabolism involves the formation of adenine and guanine. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which in turn is synthesized from a pre-existing ribose phosphate through a complex pathway using atoms from the amino acids glycine, glutamine, and aspartic acid, as well as the coenzyme tetrahydrofolate. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3]. Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis[1][2][3].
5-methylthioadenosine (MTA)
5-Methylthioadenosine, also known as MTA or thiomethyladenosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. These are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-Methylthioadenosine is metabolized solely by MTA-phosphorylase, to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. 5-Methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. Within humans, 5-methylthioadenosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine through the action of the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, 5-methylthioadenosine can be converted into 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate and L-methionine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme S-methyl-5-thioadenosine phosphorylase. It is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. For instance, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been shown to influence the regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (PMID:15313459). In humans, 5-methylthioadenosine is involved in the metabolic disorder called hypermethioninemia. Outside of the human body, 5-Methylthioadenosine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, allspices, summer grapes, alaska wild rhubarbs, and breadfruits. Elevated excretion appears in children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) (PMID:3987052). Evidence suggests that 5-Methylthioadenosine can affect cellular processes in many ways. 5-Methylthioadenosine can be found in human urine. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine, also known as S-methyl-5-thioadenosine or mta, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found in a number of food items such as allspice, sesame, roselle, and bayberry, which makes 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine can be found primarily in blood and urine, as well as in human fibroblasts, platelet and prostate tissues. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is involved in a couple of metabolic pathways, which include methionine metabolism and spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. 5-deoxy-5-methylthioadenosine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include glycine n-methyltransferase deficiency, methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency, homocystinuria-megaloblastic anemia due to defect in cobalamin metabolism, cblg complementation type, and hypermethioninemia. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis[1]. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis[2].
Oxygen
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131) [HMDB]. Oxygen is found in many foods, some of which are soy bean, watermelon, sweet basil, and spinach. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium and the most abundant element by mass in the Earths crust. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.9\\% of the volume of air. All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, algae and plants during photosynthesis and is used in cellular respiration for all living organisms. Green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70\\% of the free oxygen produced on earth and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. For animals, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable for cardiac viability and function. To meet this demand, an adult human, at rest, inhales 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute. This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year. At a resting pulse rate, the heart consumes approximately 8-15 ml O2/min/100 g tissue. This is significantly more than that consumed by the brain (approximately 3 ml O2/min/100 g tissue) and can increase to more than 70 ml O2/min/100 g myocardial tissue during vigorous exercise. As a general rule, mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a constant supply of oxygen is indispensable to sustain cardiac function and viability. However, the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), act within blood vessels, altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, including xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, however, suggest that the major contributor to O2- levels in vascular cells is the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH-oxidase. Produced O2- can react with other radicals, such as NO, or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, H2O2 can undergo various reactions, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, more damaging ROS. For example, the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131). V - Various > V03 - All other therapeutic products > V03A - All other therapeutic products > V03AN - Medical gases
Formic acid
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It takes part in the metabolism of one-carbon compounds and its carbon may appear in methyl groups undergoing transmethylation. It is eventually oxidized to carbon dioxide. Formate is typically produced as a byproduct in the production of acetate. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain. In nature, formic acid is found in the stings and bites of many insects of the order Hymenoptera, including bees and ants. The principal use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. When sprayed on fresh hay or other silage, it arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer. Urinary formate is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (PMID: 22292465). It is used as a flavouring adjunct, an animal feed additive, a brewing antiseptic and as a food preservative
4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoate
The 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion derived from 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid. The major microspecies at pH 7.3, it is formed from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.
S-methyl-5-thio-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate(2-)
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