Reaction Process: Plant Reactome:R-TDI-9618278
Response to heavy metals related metabolites
find 4 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Response to heavy metals
GSH + arsenate ⟶ GSSG + arsenite(3-)
Glutathione
C10H17N3O6S (307.08380220000004)
Glutathione is a compound synthesized from cysteine, perhaps the most important member of the bodys toxic waste disposal team. Like cysteine, glutathione contains the crucial thiol (-SH) group that makes it an effective antioxidant. There are virtually no living organisms on this planet-animal or plant whose cells dont contain some glutathione. Scientists have speculated that glutathione was essential to the very development of life on earth. glutathione has many roles; in none does it act alone. It is a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions. The most important of these are redox reactions, in which the thiol grouping on the cysteine portion of cell membranes protects against peroxidation; and conjugation reactions, in which glutathione (especially in the liver) binds with toxic chemicals in order to detoxify them. glutathione is also important in red and white blood cell formation and throughout the immune system. glutathiones clinical uses include the prevention of oxygen toxicity in hyperbaric oxygen therapy, treatment of lead and other heavy metal poisoning, lowering of the toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation in cancer treatments, and reversal of cataracts. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/) glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactate. GSH is known as a substrate in both conjugation reactions and reduction reactions, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes in cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is also capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals, as in the case of n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450-reactive metabolite formed by acetaminophen, that becomes toxic when GSH is depleted by an overdose (of acetaminophen). glutathione in this capacity binds to NAPQI as a suicide substrate and in the process detoxifies it, taking the place of cellular protein thiol groups which would otherwise be covalently modified; when all GSH has been spent, NAPQI begins to react with the cellular proteins, killing the cells in the process. The preferred treatment for an overdose of this painkiller is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetylcysteine, which is used by cells to replace spent GSSG and renew the usable GSH pool. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glutathione). Glutathione (GSH) - reduced glutathione - is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. [Wikipedia]. Glutathione is found in many foods, some of which are cashew nut, epazote, ucuhuba, and canada blueberry. Glutathione. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=70-18-8 (retrieved 2024-07-15) (CAS RN: 70-18-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Glutathione reduced (GSH; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.
Oxidized glutathione
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate. Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) - oxidized glutathione - is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules. In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the coenzyme NADPH. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione reductase. [Wikipedia]. Glutathione disulfide is found in many foods, some of which are jute, millet, malabar plum, and acorn. [Spectral] Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) and 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (exact mass = 197.06881) and AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. [Spectral] Glutathione disulfide (exact mass = 612.15196) and AMP (exact mass = 347.06308) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. KEIO_ID G008; [MS2] KO008986 C26170 - Protective Agent KEIO_ID G008 Glutathione oxidized (L-Glutathione oxidized) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes[1][2]. Glutathione oxidized (GSSG) is produced by the oxidation of glutathione. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species is accompanied by production of glutathione oxidized. Glutathione oxidized can be used for the research of sickle cells and erythrocytes[1].
Arsenate
Arsenate is an ion consisting of arsenic. An arsenate is any compound containing the arsenate ion AsO43−. Arsenates are also referred to as pentavalent arsenic [As(V)] as the arsenic atom in arsenate has a valence of five. Arsenates can be both salts and esters of arsenic acid. Arsenate can be used as an indicator of mineral deposits, as a result of transition metals reacting with it to form bright colours. These mineral blooms can be used to find nickel (annabergite), copper (chalcophyllite), and cobalt (erythrite) arsenide ores. Arsenate is a chemical analogue of phosphate due to arsenic and phosphorous being part of the same group (pnictogens). Because of the similarities, arsenate can be taken by phosphate transporters due to imperfect selectivity (PMID: 328484, 8598055). Arsenate is much less toxic than the trivalent form arsenite, which is more mobile in groundwater and soils, and forms strong metal-like interactions with thiol groups in protein cysteine residues and small molecule thiols (PMID: 30852446). The arsenate ion is AsO43−. An arsenate (compound) is any compound that contains this ion.The arsenic atom in arsenate has a valency of 5 and is also known as pentavalent arsenic or As[V].Arsenate resembles phosphate in many respects, since arsenic and phosphorus occur in the same group (column) of the periodic table. D010575 - Pesticides > D006540 - Herbicides D009676 - Noxae > D013723 - Teratogens D016573 - Agrochemicals