Reaction Process: PharmGKB:PA2011
Nicotine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics related metabolites
find 6 related metabolites which is associated with chemical reaction(pathway) Nicotine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics
nornicotine ⟶ norcotinine
Nornicotine
Nornicotine is an alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. An alkaloid extracted from tobacco and related to nicotine but having a lower toxicity: used as an agricultural and horticultural insecticide. [HMDB] CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2228 D010575 - Pesticides > D007306 - Insecticides D016573 - Agrochemicals
Hydroxycotinine
Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. [HMDB] Quantitatively, the most important metabolite of nicotine in most mammalian species is cotinine. In humans, about 70 to 80\\\% of nicotine is converted to cotinine. 3-Hydroxycotinine (3HC) is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine. It is also excreted as a glucuronide conjugate (3HC-Gluc). 3HC and 3HC-Gluc account for 40-60\\\% of the nicotine dose in urine. Hydroxycotinine is the main nicotine metabolite detected in smokers urine.
Cotinine N-oxide
Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5\\% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883) [HMDB] Cotinine N-oxide is a minor metabolite of nicotine, cotinine formation being the major pathway of nicotine metabolism in smokers. Cotinine N-oxide accounts for less than 5\\% of the nicotine dose. Cotinine N-oxide can be reduced back to the parent amine in vivo. Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of nicotine exposure are through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine replacement therapies. Nicotine is an amine composed of pyridine and pyrrolidine rings. It has been shown that nicotine crosses biological membranes and the blood brain barrier easily. The absorbed nicotine is extensively metabolized in the liver to form a wide variety of metabolites including and cotinine N-oxide. Nicotine has been shown to affect a wide variety of biological functions ranging from gene expression, regulation of hormone secretion and enzyme activities. (PMID: 16359169, 15109883).
Norcotinine
Norcotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. It has been detected in smokers urine (about 1\\% of total nicotine and metabolites). Two pathways for its formation are possible, demethylation of cotinine or oxidative metabolism of nornicotine. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the existence of both of these pathways. [HMDB] Norcotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. It has been detected in smokers urine (about 1\\% of total nicotine and metabolites). Two pathways for its formation are possible, demethylation of cotinine or oxidative metabolism of nornicotine. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the existence of both of these pathways.
Nicotine glucuronide
Nicotine glucuronidation results in an N-quaternary glucuronide in humans. This reaction is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme(s) producing (S)-nicotine-N-beta-glucuronide (Nicotine-Gluc). About 3-5\\% of nicotine is converted to Nicotine-Gluc and excreted in urine in humans. [HMDB] Nicotine glucuronidation results in an N-quaternary glucuronide in humans. This reaction is catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme(s) producing (S)-nicotine-N-beta-glucuronide (Nicotine-Gluc). About 3-5\\% of nicotine is converted to Nicotine-Gluc and excreted in urine in humans.
Cotinine
(-)-cotinine is an N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum. It has a role as a biomarker, an antidepressant, a plant metabolite and a human xenobiotic metabolite. It is a N-alkylpyrrolidine, a member of pyridines, a pyrrolidine alkaloid and a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones. Cotinine is a natural product found in Haloxylon persicum and Nicotiana tabacum with data available. Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine. The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties. An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum. C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C47796 - Cholinergic Agonist > C73579 - Nicotinic Agonist D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 511; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1258; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1257 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 511; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1284; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1280 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 511; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1276; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1275 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 511; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1277; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1275 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 511; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1282; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1281 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 511; DATASET 20200303_ENTACT_RP_MIX506; DATA_PROCESSING MERGING RMBmix ver. 0.2.7; DATA_PROCESSING PRESCREENING Shinyscreen ver. 0.8.0; ORIGINAL_ACQUISITION_NO 1264; ORIGINAL_PRECURSOR_SCAN_NO 1263 CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 68 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 2283 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8694 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 8184 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.270 relative retention time with respect to 9-anthracene Carboxylic Acid is 0.268 CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 4130 CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3282 Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine), an alkaloid in tobacco and a major metabolite of nicotine, is used as a biological indicator to measure the composition of tobacco smoke[1]
