NCBI Taxonomy: 36325
Cucumariidae (ncbi_taxid: 36325)
found 17 associated metabolites at family taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Dendrochirotida
Child Taxonomies: Cucumaria, Aslia, Ocnus, Pseudocnus, Cucamba, Ekmania, Pentacta, Pawsonia, Panningia, Laevocnus, Thyonella, Psolicrux, Colochirus, Neocucumis, Trachasina, Cercodemas, Pentactella, Amphicyclus, Psolidiella, Athyonidium, Cladodactyla, Pseudocnella, Echinopsolus, Psolicucumis, Trachythyone, Leptopentacta, Abyssocucumis, Heterocucumis, Staurocucumis, Pseudocolochirus, Plesiocolochirus, Paraleptopentacta, unclassified Cucumariidae
L-Leucine
Leucine (Leu) or L-leucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (‚ÄìNH2) and carboxyl (‚ÄìCOOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. L-leucine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid. Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, beans and legumes. L-Leucine is a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). The BCAAs consist of leucine, valine and isoleucine (and occasionally threonine). BCAAs are essential amino acids whose carbon structure is marked by a branch point at the beta-carbon position. BCAAs are critical to human life and are particularly involved in stress, energy and muscle metabolism. BCAA supplementation as therapy, both oral and intravenous, in human health and disease holds great promise. BCAAs have different metabolic routes, with valine going solely to carbohydrates (glucogenic), leucine solely to fats (ketogenic) and isoleucine being both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. The different metabolism accounts for different requirements for these essential amino acids in humans: 12 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg of valine, leucine and isoleucine respectively. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other. Leucine is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans. The vast majority of l-leucine metabolism is initially catalyzed by the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase enzyme, producing alpha-ketoisocaproate (alpha-KIC). alpha-KIC is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase, which converts it to isovaleryl-CoA. Isovaleryl-CoA is subsequently metabolized by the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase and converted to beta-methylcrotonyl-CoA (MC-CoA), which is used in the synthesis of acetyl-CoA and other compounds. During biotin deficiency, HMB can be synthesized from MC-CoA via enoyl-CoA hydratase and an unknown thioesterase enzyme, which convert MC-CoA into HMB-CoA and HMB-CoA into HMB respectively. Leucine has the capacity to directly stimulate myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis (PMID 15051860). This effect of leucine arises results from its role as an activator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) (PMID 23551944) a serine-threonine protein kinase that regulates protein biosynthesis and cell growth. The activation of mTOR by leucine is mediated through Rag GTPases. Leucine, like other BCAAs, is associated with insulin resistance. In particular, higher levels of leucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans (PMID 25287287). BCAAs such as leucine have different deficiency symptoms. Valine deficiency is marked by neurological defects in the brain, while isoleucine deficiency is marked by muscle tremors. Persistently low leucine levels can result in decreased appetite, poor feeding, lethargy, poor growth, weight loss, skin rashes, hair loss, and desquamation. Many types of inborn errors of BCAA metabolism exist and these are marked by various abnormalities. The most common form is maple syrup urine disease, marked by a characteristic urinary odor. Other abnormalities are associated with a wide range of symptoms, such as mental retardation, ataxia, hypoglycemia, spinal muscle atrophy, rash, vomiting and excessive muscle movement. Most forms of BCAA metabolism errors are corrected by dietary res... L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. L-Leucine is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655). Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions. Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing. Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria. Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04) Leucine (abbreviated as Leu or L)[2] is a branched-chain л±-amino acid with the chemical formulaHO2CCH(NH2)CH2CH(CH3)2. Leucine is classified as a hydrophobic amino acid due to its aliphatic isobutyl side chain. It is encoded by six codons (UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG) and is a major component of the subunits in ferritin, astacin, and other buffer proteins. Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning that the human body cannot synthesize it, and it therefore must be ingested. It is important for hemoglobin formation. An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. See also: Isoleucine; Leucine (component of) ... View More ... Dietary supplement, nutrient [DFC]. (±)-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are green bell pepper, italian sweet red pepper, green zucchini, and red bell pepper. L-Leucine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=61-90-5 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 61-90-5). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The name originates from the Greek chole- (bile) and stereos (solid), and the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol. This is because researchers first identified cholesterol in solid form in gallstones in 1784. In the body, cholesterol can exist in either the free form or as an ester with a single fatty acid (of 10-20 carbons in length) covalently attached to the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol ring. Due to the mechanism of synthesis, plasma cholesterol esters tend to contain relatively high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Most of the cholesterol consumed as a dietary lipid exists as cholesterol esters. Cholesterol esters have a lower solubility in water than cholesterol and are more hydrophobic. They are hydrolyzed by the pancreatic enzyme cholesterol esterase to produce cholesterol and free fatty acids. Cholesterol has vital structural roles in membranes and in lipid metabolism in general. It is a biosynthetic precursor of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, estrogens, progesterones, androgens and aldosterone). In addition, it contributes to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, and it has major functions in signal transduction and sperm development. Cholesterol is a ubiquitous component of all animal tissues where much of it is located in the membranes, although it is not evenly distributed. The highest proportion of unesterified cholesterol is in the plasma membrane (roughly 30-50\\\\% of the lipid in the membrane or 60-80\\\\% of the cholesterol in the cell), while mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have very low cholesterol contents. Cholesterol is also enriched in early and recycling endosomes, but not in late endosomes. The brain contains more cholesterol than any other organ where it comprises roughly a quarter of the total free cholesterol in the human body. Of all the organic constituents of blood, only glucose is present in a higher molar concentration than cholesterol. Cholesterol esters appear to be the preferred form for transport in plasma and as a biologically inert storage (de-toxified) form. They do not contribute to membranes but are packed into intracellular lipid particles. Cholesterol molecules (i.e. cholesterol esters) are transported throughout the body via lipoprotein particles. The largest lipoproteins, which primarily transport fats from the intestinal mucosa to the liver, are called chylomicrons. They carry mostly triglyceride fats and cholesterol that are from food, especially internal cholesterol secreted by the liver into the bile. In the liver, chylomicron particles give up triglycerides and some cholesterol. They are then converted into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, which carry triglycerides and cholesterol on to other body cells. In healthy individuals, the LDL particles are large and relatively few in number. In contrast, large numbers of small LDL particles are strongly associated with promoting atheromatous disease within the arteries. (Lack of information on LDL particle number and size is one of the major problems of conventional lipid tests.). In conditions with elevated concentrations of oxidized LDL particles, especially small LDL particles, cholesterol promotes atheroma plaque deposits in the walls of arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which is a major contributor to coronary heart disease and other forms of cardiovascular disease. There is a worldwide trend to believe that lower total cholesterol levels tend to correlate with lower atherosclerosis event rates (though some studies refute this idea). As a result, cholesterol has become a very large focus for the scientific community trying to determine the proper amount of cholesterol needed in a healthy diet. However, the primary association of atherosclerosis with c... Constituent either free or as esters, of fish liver oils, lard, dairy fats, egg yolk and bran Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].
Cholesterol
A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. Disclaimer: While authors make an effort to ensure that the content of this record is accurate, the authors make no representations or warranties in relation to the accuracy or completeness of the record. This record do not reflect any viewpoints of the affiliation and organization to which the authors belong. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3]. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25\% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins[1][2]. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist[3].
L-Leucine
Flavouring ingredient; dietary supplement, nutrient. L-Leucine is found in many foods, some of which are lettuce, common bean, pacific herring, and kefir. MS2 deconvoluted using MS2Dec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N_STSL_0102_Leucine_8000fmol_180425_S2_LC02_MS02_19; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. MS2 deconvoluted using CorrDec from all ion fragmentation data, MetaboLights identifier MTBLS1040; Spectrum acquired as described in Naz et al 2017 PMID 28641411. Preparation and submission to MassBank of North America by Chaleckis R. and Tada I. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1]. L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), which activates the mTOR signaling pathway[1].
[(3r,4r,5r,6s)-6-{[(2s,4s,5s,6s,9r,12r,13r,16s,18r)-4-(acetyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-6-[(1z)-4-methylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl]-8-oxo-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(20)-en-16-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-4-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid
(2s,5s,6s,9s,13s,16s,18r)-16-hydroxy-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-6-(4-methyl-2-oxopentyl)-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(12)-ene-4,8-dione
(2r)-2,7,8-trimethyl-2-[(3e,7e,11e,15e,19e,23e,27e)-4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32-octamethyltritriaconta-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31-octaen-1-yl]-3,4-dihydro-1-benzopyran-6-ol
(15z)-n-[(2s,3r,4e,15r)-3-hydroxy-15-methyl-1-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}heptadec-4-en-2-yl]tetracos-15-enimidic acid
(6-{[4-(acetyloxy)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-8-oxo-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(20)-en-16-yl]oxy}-5-({5-[(4-{[3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy]-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy]oxan-2-yl}oxy)-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl)oxidanesulfonic acid
[(3r,4s,5r,6s)-6-{[(2s,4r,5r,6r,9s,12r,13r,16s,18s)-4-(acetyloxy)-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-6-(4-methylpentyl)-8-oxo-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(20)-en-16-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2s,3r,4r,5s,6r)-5-{[(2r,3r,4r,5s)-4-{[(2s,3r,4r,5s,6s)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid
(2s,4s,5r,6s,9s,12r,13r,16s,18r)-16-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-4-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-6-(4-methylpent-4-en-1-yl)-8-oxo-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(20)-en-4-yl acetate
C60H94O26 (1230.6033023999998)
(2r)-2-hydroxy-n-[(2s,3r,4e,14r)-3-hydroxy-14-methyl-1-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}hexadec-4-en-2-yl]docosanimidic acid
(2r)-2-hydroxy-n-[(2s,3r,4e,14r)-3-hydroxy-14-methyl-1-{[(2r,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}hexadec-4-en-2-yl]tetracosanimidic acid
[(3r,4r,5r,6s)-6-{[(1s,3as,3bs,5ar,7s,9as,11ar)-1-[(2r,3r)-3-(acetyloxy)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-3a,6,6,9a,11a-pentamethyl-1h,2h,3h,3bh,4h,5h,5ah,7h,8h,9h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-[(sulfooxy)methyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-6-[(sulfooxy)methyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid
C61H100O35S3 (1488.5207010000001)
[(3r,4r,5s,6r)-6-{[(2s,4r,5r,6s,9s,12s,13s,16r,18s)-4-(acetyloxy)-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-6-(4-methylpentyl)-8-oxo-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(20)-en-16-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-5-{[(2r,3r,4r,5r)-4-{[(2s,3s,4r,5s,6s)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{[(2r,3r,4r,5r)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid
[(3r,4r,5r,6s)-6-{[(2s,4s,5s,6s,9r,12r,13r,16s,18r)-4-(acetyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2,6,13,17,17-pentamethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-8-oxo-7-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁵,⁹.0¹³,¹⁸]icos-1(20)-en-16-yl]oxy}-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-5-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r)-4-{[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-4-hydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxidanesulfonic acid
C55H86O27S (1210.5076926000002)