Gene Association: HAO1
UniProt Search:
HAO1 (PROTEIN_CODING)
Function Description: hydroxyacid oxidase 1
found 4 associated metabolites with current gene based on the text mining result from the pubmed database.
Glycolic acid
Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). This colourless, odourless, and hygroscopic crystalline solid is highly soluble in water. Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel. It may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, and hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions, including actinic keratosis, hyperkeratosis, and seborrheic keratosis. Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the outer skin to dissolve, revealing the underlying skin. It is thought that this is due to the reduction of calcium ion concentrations in the epidermis and the removal of calcium ions from cell adhesions, leading to desquamation. Glycolic acid is a known inhibitor of tyrosinase. This can suppress melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour. Acute doses of glycolic acid on skin or eyes leads to local effects that are typical of a strong acid (e.g. dermal and eye irritation). Glycolate is a nephrotoxin if consumed orally. A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues. Glycolic acids renal toxicity is due to its metabolism to oxalic acid. Glycolic and oxalic acid, along with excess lactic acid, are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis. Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals. Renal tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of glycolic acid. Glycolic acid does exhibit some inhalation toxicity and can cause respiratory, thymus, and liver damage if present in very high levels over long periods of time. Elevated glycolic acid without elevated oxalic acid is most likely a result of GI yeast overgrowth (Aspergillus, Penicillium, probably Candida) or due to dietary sources containing glycerol (glycerine). (http://drweyrich.weyrich.com/labs/oat.html). Glycolic acid has also been found to be a metabolite in Acetobacter, Acidithiobacillus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium, Cryptococcus, Escherichia, Gluconobacter, Kluyveromyces, Leptospirillum, Pichia, Rhodococcus, Rhodotorula and Saccharomyces (PMID: 11758919; PMID: 26360870; PMID: 14390024). D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D007641 - Keratolytic Agents Found in sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) KEIO_ID G012 Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Oxalate (ethanedioate)
Oxalic acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent (Pubchem). Oxalic acid (IUPAC name: ethanedioic acid, formula H2C2O4) is a dicarboxylic acid with structure (HOOC)-(COOH). Because of the joining of two carboxyl groups, this is one of the strongest organic acids. It is also a reducing agent. The anions of oxalic acid as well as its salts and esters are known as oxalates (Wikipedia). Bodily oxalic acid may also be synthesized via the metabolism of either glyoxylic acid or unused ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which is a serious health consideration for long term megadosers of vitamin C supplements. 80\\\\% of kidney stones are formed from calcium oxalate. Some Aspergillus species produce oxalic acid, which reacts with blood or tissue calcium to precipitate calcium oxalate. There is some preliminary evidence that the administration of probiotics can affect oxalic acid excretion rates (and presumably oxalic acid levels as well) (Wikipedia). Oxalic acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and primary hyperoxaluria I, which are inborn errors of metabolism. Oxalic acid is a marker for yeast overgrowth from Aspergillus, Penicillum and/or Candida. Can also be elevated due to exposures from vitamin C or ethylene glycol poisoning. Oxalate is elevated in the urine of children with autism. (PMID: 21911305). Oxalic acid has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821). Oxalic acid, also known as oxalate or ethanedioic acid, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Oxalic acid is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Oxalic acid can be found in a number of food items such as grape, sacred lotus, orange mint, and date, which makes oxalic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Oxalic acid can be found primarily in blood, saliva, sweat, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. Oxalic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Moreover, oxalic acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, glycolic aciduria, hemodialysis, and primary hyperoxaluria I. Oxalic acid is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. Oxalic acids acid strength is much greater than that of acetic acid. Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and its conjugate base, known as oxalate (C 2O2− 4), is a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically, oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula C2H2O4·2H2O . Acute Exposure: If oxalic acid is swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. DO NOT give water or milk if the person is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow. If acute exposure occurs to the eyes, irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D019163 - Reducing Agents Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.
glycolic acid
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated. D003879 - Dermatologic Agents > D007641 - Keratolytic Agents Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
oxalic acid
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2. D019995 - Laboratory Chemicals > D007202 - Indicators and Reagents > D019163 - Reducing Agents Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. Oxalic Acid is a strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables and can be used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.
