Exact Mass: 499.337
Exact Mass Matches: 499.337
Found 199 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 499.337,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
Taurochenodesoxycholic acid
Taurochenodesoxycholic acid is a bile acid formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Taurochenodesoxycholic acid has been found to be a microbial metabolite. Taurochenodesoxycholic acid is a bile acid formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135) [HMDB] Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a taurochenodeoxycholate. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is an experimental drug that is normally produced in the liver. Its physiologic function is to emulsify lipids such as cholesterol in the bile. As a medication, taurochenodeoxycholic acid reduces cholesterol formation in the liver, and is likely used as a choleretic to increase the volume of bile secretion from the liver and as a cholagogue to increase bile discharge into the duodenum. It is also being investigated for its role in inflammation and cancer therapy. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid is a natural product found in Trypanosoma brucei and Homo sapiens with data available. A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=516-35-8 (retrieved 2024-07-01) (CAS RN: 516-35-8). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
Taurodeoxycholic acid
Taurodeoxycholic acid is a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID:11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). Taurodeoxycholic acid can be found in Escherichia (PMID:30736766). Taurodeoxycholic acid is a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135) [HMDB] D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)[1][2][3][4]. Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)[1][2][3][4].
tauroursodeoxycholate
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 62 Same as: D11836 Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid also known as TUDCA formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. TUDCA is able to prevent apoptosis and protect mitochondria from cellular elements that would otherwise interfere with energy production. One of these elements is a protein called Bax. TUDCA plays an important role in preventing Bax from being transported to the mitochondria. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues. (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135) [HMDB] Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid also known as TUDCA formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. TUDCA is able to prevent apoptosis and protect mitochondria from cellular elements that would otherwise interfere with energy production. One of these elements is a protein called Bax. TUDCA plays an important role in preventing Bax from being transported to the mitochondria. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135). D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2]. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine
(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a very-long chain AC. As a very long-chain acylcarnitine (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is generally formed in the cytoplasm from very long acyl groups synthesized by fatty acid synthases or obtained from the diet. Very-long-chain fatty acids are generally too long to be involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. As a result peroxisomes are the main organelle where very-long-chain fatty acids are metabolized and their acylcarnitines synthesized (PMID: 18793625). Altered levels of very long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of peroxisomal metabolism. The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(7Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-7,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine
(7Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-7,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (7Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-7,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (7Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-7,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a very-long chain AC. As a very long-chain acylcarnitine (7Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-tetracosa-7,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine is generally formed in the cytoplasm from very long acyl groups synthesized by fatty acid synthases or obtained from the diet. Very-long-chain fatty acids are generally too long to be involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. As a result peroxisomes are the main organelle where very-long-chain fatty acids are metabolized and their acylcarnitines synthesized (PMID: 18793625). Altered levels of very long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of peroxisomal metabolism. The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine
7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(5E)-7-[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoylcarnitine
(5E)-7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (5E)-7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (5E)-7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (5E)-7-[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(4Z,7Z,10E,12E,16Z)-18-(3-Ethylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,10,12,16-pentaenoylcarnitine
(4Z,7Z,10E,12E,16Z)-18-(3-Ethylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,10,12,16-pentaenoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (4Z,7Z,10E,12E,16Z)-18-(3-ethylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,10,12,16-pentaenoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (4Z,7Z,10E,12E,16Z)-18-(3-Ethylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,10,12,16-pentaenoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a very-long chain AC. As a very long-chain acylcarnitine (4Z,7Z,10E,12E,16Z)-18-(3-Ethylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,10,12,16-pentaenoylcarnitine is generally formed in the cytoplasm from very long acyl groups synthesized by fatty acid synthases or obtained from the diet. Very-long-chain fatty acids are generally too long to be involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation. As a result peroxisomes are the main organelle where very-long-chain fatty acids are metabolized and their acylcarnitines synthesized (PMID: 18793625). Altered levels of very long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of peroxisomal metabolism. The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Chenodeoxycholyltaurine
1H-Benzimidazole-2-carboxamide, 1-(4-methoxybutyl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)-N-((3S,5R)-5-(4-morpholinylcarbonyl)-3-piperidinyl)-
Taurochenodeoxycholate
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
taurodeoxycholic acid
Tauroursodeoxycholic_acid
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. It has a role as a human metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inhibitor, a cardioprotective agent and a bone density conservation agent. It is functionally related to an ursodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a tauroursodeoxycholate. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, also known as ursodoxicoltaurine, is a highly hydrophilic tertiary bile acid that is produced in humans at a low concentration. It is a taurine conjugate of [ursodeoxycholic acid] with comparable therapeutic efficacy and safety, but a much higher hydrophilicity. Normally, hydrophilic bile acids regulates hydrophobic bile acids and their cytotoxic effects. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine, thereby reducing the bodys intake of dietary cholesterol and the body cholesterol content. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is currently used in Europe to treat and prevent gallstones as a bile acid derivative. Due to a range of its molecular properties - namely its anti-apoptotic effects - tauroursodeoxycholic acid has been examined in inflammatory metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid. D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids Same as: D11836 Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor C78276 - Agent Affecting Digestive System or Metabolism > C29703 - Antilipidemic Agent D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
taurodeoxycholic acid
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid. Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)[1][2][3][4]. Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)[1][2][3][4].
Taurodeoxycholate
D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002756 - Cholagogues and Choleretics D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D001647 - Bile Acids and Salts D005765 - Gastrointestinal Agents > D002793 - Cholic Acids D013501 - Surface-Active Agents > D003902 - Detergents CONFIDENCE standard compound; INTERNAL_ID 60 Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)[1][2][3][4]. Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)[1][2][3][4].
Tauro 3a,7a-(OH)2-5b-cholanic acid
BA-135-150. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-135-120. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-135-90. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
2-{[(3alpha,5beta,7beta)-3,7-Dihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid
BA-136-150. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-136-120. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-136-90. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-136-60. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-136-30. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
Tauro 3a,12a-(OH)2-5b-cholanic acid
BA-137-150. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-137-120. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-137-90. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-137-60. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan. BA-137-30. In-source decay; 1 microL of the bile acid in MeOH solution was flow injected. Sampling interval was 1 Hz.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17HP8021 (2017) to the MassBank database committee of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (12-Deoxycholyltaurine) is one of the main bioactive substances of animals' bile acid. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis and shows obvious anti-inflammatory and immune regulation properties[1][2].
2-((2R,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-((3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,17R)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((R)-4-((3S,5S,7S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((R)-4-((3R,5S,7S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((4R)-4-((5S,9S,10S,12R,13R,14S,17R)-12-hydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((4R)-4-((3R,5S,7R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((4R)-4-((3R,5R,9S,10S,12S,13R,14S,17R)-3,12-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((4R)-4-((3R,5R,6S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-3,6-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((4R)-4-((3R,5R,6R,8S,9S,10R,13R,17R)-3,6-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid
Taurohyodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid taurine conjugate. It is a conjugate acid of a taurohyodeoxycholate(1-). Taurohyodeoxycholic acid is the tauroconjugated form of Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA, a dihydroxylated natural bile acid). Taurohyodeoxycholic acid induces a biliary phospholipid secretion and suggests a hepatoprotective potential. Taurohyodeoxycholic acid also can promote gallstone dissolution[1][1].
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5β-CHOLANIC ACID-3α, 12α-DIOL N-(2-SULPHOETHYL)-AMIDE
tert-butyl 4-((S)-4-((R)-2-Methoxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl)-3-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-Methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate
2-[4-(3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanoylamino]ethanesulfonic acid
1H-Benzimidazole-2-carboxamide, 1-(4-methoxybutyl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)-N-((3S,5R)-5-(4-morpholinylcarbonyl)-3-piperidinyl)-
7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-Hydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxyoctyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoylcarnitine
(5E)-7-[3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxyoctyl)cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoylcarnitine
(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine
(7Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)-Tetracosa-7,9,12,15,18,21-hexaenoylcarnitine
(4Z,7Z,10E,12E,16Z)-18-(3-Ethylcycloprop-1-en-1-yl)-14-hydroxyoctadeca-4,7,10,12,16-pentaenoylcarnitine
[5-methoxy-4-[2-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)oxiran-2-yl]-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octan-6-yl] (Z)-3-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]prop-2-enoate
N-[(5S,6R,9S)-8-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6S,9R)-8-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6S,9S)-8-(2-cyclopropylacetyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6R,9R)-8-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6S,9R)-8-(2-cyclopropylacetyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6R,9S)-8-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6S,9S)-8-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6S,9R)-8-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6S,9R)-8-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6S,9S)-8-[cyclohexyl(oxo)methyl]-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopropanecarboxamide
2-[[(4R)-4-[(3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,12R,13R,14S,17R)-3,12-Dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoyl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid
N-[(5S,6R,9S)-8-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6R,9S)-8-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6R,9R)-8-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6R,9R)-8-(2-cyclopropyl-1-oxoethyl)-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopentanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6R,9R)-8-[cyclohexyl(oxo)methyl]-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopropanecarboxamide
N-[(5R,6S,9R)-8-[cyclohexyl(oxo)methyl]-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopropanecarboxamide
N-[(5S,6R,9S)-8-[cyclohexyl(oxo)methyl]-5-methoxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-2-oxo-11-oxa-3,8-diazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl]cyclopropanecarboxamide
Mupirocin(1-)
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of mupirocin obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group; major microspecies at pH 7.3.
[2-hydroxy-3-[(3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-3,6,9,12,15-pentaenoxy]propyl] 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
(4E,8E,12E)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(Z)-2-hydroxydodec-5-enoyl]amino]tetradeca-4,8,12-triene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E,12E)-3-hydroxy-2-(undecanoylamino)hexadeca-4,8,12-triene-1-sulfonic acid
(E)-2-[[(9Z,12Z)-heptadeca-9,12-dienoyl]amino]-3-hydroxydec-4-ene-1-sulfonic acid
(E)-2-[[(9Z,12Z)-hexadeca-9,12-dienoyl]amino]-3-hydroxyundec-4-ene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E,12E)-2-(dodecanoylamino)-3-hydroxypentadeca-4,8,12-triene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(Z)-tridec-9-enoyl]amino]tetradeca-4,8-diene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(Z)-pentadec-9-enoyl]amino]dodeca-4,8-diene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E,12E)-2-(decanoylamino)-3-hydroxyheptadeca-4,8,12-triene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E)-3-hydroxy-2-[[(Z)-tetradec-9-enoyl]amino]trideca-4,8-diene-1-sulfonic acid
(4E,8E,12E)-3-hydroxy-2-(tridecanoylamino)tetradeca-4,8,12-triene-1-sulfonic acid
2-[[(7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoyl]amino]-3-hydroxyundecane-1-sulfonic acid
4-[3-butanoyloxy-2-[(Z)-tridec-9-enoyl]oxypropoxy]-2-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
4-[3-propanoyloxy-2-[(Z)-tetradec-9-enoyl]oxypropoxy]-2-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
4-[3-acetyloxy-2-[(Z)-pentadec-9-enoyl]oxypropoxy]-2-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
2-((R)-4-((3S,5S,7S,8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-((2R,4R)-2-hydroxy-4-((3R,5R,8R,9S,10S,13R,17R)-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethylhexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)pentanamido)ethane-1-sulfonic acid
2-[4-[(3R,5R,8R,9S,12S,14S,17R)-3,12-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoylamino]ethanesulfonic acid
2-[4-[(3R,5S,7R,8R,9S,14S,17R)-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoylamino]ethanesulfonic acid
2-[4-[(3R,5R,6S,8S,9S,14S,17R)-3,6-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoylamino]ethanesulfonic acid
2-[[(4R)-4-[(3R,5R,9S,10S,12S,13R,14S,17R)-3,12-Dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoyl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid
1-(2-methoxy-pentadecanyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
1-(2-methoxy-13-methyl-tetradecanyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, also known as ursodoxicoltaurine, is a highly hydrophilic tertiary bile acid that is produced in humans at a low concentration. It is a taurine conjugate of [ursodeoxycholic acid] with comparable therapeutic efficacy and safety, but a much higher hydrophilicity. Normally, hydrophilic bile acids regulates hydrophobic bile acids and their cytotoxic effects. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine, thereby reducing the body's intake of dietary cholesterol and the body cholesterol content. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is currently used in Europe to treat and prevent gallstones as a bile acid derivative. Due to a range of its molecular properties - namely its anti-apoptotic effects - tauroursodeoxycholic acid has been examined in inflammatory metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Ursodoxicoltaurine is the international nonproprietary name (INN) for the pharmaceutical form of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). It is also known as taurursodiol. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a naturally occurring hydrophilic bile acid which is the taurine conjugated form of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Humans have only trace amounts of tauroursodeoxycholic acid but bears have large amounts of tauroursodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid in their bile.[1] Synthesis Bile acids are naturally synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and are conjugated with specific amino-acids, specifically taurine. Bear bile contains several bile acids including taurochenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid.[2] UDCA and its taurine conjugates comprise about 47\\\\% of the bile in American black bears and up to 76\\\\% in Asiatic bears.[1][3] Ursodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid were first chemically synthesized in 1954 in Japan.[1] Ursodeoxycholic acid is produced in several countries for the treatment of gallstones and primary biliary cholangitis.[4] Cellular mechanisms Apoptosis is largely influenced by the mitochondria. If the mitochondria are distressed, they release cytochrome C (cyC) and calcium which activate caspases to propagate a cascade of cellular mechanisms to cause apoptosis. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid prevents apoptosis with its role in the BAX pathway.[7] Tauroursodeoxycholic acid prevents BAX from being transported to the mitochondria which protects the mitochondria from perturbation and the activation of caspases.[8] Many effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid appear to be dependent on the activation of the cell membrane receptors TGR5, S1PR2 and α5β1-Integrin.[8] Tauroursodeoxycholic acid also acts as a chemical chaperone to help maintain the stability and correct folding of proteins. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14605-22-2 (retrieved 2024-06-29) (CAS RN: 14605-22-2). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
