Exact Mass: 471.11500920000003

Exact Mass Matches: 471.11500920000003

Found 91 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 471.11500920000003, within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error 0.01 dalton.

10-Formyldihydrofolate

(2S)-2-[(4-{N-[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]formamido}phenyl)formamido]pentanedioic acid

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


10-Formyldihydrofolate is a folate compound that has not been found as a component of intracellular folates in normal tissues but has been identified in the cytosol of methotrexate (MTX)-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells and normal human myeloid precursor cells. The origin of 10-formyldihydrofolate remains an enigma. Its appearance only in the extracts from MTX-treated cells is not consistent with a simple oxidation of lO-formyl-H4folate during the extraction procedure. This, however, does not exclude the occurrence of spontaneous oxidation of 10-formyl-H4folate within the intact cells prior to the folate extraction. (PMID: 3366769) [HMDB] 10-formyldihydrofolate is a folate compound that has not been found as a component of intracellular folates in normal tissues but has been identified in the cytosol of methotrexate (MTX)-treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells and normal human myeloid precursor cells. The origin of 10-formyldihydrofolate remains an enigma. Its appearance only in the extracts from MTX-treated cells is not consistent with a simple oxidation of lO-formyl-H4folate during the extraction procedure. This, however, does not exclude the occurrence of spontaneous oxidation of 10-formyl-H4folate within the intact cells prior to the folate extraction. (PMID: 3366769).

   

desbutyl-lumefantrine

2-(butylamino)-1-[(9Z)-2,7-dichloro-9-[(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]-9H-fluoren-4-yl]ethan-1-ol

C26H24Cl3NO (471.0923384)


desbutyl-lumefantrine is a metabolite of lumefantrine. Lumefantrine (or benflumetol) is an antimalarial drug. It is only used in combination with artemether. The term co-artemether is sometimes used to describe this combination. (Wikipedia)

   

Norfluoxetine glucuronide

(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-({3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino)oxane-2-carboxylic acid

C22H24F3NO7 (471.150479)


Norfluoxetine glucuronide is a metabolite of fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (also known by the tradenames Prozac, Sarafem, Fontex, among others) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. Fluoxetine was first documented in 1974 by scientists from Eli Lilly and Company. It was presented to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in February 1977, with Eli Lilly receiving final approval to market the drug in December 1987. Fluoxetine went off-patent in August 2001 (Wikipedia).

   

2-Naphthalenecarboxamide, 3-hydroxy-4-[(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)azo]-N-(3-nitrophenyl)-

3-hydroxy-4-[2-(4-methyl-2-nitrophenyl)diazen-1-yl]-N-(3-nitrophenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide

C24H17N5O6 (471.1178782)


   

4-(2,6-Dioxo-1-propyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-8-yl)-benzenesulfonic acid 4-nitro-phenyl ester

4-(2,6-Dioxo-1-propyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-8-yl)-benzenesulphonic acid 4-nitro-phenyl ester

C20H17N5O7S (471.0848652)


   

Clamikalant

5-Chloro-2-methoxy-N-{2-[4-methoxy-3-({[methylthio(carbonoimidyl)]amino}sulphonyl)phenyl]ethyl}benzene-1-carboximidic acid

C19H22ClN3O5S2 (471.06893520000006)


   

Desbutyllumefantrine

2-(butylamino)-1-{2,7-dichloro-9-[(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]-9H-fluoren-4-yl}ethan-1-ol

C26H24Cl3NO (471.0923384)


   

5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate

4-Carboxy-4-[(4-{[(5-formyl-2-imino-4-oxido-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)formamido]butanoic acid

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate is a member of the class of compounds known as tetrahydrofolic acids. Tetrahydrofolic acids are heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with at least one L-glutamic acid unit. 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate can be found in a number of food items such as fennel, greenthread tea, orange mint, and coriander, which makes 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

   
   
   
   

aristolactam N-beta-D-glucoside

aristolactam N-beta-D-glucoside

C23H21NO10 (471.1165406)


   

aristolactam-N-beta-D-glucopyranoside|aristolactam-N-beta-D-glucoside|Aristolactam-N-??-D-glucoside

aristolactam-N-beta-D-glucopyranoside|aristolactam-N-beta-D-glucoside|Aristolactam-N-??-D-glucoside

C23H21NO10 (471.1165406)


   

Pemetrexed

Pemetrexed disodium

C20H19N5Na2O6 (471.11306740000003)


C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C186664 - Cytotoxic Chemotherapeutic Agent > C272 - Antimetabolite D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D019384 - Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2021 - Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitor D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D005493 - Folic Acid Antagonists D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents

   
   

b-D-Glucopyranuronic acid

b-D-Glucopyranuronic acid

C22H24F3NO7 (471.150479)


   

ytterbium (iii) 2,4-pentanedionate

ytterbium (iii) 2,4-pentanedionate

C15H21O6Yb (471.0726796)


   

Gloximonam

Gloximonam

C18H25N5O8S (471.142377)


C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C258 - Antibiotic > C260 - Beta-Lactam Antibiotic

   

2,2-Difluoro-2-deoxycytidine-3,5-dibenzoate

2,2-Difluoro-2-deoxycytidine-3,5-dibenzoate

C23H19F2N3O6 (471.1241858)


   

Dorsomorphin 2HCl

Dorsomorphin 2HCl

C24H27Cl2N5O (471.1592552)


Dorsomorphin (Compound C) dihydrochloride is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor, with a Ki of 109 nM. Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride inhibits BMP pathway by targeting the type I receptors ALK2, ALK3, and ALK6. Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride can reverse autophagy activation and anti-inflammatory effect of Urolithin A (HY-100599).

   

2-[(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]-5,12-dihydroquino[2,3-b]acridine-7,14-dione

2-[(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]-5,12-dihydroquino[2,3-b]acridine-7,14-dione

C29H17N3O4 (471.1219002)


   
   
   

7-(diethylamino)-N-[2-[(2-iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-2-oxochromene-3-carboxamide

7-(diethylamino)-N-[2-[(2-iodoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-2-oxochromene-3-carboxamide

C18H22IN3O4 (471.06550020000003)


   

dioxidanium,(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine,platinum,dinitrate

dioxidanium,(1R,2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine,platinum,dinitrate

C6H20N4O8Pt (471.092893)


   
   
   
   

5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]amino]-1H-pyrimidin-4-one dihydrochloride

5-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-[[2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thio]ethyl]amino]-1H-pyrimidin-4-one dihydrochloride

C19H23Cl2N5O3S (471.0898588)


   

Quinacrine dihydrochloride

Quinacrine (dihydrochloride)

C23H32Cl3N3O (471.1610832)


D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000981 - Antiprotozoal Agents D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000977 - Antiparasitic Agents > D000871 - Anthelmintics D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

   

Palladium(2+) nitrite ammoniate (1:2:2)

Palladium(2+) nitrite ammoniate (1:2:2)

C34H17NO2 (471.1259222)


   

DecaMethylferrocene hexafluorophosphate

DecaMethylferrocene hexafluorophosphate

C20H30Fe.F6P (471.1338592)


   

2,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl cyanide

2,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl cyanide

C27H21NO7 (471.13179560000003)


   
   

3-[[2-[(methylaminosulfonyl)amino]-3-fluoropyridin-4-yl]methyl]-4-methyl-7-[(pyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

3-[[2-[(methylaminosulfonyl)amino]-3-fluoropyridin-4-yl]methyl]-4-methyl-7-[(pyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

C21H18FN5O5S (471.101263)


C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C1404 - Protein Kinase Inhibitor > C61074 - Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitor Avutometinib (Ro 5126766) is a first-in-class dual MEK/RAF inhibitor that allosterically inhibits BRAFV600E, CRAF, MEK, and BRAF (IC50: 8.2, 56, 160 nM, and 190 nM, respectively).

   

Bictegravir sodium

Bictegravir sodium

C21H17F3N3NaO5 (471.10179480000005)


C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent > C1660 - Anti-HIV Agent

   

Clamikalant

Clamikalant

C19H22ClN3O5S2 (471.06893520000006)


C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C47793 - Antiarrhythmic Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D026902 - Potassium Channel Blockers D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker

   

Desbutyllumefantrine

2-(Butylamino)-1-{(9E)-2,7-dichloro-9-[(4-chlorophenyl)methylidene]-9H-fluoren-4-yl}ethan-1-ol

C26H24Cl3NO (471.0923384)


   

Bms-641988

Bms-641988

C20H20F3N3O5S (471.1075706000001)


C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C163758 - Targeted Therapy Agent > C146993 - Androgen Receptor Inhibitor C147908 - Hormone Therapy Agent > C547 - Hormone Antagonist > C242 - Anti-Androgen

   
   

4-(2-Hydroxybenzylamino)-N-(3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)piperidine-1-sulfonamide

4-(2-Hydroxybenzylamino)-N-(3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl)piperidine-1-sulfonamide

C24H26FN3O4S (471.1627968000001)


   

N-((1R,2S)-2-(5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxamido)cyclohexyl)-5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-2-carboxamide

N-((1R,2S)-2-(5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxamido)cyclohexyl)-5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-2-carboxamide

C23H26ClN5O2S (471.1495646000001)


   

N-((1R,2R)-2-(5-Chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxamido)cyclohexyl)-5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-C]pyridine-2-carboxamide

N-((1R,2R)-2-(5-Chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxamido)cyclohexyl)-5-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-C]pyridine-2-carboxamide

C23H26ClN5O2S (471.1495646000001)


   

5-chloro-N-{(3S)-1-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl}-1-benzothiophene-2-sulfonamide

5-chloro-N-{(3S)-1-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl}-1-benzothiophene-2-sulfonamide

C19H22ClN3O5S2 (471.06893520000006)


   

6-chloro-N-{(3S)-1-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl}-1-benzothiophene-2-sulfonamide

6-chloro-N-{(3S)-1-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl]-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl}-1-benzothiophene-2-sulfonamide

C19H22ClN3O5S2 (471.06893520000006)


   

Citrovorum factor

Citrovorum factor

C20H21N7O7-2 (471.1502396)


D020011 - Protective Agents > D000931 - Antidotes D018977 - Micronutrients > D014815 - Vitamins

   

10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dianion

10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dianion

C20H21N7O7-2 (471.1502396)


   

5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate

5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate

C20H21N7O7-2 (471.1502396)


   

5-Formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

5-Formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

C20H21N7O7-2 (471.1502396)


COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

   

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->6)-beta-D-Galp

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->6)-beta-D-Galp

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->6)-D-Galp in which the anomeric configuration of the reducing-end D-galactose residue is beta.

   

alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-D-Gal

alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-D-Gal

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


An amino disaccharide consisting of D-galactose having an alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl residue attached at the 3-position

   

N-[4-[4-(1-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl)phenyl]-2-thiazolyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-3-carboxamide

N-[4-[4-(1-pyrrolidinylsulfonyl)phenyl]-2-thiazolyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-3-carboxamide

C22H21N3O5S2 (471.09225760000004)


   

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->6)-D-Galp

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->6)-D-Galp

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


An amino disaccharide consisting of D-galactose having an alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl residue attached at the 6-position

   

N-[1-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-2-thiazolyl]-4-piperidinyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide

N-[1-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-2-thiazolyl]-4-piperidinyl]-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-sulfonamide

C23H25N3O4S2 (471.128641)


   

2-[[[4-cyclohexyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]thio]methyl]-5,6-dimethyl-3H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one

2-[[[4-cyclohexyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]thio]methyl]-5,6-dimethyl-3H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one

C22H25N5OS3 (471.122116)


   

2-[(6-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)thio]-N-[3-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-azepin-7-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl]acetamide

2-[(6-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)thio]-N-[3-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-azepin-7-ylsulfamoyl)phenyl]acetamide

C22H25N5O3S2 (471.139874)


   

2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(5-nitro-2-oxo-3-indolyl)-4-quinolinecarbohydrazide

2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(5-nitro-2-oxo-3-indolyl)-4-quinolinecarbohydrazide

C24H14ClN5O4 (471.07342740000007)


   

3-furanyl-[4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-1-piperazinyl]methanone

3-furanyl-[4-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]-1-piperazinyl]methanone

C23H20F3N5O3 (471.1518166000001)


   

N-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl]-3-methoxy-4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethoxy]benzamide

N-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl]-3-methoxy-4-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethoxy]benzamide

C23H22FN3O5S (471.12641340000005)


   

3-[2,4-dioxo-1-[(4-oxo-2-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl)methyl]-3-quinazolinyl]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)propanamide

3-[2,4-dioxo-1-[(4-oxo-2-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinyl)methyl]-3-quinazolinyl]-N-(2-furanylmethyl)propanamide

C25H21N5O5 (471.15426160000004)


   

3-O-{5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranonosyl}-alpha-D-galactopyranose

3-O-{5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranonosyl}-alpha-D-galactopyranose

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


   

(6s)-10-Formyltetrahydrofolate

(6s)-10-Formyltetrahydrofolate

C20H21N7O7-2 (471.1502396)


   

3-O-(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranonosyl)-D-galactopyranose

3-O-(5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranonosyl)-D-galactopyranose

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


   
   
   
   

5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosylonic acid-(2->3)-beta-D-galacto-hexopyranose

5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosylonic acid-(2->3)-beta-D-galacto-hexopyranose

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


   

5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosylonic acid-(2->3)-alpha-D-galacto-hexopyranose

5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosylonic acid-(2->3)-alpha-D-galacto-hexopyranose

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


   

2-amino-4-({2-[(1-carboxy-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)sulfanyl]-1-[(carboxymethyl)-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]ethyl}-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butanoic acid

2-amino-4-({2-[(1-carboxy-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)sulfanyl]-1-[(carboxymethyl)-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]ethyl}-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butanoic acid

C19H25N3O9S (471.13114400000006)


   

(2R,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid

(2R,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxane-2-carboxylic acid

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


   

disodium;(2R)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-3,7-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioate

disodium;(2R)-2-[[4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-3,7-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioate

C20H19N5Na2O6 (471.11306740000003)


   

10-Formyldihydrofolate

10-Formyldihydrofolate

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


   

(6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

(6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


A dicarboxylic acid dianion arising from deprotonation of both carboxylic acid groups of (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.

   
   

(6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

(6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


   

5-Formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

5-Formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.

   

10-Formyltetrahydrofolic acid

10-Formyltetrahydrofolic acid

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


A form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions, which is important in purine biosynthesis.

   

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Galp

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


An amino disaccharide consisting of beta-D-galactose having an alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl residue attached at the 3-position

   

(6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

(6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


   

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-alpha-D-GalpNAc

alpha-Neup5Ac-(2->3)-alpha-D-GalpNAc

C17H29NO14 (471.1587974)


An amino disaccharide comprised of an N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl residue linked (2->3) to N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine

   

10-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

10-formyltetrahydrofolate(2-)

C20H21N7O7 (471.1502396)


Dianion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid arising from deprotonation of both carboxylic acid functions.

   
   
   

BI-6C9

BI-6C9

C23H25N3O4S2 (471.128641)


BI-6C9 is a highly specific BH3 interacting domain (Bid) inhibitor, which prevents mitochondrial outer membrane potential (MOMP) and mitochondrial fission, and protects the cells from mitochondrial apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) release and caspase-independent cell death in neurons[1].

   

GW604714X

GW604714X

C21H18FN5O5S (471.101263)


GW604714X is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration supported by pyruvate but not other substrates. GW604714X is a highly specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitor with a Ki <0.1 nM. GW604714X also inhibits?L-lactate transport by the?plasma membrane?monocarboxylate transporter?(MCT1), but at concentrations more than 4 orders of magnitude greater than the MPC[1].