Exact Mass: 415.32120280000004
Exact Mass Matches: 415.32120280000004
Found 317 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 415.32120280000004,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
Salmeterol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
Salmeterol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist drug that is currently prescribed for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD. Salmeterols long, lipophilic side chain binds to exosites near beta(2)-receptors in the lungs and on bronchiolar smooth muscle, allowing the active portion of the molecule to remain at the receptor site, continually binding and releasing. Beta(2)-receptor stimulation in the lung causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, bronchodilation, and increased bronchial airflow. R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents Salmeterol (GR33343X) is a potent and selective human β2 adrenoceptor agonist. Salmeterol shows potent stimulation of cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human β2, β1 and β3 adrenoceptors with pEC50s of 9.6, 6.1, and 5.9, respectively[1].
Tomatidine
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine. Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760). Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321). Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814). Alkaloid from Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Tomatidine is found in garden tomato, garden tomato (variety), and potato. Tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling[1]. Tomatidine activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans[2]. Tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling[1]. Tomatidine activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans[2].
Myxalamid A
3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 3-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine can be found in urine and faces as well. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews]. A human metabolite taken as a putative food compound of mammalian origin [HMDB]
Bimatoprost
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
Bimatoprost ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes. It binds to the prostanoid FP receptor. S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EE - Prostaglandin analogues C78283 - Agent Affecting Organs of Special Senses > C29705 - Anti-glaucoma Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue
3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl carnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Pentadecanedioylcarnitine
C22H41NO6 (415.29337260000005)
Pentadecanedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an pentadecanedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Pentadecanedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Pentadecanedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
16-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
16-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 16-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 16-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 16-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(2S)-2-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
(2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
5-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 5-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 5-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 5-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
7-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
7-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 7-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 7-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 7-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
8-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
8-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 8-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 8-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 8-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 8-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
9-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
9-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 9-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 9-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 9-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 9-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
10-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
10-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 10-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 10-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 10-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 10-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
11-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
11-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 11-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 11-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 11-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 11-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
12-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
12-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 12-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 12-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 12-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 12-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
13-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
13-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 13-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 13-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 13-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 13-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
6-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
6-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 6-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 6-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 6-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular 6-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
N-Stearoyl Methionine
N-stearoyl methionine belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is a Stearic acid amide of Methionine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Stearoyl Methionine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Stearoyl Methionine is therefore classified as a long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.
N-Docosahexaenoyl Serine
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
N-docosahexaenoyl serine belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is a Docosahexaenoyl amide of Serine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Docosahexaenoyl Serine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Docosahexaenoyl Serine is therefore classified as a very long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.
N-Eicosapentaenoyl Isoleucine
N-eicosapentaenoyl isoleucine belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is an Eicosapentaenoic acid amide of Isoleucine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Eicosapentaenoyl Isoleucine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Eicosapentaenoyl Isoleucine is therefore classified as a long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.
N-Eicosapentaenoyl Leucine
N-eicosapentaenoyl leucine belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is an Eicosapentaenoic acid amide of Leucine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Eicosapentaenoyl Leucine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Eicosapentaenoyl Leucine is therefore classified as a long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.
7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(3S)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpent-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]-N-ethylhept-5-enamide
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
Cholesterol nitrite
N-(R)-[2-(Hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl]-4-methylpentanoyl-L-t-butyl-alanyl-L-alanine, 2-aminoethyl Amide
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Tomatidine
Tomatidine is a 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group. It is an azaspiro compound, an oxaspiro compound and a 3beta-hydroxy steroid. It is a conjugate base of a tomatidine(1+). It derives from a hydride of a tomatidane. Tomatidine is a natural product found in Solanum dunalianum, Solanum kieseritzkii, and other organisms with data available. CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 20 Tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling[1]. Tomatidine activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans[2]. Tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-κB and JNK signaling[1]. Tomatidine activates autophagy either in mammal cells or C elegans[2].
Delavine
Hupehenine is a natural product found in Fritillaria thunbergii, Fritillaria delavayi, and other organisms with data available. Hupehenine, a bioactive isosteroidal alkaloid, is a main antitussive components present in most of Fritillaria hupehensis[1]. Hupehenine, a bioactive isosteroidal alkaloid, is a main antitussive components present in most of Fritillaria hupehensis[1].
2-(10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,5,7,11-tetraenyl)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1H-pyridin-4-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
methyl 4-((E)-2-acetyl-4-oxotridec-1-enyl)-6-propylnicotinate
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(Z,Z)-N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-octadeca-9,12-dienamide|Livanil|N-vanillyl-9Z,12Z-octadecadienamide|N-vanillyllinoleamide
(S,S)-ciliatamide B|ciliatamide B|N-methyl-((S)-azepan-2-one-3-ylamino-(S)-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)octanamide
5alpha,6-dihydroleptinidine|Dihydroleptinidin (5alpha-Solanidandiol-3beta,23beta)|dihydroleptinidine
(22R,25S)-22,26-epiminocholest-3beta-ol-6-one|N-demethylpuqieninone
Salmeterol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
R - Respiratory system > R03 - Drugs for obstructive airway diseases > R03A - Adrenergics, inhalants > R03AC - Selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists D019141 - Respiratory System Agents > D018927 - Anti-Asthmatic Agents > D001993 - Bronchodilator Agents C78273 - Agent Affecting Respiratory System > C29712 - Anti-asthmatic Agent > C319 - Bronchodilator D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018663 - Adrenergic Agents > D000322 - Adrenergic Agonists D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents Salmeterol (GR33343X) is a potent and selective human β2 adrenoceptor agonist. Salmeterol shows potent stimulation of cAMP accumulation in CHO cells expressing human β2, β1 and β3 adrenoceptors with pEC50s of 9.6, 6.1, and 5.9, respectively[1].
Bimatoprost
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01E - Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics > S01EE - Prostaglandin analogues C78283 - Agent Affecting Organs of Special Senses > C29705 - Anti-glaucoma Agent D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D000959 - Antihypertensive Agents C78568 - Prostaglandin Analogue
3,6-Cevanediol
Origin: Plant; SubCategory_DNP: Steroidal alkaloids, Veratrum alkaloids
Ala Lys Val Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ala Val Lys Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ala Val Val Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Ile Lys Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Ile Val Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Lys Ile Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Lys Leu Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Lys Val Ile
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Lys Val Leu
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Leu Lys Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Leu Val Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Val Ile Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Val Lys Ile
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Val Lys Leu
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Gly Val Leu Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ile Gly Lys Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ile Gly Val Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ile Lys Gly Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ile Lys Val Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ile Val Gly Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Ile Val Lys Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Ala Val Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Gly Ile Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Gly Leu Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Gly Val Ile
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Gly Val Leu
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Ile Gly Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Ile Val Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Leu Gly Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Leu Val Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Val Ala Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Val Gly Ile
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Val Gly Leu
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Val Ile Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Val Leu Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Lys Val Val Ala
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Leu Gly Lys Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Leu Gly Val Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Leu Lys Gly Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Leu Lys Val Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Leu Val Gly Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Leu Val Lys Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Ala Lys Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Ala Val Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Gly Ile Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Gly Lys Ile
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Gly Lys Leu
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Gly Leu Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Ile Gly Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Ile Lys Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Lys Ala Val
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Lys Gly Ile
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Lys Gly Leu
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Lys Ile Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Lys Leu Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Lys Val Ala
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Leu Gly Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Leu Lys Gly
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Val Ala Lys
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
Val Val Lys Ala
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
ethyl amide
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
CAR 16:0;O
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
ditert-butyl 4-amino-4-[3-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-3-oxopropyl]heptanedioate
C22H41NO6 (415.29337260000005)
(5E)-BiMatoprost
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(R)-3-(2-(benzyloxy)-5-methylphenyl)-N,N-diisopropyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine
Piericidin A
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000900 - Anti-Bacterial Agents
TNF Protease Inhibitor 2
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
N-Linoleoyldopamine
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors > D016859 - Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Ciliatamide B
A lipopeptide that contains N-methylphenylalanine and lysine as the amino acid residues linked to a octanoyl moiety via an amide linkage (the R,R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the deep sea sponge Aaptos ciliata and exhibits antileishmanial and moderate cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells.
(2S)-2-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
(2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular (2S)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (PMID: 24358186, PMID: 32708684, PMID: 24837145), long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (PMID: 25888220), and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency (PMID: 19880769). It is also decreased in the blood or plasma of individuals with psoriasis (PMID: 33391503). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(25S)-cholestenoate
C27H43O3- (415.32120280000004)
A steroid acid anion that is the conjugate base of (25S)-cholestenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(25R)-3beta-Hydroxycholest-5-en-26-Oate
C27H43O3- (415.32120280000004)
A 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oate in which the stereocentre at position 25 has R-configuration.
(1R,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,8R,9R,12S,13S,16S,18S)-5,7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2-piperidine]-16-ol
(Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-((R,E)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpent-1-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)-N-ethylhept-5-enamide
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
2-[[(4E,7E,10E,13E,16E,19E)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
Hippolide A
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
A natural product found in Hippospongia lachne.
N-(2-hydroxyhexanoyl)sphinganine
C24H49NO4 (415.36613940000007)
An N-(2-hydroxyacyl)sphinganine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxyhexanoyl.
(Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy-2-[(E)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpent-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]-N-ethylhept-5-enamide
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
Phomacin C
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
A cytochalasin isolated from a fungus Phoma sp. that has been shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against HT-29 colonic adenocarcinoma cells.
3beta-Hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oate
C27H43O3- (415.32120280000004)
A steroid acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-3-[[(2S)-1-cyclohexyl-3-(methylamino)propan-2-yl]amino]-2-[2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylamino]-1-propanol
(2R,3R)-5-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-8-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)-2-[[methyl(propyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2S,3R)-5-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-8-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)-2-[[methyl(propyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2R,3R)-5-[(2R)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-8-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)-2-[[methyl(propyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2S,3S)-5-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-8-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)-2-[[methyl(propyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2S,3S)-5-[(2R)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-8-(4-methylpent-1-ynyl)-2-[[methyl(propyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2S,3S)-2-[[cyclopentylmethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-5-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-8-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(13Z,16Z,19Z,22Z)-octacosatetraenoate
C28H47O2- (415.35758619999996)
A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of (13Z,16Z,19Z,22Z)-octacosatetraenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
17-[(3,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)oxy]heptadecanoate
(16R)-16-[(2R,3R,5R,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyheptadecanoate
(3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxyoct-4-en-2-yl]octadeca-3,6,9,12,15-pentaenamide
(2E,4E,6Z,8E,10E,12R,13R,14E)-13-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl]-2,10,12,14,16-pentamethyl-octadeca-2,4,6,8,10,14-hexaenamide
3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
An O-acylcarnitine having 3-hydroxyhexadecanoyl as the acyl substituent.
N-(R)-[2-(Hydroxyaminocarbonyl)methyl]-4-methylpentanoyl-L-t-butyl-alanyl-L-alanine, 2-aminoethyl Amide
C19H37N5O5 (415.27945520000003)
oscr#30(1-)
A hydroxy fatty acid ascaroside anion that is the conjugate base of oscr#30, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
octacosatetraenoate
A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octacosatetraenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
O-(hydroxyhexadecanoyl)carnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
An O-acylcarnitine that is carnitine having a hydroxyhexadecanoyl group as the acyl substituent in which the position of the hydroxy group is unspecified.
O-(hydroxyhexadecanoyl)-L-carnitine
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
An O-acyl-L-carnitine that is L-carnitine having a hydroxyhexadecanoyl group as the acyl substituent in which the position of the hydroxy group is unspecified.
CarE(16:0)
C23H45NO5 (415.32975600000003)
Provides by LipidSearch Vendor. © Copyright 2006-2024 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved
NA-Ser 22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(5s,7s,10as,13s,13as,14s,16ar)-5,16-dihydroxy-7,9,12,13-tetramethyl-14-(2-methylpropyl)-5h,6h,7h,8h,10ah,13h,13ah,14h-oxacyclododeca[2,3-d]isoindol-2-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
6,8,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2s,6r,9s,10r,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2r,3as,3br,5as,7s,9as,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1r)-1-[(5r)-5-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl]ethyl]-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(1r,2s,3as,3bs,7s,9ar,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2s,5r)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
n-(2-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3h-azepin-3-yl)-2-(n-methyloctanamido)-3-phenylpropanimidic acid
(3z,5r)-3-{[(1s,2r,4ar,8s,8ar)-2-[(2s,3s)-2,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-3,8-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}-5-isopropyl-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,4s,5'r,6r,7s,9s,12s,13s,16s,18s)-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-5-oxaspiro[pentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icosane-6,2'-piperidin]-16-ol
(3z,5r)-3-{[(1s,4ar,6s,8r,8ar)-2-[(2s,3s)-2,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-6,8-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}-5-isopropyl-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(3z,5r)-3-{[(1as,2s,3s,3ar,4s,7ar,7br)-2-[(2e)-but-2-en-2-yl]-1a,4-dimethyl-octahydro-2h-naphtho[1,2-b]oxiren-3-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}-5-isopropyl-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,3as,3br,7s,9ar,9bs,11s,11ar)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2r,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7,11-diol
(2e,4e,6z,8e,10e,12s,13r,14e,16r)-13-hydroxy-n-[(2r)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-2,10,12,14,16-pentamethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,10,14-hexaenimidic acid
2-[(9s,10r)-10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,4,7,11-tetraen-1-yl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylpyridin-4-ol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
17αh-persicanidine a
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN001988","Ingredient_name": "17\u03b1h-persicanidine a","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C27H45NO2","Ingredient_Smile": "Not Available","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "16975","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
2-[(2e,5e,7e,9s,10r,11e)-10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,5,7,11-tetraen-1-yl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylpyridin-4-ol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,3as,3bs,5as,7s,9ar,9bs,11as)-7-hydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2r,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-5-one
9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[1-(5-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[1-(5-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(1r,2s,9r,10s,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
2-[(2e,5e,7e,9r,10r,11e)-10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,5,7,11-tetraen-1-yl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylpyridin-4-ol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
n-[(10-hydroxy-4b,7,7,10a,12a-pentamethyl-2-methylidene-dodecahydro-1h-chrysen-1-yl)methyl]guanidine
methyl 4-[(1e)-2-acetyl-4-oxotridec-1-en-1-yl]-6-propylpyridine-3-carboxylate
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10s,11s,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2s,4s,5'r,6r,7s,8r,9s,12s,13s,16s,18s)-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-5-oxaspiro[pentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icosane-6,2'-piperidin]-16-ol
(2e,4e,6z,8e,10e,12r,13r,14e,16s)-13-hydroxy-n-[(2s)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-2,10,12,14,16-pentamethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,10,14-hexaenimidic acid
(6r,10r,17s,18s,20s,23r)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(6s,10r,17r,23r)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
13-hydroxy-n-(1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,10,12,14,16-pentamethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,10,14-hexaenimidic acid
(1r,2r,3as,3bs,7s,9ar,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2s,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(1r,2s,6r,9s,10r,11r,14r,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(3s,3ar,4s,6as,10s,12s,15ar)-1,12-dihydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,8-trimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-3h,3ah,4h,6ah,9h,10h,11h,12h-cycloundeca[d]isoindol-15-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,2r,6s,8s,9r,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,8,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
methyl 4-(2-acetyl-4-oxotridec-1-en-1-yl)-6-propylpyridine-3-carboxylate
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1s,2r,5s,7s,10s,11s,14s,15r,16s,17s,18s,20s,23s)-10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.0²,¹¹.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁵,²³.0¹⁷,²²]tetracosane-7,18-diol
(1r,2r,6r,9s,10r,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10r,11r,14r,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
2-[(2e,4e,7e,9s,10r,11e)-10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,4,7,11-tetraen-1-yl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylpyridin-4-ol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(2s)-4-[(1s,4ar,6s,8r,8ar)-2-[(2s,3s)-2,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-6,8-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-1-carbonyl]-5-hydroxy-2-isopropyl-1-methyl-2h-pyrrol-3-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1s,3as,3br,7s,9ar,9br,11as)-1-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-1-[(2s,5r)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol
(1s,2r,4r,5's,6s,7s,8s,9s,12s,13s,16s,18r)-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-5-oxaspiro[pentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icosane-6,2'-piperidin]-16-ol
3-{[2-(but-2-en-2-yl)-1a,4-dimethyl-octahydro-2h-naphtho[1,2-b]oxiren-3-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}-5-isopropyl-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
3-{[2-(2,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-3,8-dimethyl-1,2,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl](hydroxy)methylidene}-5-isopropyl-1-methylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,3as,3br,7s,9ar,9bs,11r,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2s,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7,11-diol
(1r,2s,6r,9s,10r,11s,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
2-[(2e,5e,7e,9s,10r,11z)-10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,5,7,11-tetraen-1-yl]-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylpyridin-4-ol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.0²,¹¹.0⁵,¹⁰.0¹⁵,²³.0¹⁷,²²]tetracosane-7,18-diol
(1r,2r,3as,3bs,9ar,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2r,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(2e,4e)-13-hydroxy-n-(1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,10,12,14,16-pentamethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,10,14-hexaenimidic acid
(1r,2s,4s,5's,6r,7s,8r,9s,12s,13s,16s,18s)-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-5-oxaspiro[pentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icosane-6,2'-piperidin]-16-ol
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10r,11s,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10r,11r,14s,15r,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(2e,4e,6z,8e,10e,12r,13r,14e)-13-hydroxy-n-[(2s)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-2,10,12,14,16-pentamethyloctadeca-2,4,6,8,10,14-hexaenimidic acid
(1s,2r,3r,6s,7r,8s,11r,14s,15r,17r)-10-hydroxy-17-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5,6-trimethyl-8-(2-methylpropyl)-19-oxa-9-azapentacyclo[13.3.1.0²,¹⁴.0³,¹¹.0⁷,¹¹]nonadeca-4,9-dien-12-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
1-[1-hydroxy-1-(5-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10r,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,3as,3br,7s,9ar,9bs,11s,11ar)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2s,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7,11-diol
(1r,3as,3br,7s,9ar,9bs,11s,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2r,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7,11-diol
(1r,2r,6r,9s,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[1-(5-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-7,11-diol
(2s)-n-[(3s)-2-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3h-azepin-3-yl]-2-(n-methyloctanamido)-3-phenylpropanimidic acid
5,7',9',13'-tetramethyl-5'-oxaspiro[oxane-2,6'-pentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icosan]-16'-amine
(3s)-5-hydroxy-3-[(2r,6s)-6-hydroxy-5-[(3e,7e)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl]-3,6-dihydro-2h-pyran-2-yl]-3,4-dihydropyrrol-2-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,2s,6s,9r,10s,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2s,6s,9s,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1r,2s,6r,9s,10r,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24r)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(2r)-n-[(3r)-2-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3h-azepin-3-yl]-2-(n-methyloctanamido)-3-phenylpropanimidic acid
(1r,2r,3as,3bs,7r,9ar,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2s,5r)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
n-[(2s,3s,4r)-1,4-bis(acetyloxy)-3-hydroxy-14-methylpentadecan-2-yl]ethanimidic acid
C22H41NO6 (415.29337260000005)
(2r,3as,3br,5as,7s,9as,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(5s)-5-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl]ethyl]-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(1r,2s,6r,9s,11r,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
2-(10-hydroxy-3,7,9,11-tetramethyltrideca-2,5,7,11-tetraen-1-yl)-5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylpyridin-4-ol
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,2r,3as,3bs,7r,9ar,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(2r,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(1r,2s,6s,9s,11s,14s,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24s)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
(1'r,2r,2'r,4's,5s,7's,8's,9's,12'r,13's,16'r,18's)-5,7',9',13'-tetramethyl-5'-oxaspiro[oxane-2,6'-pentacyclo[10.8.0.0²,⁹.0⁴,⁸.0¹³,¹⁸]icosan]-16'-amine
1,12-dihydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,8-trimethyl-3-(2-methylpropyl)-3h,3ah,4h,6ah,9h,10h,11h,12h-cycloundeca[d]isoindol-15-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)
(1r,2s,6s,9s,10r,11r,14r,15s,17r,18s,20s,23r,24r)-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.0²,¹¹.0⁴,⁹.0¹⁵,²⁴.0¹⁸,²³]pentacosane-17,20-diol
n-{[(1r,4ar,4br,6ar,10s,10ar,10br,12ar)-10-hydroxy-4b,7,7,10a,12a-pentamethyl-2-methylidene-dodecahydro-1h-chrysen-1-yl]methyl}guanidine
(1s,3as,3bs,7s,9ar,9bs,11as)-1-[(1r)-1-hydroxy-1-[(2r,5s)-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-9a,11a-dimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,3bh,4h,6h,7h,8h,9h,9bh,10h,11h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-ol
(1r,2r,3as,3br,5as,7s,9as,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(5s)-5-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl]ethyl]-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(1r,2r,3as,3br,5as,7s,9as,9bs,11as)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1-[(1s)-1-[(5r)-5-methyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl]ethyl]-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-2,7-diol
(3s)-5-hydroxy-3-[(2r,6s)-6-hydroxy-5-[(7e)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl]-3,6-dihydro-2h-pyran-2-yl]-3,4-dihydropyrrol-2-one
C25H37NO4 (415.27224420000005)