Exact Mass: 395.2591
Exact Mass Matches: 395.2591
Found 266 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 395.2591,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-4-farnesyl-3,4-dihydroquinoline-1-oxide
A member of the class of quinoline N-oxides that is 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoline-1-oxide carrying an additional (2E,6E)-farnesyl group at position 4.
(2R,5E)-6,10-dimethyl-2-[(2S)-4-methyl-5-oxido-1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinolin-5-ium-2-yl]undeca-5,9-dien-2-ol
Prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide
prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide is the major prostanoid product derived from anandamide. Incubation of anandamide with lysates and the intact cell line expressing COX-2 but not that of COX-1 produced prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. This reaction demonstrates the existence of a COX-2-mediated pathway for anandamide metabolism, and the metabolites formed represent a novel class of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways. prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide is the major prostanoid product derived from anandamide. Incubation of anandamide with lysates and the intact cell line expressing COX-2 but not that of COX-1 produced prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. This reaction demonstrates the existence of a COX-2-mediated pathway for anandamide metabolism, and the metabolites formed represent a novel class of prostaglandins.
PGD2 ethanolamide
PGD2 ethanolamide is a N-acylethanolamine. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a class of lipid compounds naturally present in both animal and plant membranes as constituents of the membrane-bound phospholipid, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). NAPE is composed of a third fatty acid moiety linked to the amino head group of the commonly occurring membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine. NAEs are released from NAPE by phospholipase D-type hydrolases in response to a variety of stimuli. Transient NAE release and accumulation has been attributed a variety of biological activities, including neurotransmission, membrane protection, and immunomodulation in animals. N-oleoylethanolamine is an inhibitor of the sphingolipid signaling pathway, via specific ceramidase inhibition (ceramidase converts ceramide to sphingosine). N-oleoylethanolamine blocks the effects of TNF- and arachidonic acid on intracellular Ca concentration. (PMID: 12692337, 12056855, 12560208, 11997249) [HMDB] PGD2 ethanolamide is a N-acylethanolamine. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a class of lipid compounds naturally present in both animal and plant membranes as constituents of the membrane-bound phospholipid, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). NAPE is composed of a third fatty acid moiety linked to the amino head group of the commonly occurring membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine. NAEs are released from NAPE by phospholipase D-type hydrolases in response to a variety of stimuli. Transient NAE release and accumulation has been attributed a variety of biological activities, including neurotransmission, membrane protection, and immunomodulation in animals. N-oleoylethanolamine is an inhibitor of the sphingolipid signaling pathway, via specific ceramidase inhibition (ceramidase converts ceramide to sphingosine). N-oleoylethanolamine blocks the effects of TNF- and arachidonic acid on intracellular Ca concentration. (PMID: 12692337, 12056855, 12560208, 11997249)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (d19:1-P)
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (d19:1-P) is a Sphingosine-1-phosphate. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is a signaling sphingolipid. It is also referred to as a bioactive lipid mediator. Sphingolipids at large form a class of lipids characterized by a particular aliphatic aminoalcohol, which is sphingosine. (Wikipedia)
(7Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
(7Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (7Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (7Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-5,8,11-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-5,8,11-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-5,8,11-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-5,8,11-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-5,8,11-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-8,10,12-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-8,10,12-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-8,10,12-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-8,10,12-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-8,10,12-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-5,7,9-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-5,7,9-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-5,7,9-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-5,7,9-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-5,7,9-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(2E,4Z,10Z)-Tetradeca-2,4,10-trienedioylcarnitine
(2E,4Z,10Z)-Tetradeca-2,4,10-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (2E,4Z,10Z)-tetradeca-2,4,10-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (2E,4Z,10Z)-Tetradeca-2,4,10-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (2E,4Z,10Z)-Tetradeca-2,4,10-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-7,9,11-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-7,9,11-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-7,9,11-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-7,9,11-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-7,9,11-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-6,8,10-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-6,8,10-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-6,8,10-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-6,8,10-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-6,8,10-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-4,7,10-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-4,7,10-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-4,7,10-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-4,7,10-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-4,7,10-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Tetradeca-6,9,12-trienedioylcarnitine
Tetradeca-6,9,12-trienedioylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an tetradeca-6,9,12-trienedioic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. Tetradeca-6,9,12-trienedioylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine Tetradeca-6,9,12-trienedioylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(3Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
(3Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (3Z,9Z)-hexadeca-3,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (3Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (3Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
(6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (6Z,9Z)-hexadeca-6,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (6Z,9Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(2E,4Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
(2E,4Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (2E,4Z)-hexadeca-2,4-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (2E,4Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (2E,4Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
(10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (10Z,12E)-hexadeca-10,12-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (10Z,12E)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(8Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
(8Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (8Z,10Z)-hexadeca-8,10-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (8Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (8Z,10Z)-Hexadecadienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-(3-Methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine
5-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 5-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)pentanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 5-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
7-(3-Methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine
7-(3-Methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 7-(3-methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)heptanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-(3-Methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 7-(3-Methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
Desacetyllevonantradol
Quinagolida
N-Tert-Butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists
N-(4-(3-(3-(3-Aminopropylamino)propylamino)propylamino)butyl)-2,5-dihydroxybenzamide
(E)-(2R,3R,4S)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxyisooctadec-6-ene-4-sulfate
(E)-(2R,3R,4S)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxyoctadec-6-ene-4-sulfate
ethaverine
C78274 - Agent Affecting Cardiovascular System > C270 - Antihypertensive Agent > C333 - Calcium Channel Blocker D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D001337 - Autonomic Agents > D010276 - Parasympatholytics D002492 - Central Nervous System Depressants > D009294 - Narcotics > D053610 - Opiate Alkaloids C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C29698 - Antispasmodic Agent C93038 - Cation Channel Blocker
(2E,4E,12E)-13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-piperidin-1-yltrideca-2,4,12-trien-1-one
Quinagolide
G - Genito urinary system and sex hormones > G02 - Other gynecologicals > G02C - Other gynecologicals > G02CB - Prolactine inhibitors D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D015259 - Dopamine Agents > D018491 - Dopamine Agonists
PC(O-10:1/0:0)
Hexadecadienoylcarnitine
2-[(1-Benzylpiperidin-4-yl)hydroxyMethyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one
5,5-dimethyl-8-(3-methyloctan-2-yl)-2-prop-2-ynyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-chromeno[4,3-c]pyridin-10-ol
N,N-BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-N-METHYLTETRADECAN-1-AMINIUM BROMIDE
methyl 5-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy-4-(phenylmethoxycarbonylamino)pentanoate
Benzyl isopropyl(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)carbamate
SR-31747
D007155 - Immunologic Factors > D007166 - Immunosuppressive Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
8-(Diethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-(3-pyridinyl)-4-quinazolinamine
3-Carboxamido-1,3,5(10)-Estratrien-17(R)-Spiro-2(5,5-Dimethyl-6oxo)tetrahydropyran
6-Phenyl-4(R)-(7-phenyl-heptanoylamino)-hexanoic acid
1-[2-Hydroxy-3-(4-cyclohexyl-phenoxy)-propyl]-4-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine
4-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-[(2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl]quinolin-3(4H)-one 1-oxide
(2Z,4E,6S,7S,8R,9R,10R)-10-[(1S,3S,4R,5S)-1,4-Dimethyl-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]-7,9-dihydroxy-2,6,8-trimethylundeca-2,4-dienamide
(4S)-4-[(9Z,12Z)-hexadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
1-(4-Cyclohexylphenoxy)-3-[4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]propan-2-ol
(5R)-5-tert-butyl-1-[(3S)-3-phenyl-3-(phenylthio)propyl]-2-azepanone
4-(Diethylamino)benzoic acid [2-oxo-2-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl] ester
N-[(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl]-6-phenyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)-1,2,4-triazin-5-amine
(5Z)-5-(2-methylpropylidene)-3-[(2E,6R,8E,10E,12E)-6,8,10,12-tetramethyltetradeca-2,8,10,12-tetraenoyl]-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-one
(2R,3S)-5-[(2R)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-2-(methylaminomethyl)-8-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2R,3S)-5-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-2-(methylaminomethyl)-8-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2R,3R)-5-[(2R)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-2-(methylaminomethyl)-8-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
(2S,3R)-5-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3-methyl-2-(methylaminomethyl)-8-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]oxazocin-6-one
N-[(2R,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2S,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2S,3R,6S)-6-[2-[3-(dimethylamino)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxanyl]-2-fluorobenzamide
N-[(2S,3S,6S)-6-[2-[3-(dimethylamino)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxanyl]-2-fluorobenzamide
N-[(2R,3R,6S)-6-[2-[3-(dimethylamino)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxanyl]-2-fluorobenzamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2R,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2R,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
(2R,3R,4S)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
(2S,3S,4R)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
(2R,3R,4R)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
N-[[(2R,3S,4S)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2S,3R,4R)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3S,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(4-phenylphenyl)-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)acetamide
(1R,2aS,8bS)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N-propyl-1,2a,3,8b-tetrahydroazeto[2,3-c]quinoline-4-carboxamide
N-[(2S,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2R,3S,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2S,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2S,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2R,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2R,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl]cyclobutanecarboxamide
N-[(2R,3S,6R)-6-[2-[3-(dimethylamino)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxanyl]-2-fluorobenzamide
N-[(2R,3R,6R)-6-[2-[3-(dimethylamino)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxanyl]-2-fluorobenzamide
N-[(2S,3S,6R)-6-[2-[3-(dimethylamino)propylamino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxanyl]-2-fluorobenzamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2S,3S,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2R,3R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
N-cyclohexyl-2-[(2R,3R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]amino]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl]acetamide
(2S,3S,4S)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
(2S,3R,4R)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
(2R,3S,4S)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
(2R,3S,4R)-3-[4-(1-cyclohexenyl)phenyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-oxoethyl]-2-azetidinecarbonitrile
N-[[(2S,3R,4S)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3R,4S)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3S,4R)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2S,3S,4S)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
N-[[(2R,3R,4R)-1-acetyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-N-(2-methylpropyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide
(2S,3R,4R)-2-[[benzoyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-N-propan-2-yl-1-azetidinecarboxamide
N-[[(2S,3R,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(4-phenylphenyl)-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)acetamide
N-[[(2R,3R,4R)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(4-phenylphenyl)-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)acetamide
1-[[(2S,3R,4R)-1-benzoyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-1-methyl-3-propylurea
1-[[(2R,3S,4S)-1-benzoyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)-3-phenyl-2-azetidinyl]methyl]-1-methyl-3-propylurea
(1R,2aR,8bR)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N-propyl-1,2a,3,8b-tetrahydroazeto[2,3-c]quinoline-4-carboxamide
(1S,2aS,8bS)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N-propyl-1,2a,3,8b-tetrahydroazeto[2,3-c]quinoline-4-carboxamide
(1S,2aR,8bR)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N-propyl-1,2a,3,8b-tetrahydroazeto[2,3-c]quinoline-4-carboxamide
cyclopropyl-[(8R,9S,10R)-9-[4-[3-(dimethylamino)prop-1-ynyl]phenyl]-10-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decan-6-yl]methanone
cyclopropyl-[(8S,9S,10S)-9-[4-[3-(dimethylamino)prop-1-ynyl]phenyl]-10-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decan-6-yl]methanone
cyclopropyl-[(8S,9R,10R)-9-[4-[3-(dimethylamino)prop-1-ynyl]phenyl]-10-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decan-6-yl]methanone
cyclopropyl-[(8R,9R,10R)-9-[4-[3-(dimethylamino)prop-1-ynyl]phenyl]-10-(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-diazabicyclo[6.2.0]decan-6-yl]methanone
1-[(3R,3aR)-3-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-3,3a,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-cyclohepta[c]pyrrol-2-yl]-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester
5-aminopentyl 3-O-(beta-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
5-aminopentyl alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside
1-[2-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)ethyl]-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidinium
[(2R)-2-amino-3-hexadecoxypropyl] dihydrogen phosphate
5-[[(2E,14E,17R)-17-hydroxyoctadeca-2,14-dienoyl]amino]pentanoic acid
2-aminoethyl [2-hydroxy-3-[(Z)-tridec-9-enoxy]propyl] hydrogen phosphate
alpha-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)-omega-(9-phenanthryl)heptane
2-[[(E)-2-acetamido-3-hydroxydec-4-enoxy]-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethylazanium
2-[[(E)-2-(butanoylamino)-3-hydroxyoct-4-enoxy]-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethylazanium
2-[hydroxy-[(E)-3-hydroxy-2-(propanoylamino)non-4-enoxy]phosphoryl]oxyethyl-trimethylazanium
3-farnesyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo-1lambda(5)-quinolin-4-one
A member of the class of quinoline N-oxides that is 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxo-1lambda(5)-quinolin-4-one carrying an additional (2E,6E)-farnesyl group at position 3.
N-Tert-Butyl-3-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylpropanamide
D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018490 - Serotonin Agents > D012702 - Serotonin Antagonists
(5Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)hept-5-enamide
(7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoylcarnitine
An O-hexadecadienoylcarnitine having (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl as the acyl substituent.
O-hexadecadienoylcarnitine
An O-acylcarnitine having a hexadecadienoyl group as acyl substituent in which the positions of the two double bonds are unspecified.
O-hexadecadienoyl-L-carnitine
An O-acyl-L-carnitine that is L-carnitine having a hexadecadienoyl group as the acyl substituent in which the positions of the two double bonds are unspecified.
aurachin A
An A-type aurichin that is 1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline 5-oxide which is substituted at position 2 by a (6E)-10-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylundeca-2,6-dien-10-yl group and at position 4 by a methyl group (relative configuration shown). Found in the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15.
(1r,4s,7s,9r)-16-acetyl-6-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-9-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-2,5,16-triazatetracyclo[7.7.0.0²,⁷.0¹⁰,¹⁵]hexadeca-5,10,12,14-tetraen-3-one
(1s,12s,13r,14r,15e,17r)-13-(ethoxycarbonyl)-15-ethylidene-5-methoxy-3,17-dimethyl-3,17-diazapentacyclo[12.3.1.0²,¹⁰.0⁴,⁹.0¹²,¹⁷]octadeca-2(10),4,6,8-tetraen-17-ium
n-(3-{[3-({3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl}amino)propyl](hydroxy)amino}propyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide
n-{15-acetyl-12,16-dimethyl-7-methylidenepentacyclo[9.7.0.0¹,³.0³,⁸.0¹²,¹⁶]octadec-14-en-6-yl}-n-methylacetamide
[(2r,3r,4s,6e)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxyoctadec-6-en-4-yl]oxysulfonic acid
(1r,7ar)-7-({[(2r)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1s)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-methylbutanoyl]oxy}methyl)-2,3,5,7a-tetrahydro-1h-pyrrolizin-1-yl 2,3-dimethylbut-2-enoate
(13r)-13-[(2r,3r,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]tridecane-1,2,7,9,13-pentol
5-[(8as)-6-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-8a-methyl-2,3,5,8-tetrahydro-1h-indolizin-7-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
n-(4-{[3-({3-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]propyl}amino)propyl]amino}butyl)-2,5-dihydroxybenzenecarboximidic acid
8-ethoxysachaconitine
{"Ingredient_id": "HBIN013727","Ingredient_name": "8-ethoxysachaconitine","Alias": "NA","Ingredient_formula": "C23H41NO4","Ingredient_Smile": "Not Available","Ingredient_weight": "NA","OB_score": "NA","CAS_id": "NA","SymMap_id": "NA","TCMID_id": "7414","TCMSP_id": "NA","TCM_ID_id": "NA","PubChem_id": "NA","DrugBank_id": "NA"}
