Classification Term: 2364
Bisphosphonates (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0000327)
Organic compounds containing two phosphonate groups linked together through a carbon atoms." []
found 17 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Organic phosphonic acids and derivatives
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Etidronic acid
Etidronic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover. [PubChem]Bisphosphonates, when attached to bone tissue, are absorbed by osteoclasts, the bone cells that breaks down bone tissue. Although the mechanism of action of non-nitrogenous bisphosphonates has not been fully elucidated, available data suggest that they bind strongly to hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone matrix, preferentially at the sites of increased bone turnover and inhibit the formation and dissolution of the crystals. Other actions may include direct inhibition of mature osteoclast function, promotion of osteoclast apoptosis, and interference with osteoblast-mediated osteoclast activation. Etidronic acid does not interfere with bone mineralization. In malignancy-related hypercalcemia, etidronic acid decreases serum calcium by inhibiting tumour-induced bone resorption and reducing calcium flow from the resorbing bone into the blood. Etidronic acid also reduces morbidity of osteolytic bone metastases by inhibiting tumour-induced bone resorption. Etidronic acid may promote osteoclast apoptosis by competing with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the cellular energy metabolism. The osteoclast initiates apoptosis and dies, leading to an overall decrease in the breakdown of bone. Food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive for prepn. of steam used in food processing. Component of antimicrobial washes for poultry carcasses and fruit M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates KEIO_ID E010
Pamidronate
Pamidronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.Pamidronate, marketed as pamidronate disodium pentahydrate under the brand name Aredia, is a bisphosphonate. [Wikipedia]The mechanism of action of pamidronate is inhibition of bone resorption. Pamidronate adsorbs to calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) crystals in bone and may directly block dissolution of this mineral component of bone. In vitro studies also suggest that inhibition of osteoclast activity contributes to inhibition of bone resorption. Pamidronate also targets farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting FPP synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signalling proteins. This activity inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Alendronic acid
Alendronate (Fosamax, Merck) is a bisphosphonate drug used for osteoporosis and several other bone diseases. It is marketed alone as well as in combination with vitamin D (2,800 U, under the name Fosavance). [HMDB] Alendronate (Fosamax, Merck) is a bisphosphonate drug used for osteoporosis and several other bone diseases. It is marketed alone as well as in combination with vitamin D (2,800 U, under the name Fosavance). M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Tiludronate
Tiludronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a bisphosphonate characterized by a (4-chlorophenylthio) group on the carbon atom of the basic P-C-P structure common to all bisphosphonates.The bisphosphonate group binds strongly to the bone mineral, hydroxyapatite. This explains the specific pharmacological action of these compounds on mineralized tissues, especially bone. In vitro studies indicate that tiludronate acts primarily on bone through a mechanism that involves inhibition of osteoclastic activity with a probable reduction in the enzymatic and transport processes that lead to resorption of the mineralized matrix. Bone resorption occurs following recruitment, activation, and polarization of osteoclasts. Tiludronate appears to inhibit osteoclasts by at least two mechanisms: disruption of the cytoskeletal ring structure, possibly by inhibition of protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, thus leading to detachment of osteoclasts from the bone surface and the inhibition of the osteoclastic proton pump. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Risedronate
Risedronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a bisphosphonate used to strengthen bone, treat or prevent osteoporosis, and treat Pagets disease of bone.The action of risedronate on bone tissue is based partly on its affinity for hydroxyapatite, which is part of the mineral matrix of bone. Risedronate also targets farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting FPP synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signalling proteins. This activity inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates D002317 - Cardiovascular Agents > D002121 - Calcium Channel Blockers D000077264 - Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents D049990 - Membrane Transport Modulators
Zoledronate
Zoledronate (zoledronic acid, marketed by Novartis under the trade names Zometa and Reclast) is a bisphosphonate. Zometa is used to prevent skeletal fractures in patients with cancers such as multiple myeloma and prostate cancer. It can also be used to treat hypercalcemia of malignancy and can be helpful for treating pain from bone metastases. An annual dose of Zoledronate may also prevent recurring fractures in patients with a previous hip fracture. Zoledronate is a single 5 mg infusion for the treatment of Pagets disease of bone. In 2007, the FDA also approved Reclast for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Ibandronate
Ibandronate is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate in the same class as alendronate and risedronate. Ibandronate inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. All of the bisphosphonates prevent the breakdown of bone by bone cells called osteoclasts. In persons who are at high risk for osteoporosis, bisphosphonates not only result in increased amounts of bone and bone strength, they also reduce the risk of hip fractures and other bone fractures. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Clodronate
CH4Cl2O6P2 (243.88602040000004)
Clodronate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification. [PubChem]The bisphosphonate group binds strongly to the bone mineral, hydroxyapatite. This explains the specific pharmacological action of these compounds on mineralized tissues, especially bone. The exact mechanism of action of clodronate is not known, however it is known that it does not inhibit protein isoprenylation but can be metabolized intracellularly to a β-γ-methylene (AppCp-type) analog of ATP (AppCCl2p), which is cytotoxic to macrophages in vitro. Inhibition of the ADP/ATP translocase by the metabolite AppCCl2p is a likely route by which clodronate causes osteoclast apoptosis and inhibits bone resorption. Recently, the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum was shown to take up bisphosphonates by pinocytosis. In these cells, clodronate, but not other pharmacologically active bisphosphonates, was incorporated into adenine nucleotides, which could potentially explain why this bisphosphonate sometimes seems to act differently than the other bisphosphonates. Clodronate, like all biphosphonates, also binds protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. M - Musculo-skeletal system > M05 - Drugs for treatment of bone diseases > M05B - Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization > M05BA - Bisphosphonates C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Apomine
C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Aminobutane bisphosphonate
D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Incadronic acid
C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Neridronic acid
C78281 - Agent Affecting Musculoskeletal System > C67439 - Bone Resorption Inhibitor D050071 - Bone Density Conservation Agents > D004164 - Diphosphonates
Ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid)
Sodium ferricitropyrophosphate
C7H10Fe2NaO13P2+++ (498.819315)
It is used as a food additive .