Classification Term: 168113
核糖核苷酸 (ontology term: e032a5bcd201d414e1842669258e5e37)
核糖核苷酸
found 3 associated metabolites at sub_class metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: 核苷
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
AICAR
Aicar, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide, is a member of the class of compounds known as 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. 1-ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides are organic compounds containing the imidazole ring linked to a ribose ring through a 1-2 bond. Aicar is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Aicar can be found in a number of food items such as safflower, greenthread tea, common pea, and wild leek, which makes aicar a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Aicar can be found primarily in saliva, as well as in human skeletal muscle tissue. Aicar exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, aicar is involved in few metabolic pathways, which include azathioprine action pathway, mercaptopurine action pathway, purine metabolism, and thioguanine action pathway. Aicar is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, xanthinuria type II, and gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome. AICAR also known as ZMP is an analog of AMP that is capable of stimulating AMP-dependent protein kinase activity(AMPK). AICAR is an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate. AICAR is being clinically used to treat and protect against cardiac ischemic injury. AICAR can enter cardiac cells to inhibit adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase. It enhances the rate of nucleotide re-synthesis increasing adenosine generation from adenosine monophosphate only during conditions of myocardial ischemia. AICAR increases glucose uptake by inducing translocation of GLUT4 and/or by activating the p38 MAPK pathway. Acquisition and generation of the data is financially supported in part by CREST/JST. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map D007004 - Hypoglycemic Agents Corona-virus KEIO_ID A133 Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS
Arabinofuranosylcytosine
Isolated from the mushroom Xerocomus nigromaculatus of unknown palatability This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). Arabinofuranosylcytosine is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically Arabinofuranosylcytosine is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources. Arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), also known as cytarabine, is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used in the treatment of various types of cancer, particularly hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The biological functions of Ara-C are primarily related to its antineoplastic properties, which are derived from its mechanism of action within the cell. Here is a detailed description of its biological functions: 1. **Inhibition of DNA Synthesis**: Ara-C functions as a nucleoside analog, which means it resembles the natural building blocks of DNA. Once inside the cell, Ara-C is converted to its active metabolite, araCTP (arabinofuranosylcytosine triphosphate). AraCTP competes with the natural deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) for incorporation into the growing DNA chain during the S phase of the cell cycle. Because Ara-C lacks a 3'-hydroxyl group, its incorporation into DNA leads to chain termination, effectively stopping DNA synthesis. 2. **Cell Cycle Specificity**: Ara-C is most effective against cells that are actively dividing. Since it targets cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, it is particularly harmful to rapidly dividing cancer cells, which often spend a significant portion of their cycle in this phase. 3. **Inhibition of DNA Repair**: Beyond its direct effect on DNA synthesis, Ara-C can also interfere with DNA repair mechanisms. This is because the incorporation of Ara-C into DNA can cause mispairing and induce DNA damage, which the cell may be unable to repair properly. 4. **Cell Death Induction**: The inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of DNA damage can lead to cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. Cells that cannot replicate their DNA or repair the damage caused by Ara-C activation are programmed to die, which is a desirable outcome in the context of cancer treatment. 5. **Immune System Modulation**: In some cases, Ara-C can also modulate the immune system, although this is not its primary function. It can affect the function and proliferation of immune cells, which can have implications for both its therapeutic effects and side effects. 6. **Enzymatic Conversion**: Ara-C must be activated within the cell by the enzyme deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), which phosphorylates it to Ara-CMP (monophosphate), then to Ara-CDP (diphosphate), and finally to Ara-CTP. The efficiency of this conversion can vary between different types of cancer cells and normal cells, contributing to the selectivity of Ara-C's action. 7. **Cross-Linking Potential**: Although less common, Ara-C can also form cross-links with DNA, further complicating DNA structure and function, which can contribute to its cytotoxic effects. The biological functions of Ara-C are complex and can vary depending on the dose, the specific cancer type, and the individual patient's metabolism. Its use is carefully monitored in clinical settings due to its potential for significant side effects, including myelosuppression (decreased production of blood cells), gastrointestinal toxicity, and central nervous system toxicity.
N6-Succinyl Adenosine
N6-Succinyl Adenosine (Succinyl-AMP) is a nucleotide derivative that possesses a unique chemical structure and plays significant roles in various biological processes. Its chemical structure consists of adenosine, a nucleoside composed of the nitrogenous base adenine and ribose sugar, with an additional succinyl group attached to the N6 position of the adenine base. This succinyl group is derived from succinic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid. The presence of the succinyl group at the N6 position of adenine alters the physicochemical properties of adenosine, influencing its interactions with enzymes and other molecules in the cell. This modification is biologically relevant, as N6-succinyl adenosine is involved in several metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Biologically, N6-succinyl adenosine is known for its role in the regulation of gene expression. It can serve as a substrate for the formation of N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A), a key modification found in the wobble position of certain tRNAs. This modification is critical for the efficiency of translation initiation and the accuracy of decoding the genetic code. Moreover, N6-succinyl adenosine is involved in the transsulfuration pathway, a metabolic route that interconverts sulfur-containing amino acids. It acts as a precursor for the synthesis of cysteine, an essential amino acid that plays a vital role in protein structure and function, as well as in the synthesis of glutathione, a major antioxidant in the cell. Additionally, N6-succinyl adenosine has been implicated in the process of protein succinylation, a novel post-translational modification where the succinyl group is transferred to lysine residues of proteins. This modification can affect protein function, stability, and cellular signaling pathways. 2-({9-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-9H-purin-6-yl}amino)butanedioic acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on 2-({9-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-9H-purin-6-yl}amino)butanedioic acid. This compound has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). N6-succinyl adenosine is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or its derivatives. Technically N6-Succinyl Adenosine is part of the human exposome. The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.
