Swainsonine (BioDeep_00000007925)

   

PANOMIX_OTCML-2023 Toxin natural product


代谢物信息卡片


1,2,8-INDOLIZINETRIOL, OCTAHYDRO-, (1S-(1.ALPHA.,2.ALPHA.,8.BETA.,8A.BETA.))-

化学式: C8H15NO3 (173.105188)
中文名称: 八倾吲嗪三醇, 苦马豆碱, 苦马豆素
谱图信息: 最多检出来源 Homo sapiens(otcml) 42.96%

分子结构信息

SMILES: C1CC(C2C(C(CN2C1)O)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H15NO3/c10-5-2-1-3-9-4-6(11)8(12)7(5)9/h5-8,10-12H,1-4H2

描述信息

Swainsonine is an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an immunological adjuvant, an EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite.
An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.
Swainsonine is a natural product found in Slafractonia leguminicola, Astragalus whitneyi, and other organisms with data available.
Swainsonine is a plant toxin found in locoweed (families Fabaceae, Oxytropis, Astragalus and Swainsona) and some fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae, Rizoctonia leguminicola). It has been known to cause a potentially lethal central nervous system condition in livestock known as locoism and is a significant cause of economic losses in livestock industries. Along with slaframine, the other biologially active compound of R. leguminicola, it may contribute to a condition called "slobbers syndrome" in livestock that has ingested contaminated feed. (L1248, A3092)
An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.
An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.
C308 - Immunotherapeutic Agent > C129820 - Antineoplastic Immunomodulating Agent > C2117 - Carbohydrate Processing Inhibitor
C26170 - Protective Agent > C2459 - Chemoprotective Agent > C2080 - Cytoprotective Agent
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2119 - Golgi Alpha-Mannosidase II Inhibitor
C274 - Antineoplastic Agent > C2196 - Antimetastatic Agent
D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents
D007155 - Immunologic Factors
D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors

同义名列表

48 个代谢物同义名

1,2,8-INDOLIZINETRIOL, OCTAHYDRO-, (1S-(1.ALPHA.,2.ALPHA.,8.BETA.,8A.BETA.))-; 1,8-Indolizinetriol, octahydro-,[1S-(1.alpha.,2.alpha., 8.beta.,8a.beta.)]-; 1,2,8-Indolizinetriol, octahydro-, (1S-(1alpha,2alpha,8beta,8abeta))-; (-)-(1S,2R,8R,8aR)-1,2,8-Trihydroxyoctahydroindolizine Hydrochloride; (1S,2R,8R,8aR)-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroindolizine-1,2,8-triol; 1,2,8-Indolizinetriol, octahydro-, (1S,2R,8R,8aR)-; 1,8-Indolizinetriol, octahydro-, (1S,2R,8R,8aR)-; (1S,2R,8R,8aR)-Octahydro-indolizine-1,2,8-triol; (1S,2R,8R,8aR)-Octahydro-1,2,8-indolizinetriol; (1S,2R,8R,8aR)-octahydroindolizine-1,2,8-triol; Octahydro-1,2,8-indolizinetriol hydrochloride; 1S-8AB-OCTAHYDRO-INDOLIZIDINE-1A,2A,8B-TRIOL; Swainsonine, (1R-(2 beta,8a alpha))-Isomer; (1S, 2R, 8R, 8AR)-1,2,8-Indolizidinetriol; Swainsonine, (8 alpha,8a alpha)-Isomer; Swainsonine, (2 beta,8a alpha)-Isomer; (1S,2R,8aR)-Octahydroindolizinetriol; Octahydro-indolizine-1,2,8-triol; Swainsonine, (8a alpha)-Isomer; Swainsonine, (8 alpha)-Isomer; Swainsonine (Synthetic); TRIDOLGOSIR [WHO-DD]; Tridolgosir [INN]; Locoweed deriv.; UNII-RSY4RK37KQ; (-)-Swainsonine; Tox21_112058; KBio2_003056; KBio3_000895; KBio3_000896; KBio2_000488; KBio2_005624; Bio1_001183; Bio2_000894; Swainsonine; Bio1_000205; IDI1_002169; SMP1_000286; Bio1_000694; Tridolgosir; Bio2_000414; Swainosine; RSY4RK37KQ; 1hww; SWA; octahydroindolizine-1,2,8-triol; Swainsonine; Swainsonine



数据库引用编号

22 个数据库交叉引用编号

分类词条

相关代谢途径

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(2)

PlantCyc(0)

代谢反应

0 个相关的代谢反应过程信息。

Reactome(0)

BioCyc(0)

WikiPathways(0)

Plant Reactome(0)

INOH(0)

PlantCyc(0)

COVID-19 Disease Map(0)

PathBank(0)

PharmGKB(0)

97 个相关的物种来源信息

在这里通过桑基图来展示出与当前的这个代谢物在我们的BioDeep知识库中具有相关联信息的其他代谢物。在这里进行关联的信息来源主要有：

  • PubMed: 来源于PubMed文献库中的文献信息，我们通过自然语言数据挖掘得到的在同一篇文献中被同时提及的相关代谢物列表，这个列表按照代谢物同时出现的文献数量降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为相关研究中关联性很高的代谢物集合展示在桑基图中。
  • NCBI Taxonomy: 通过文献数据挖掘，得到的代谢物物种来源信息关联。这个关联信息同样按照出现的次数降序排序，取前10个代谢物作为高关联度的代谢物集合展示在桑吉图上。
  • Chemical Taxonomy: 在物质分类上处于同一个分类集合中的其他代谢物
  • Chemical Reaction: 在化学反应过程中，存在为当前代谢物相关联的生化反应过程中的反应底物或者反应产物的关联代谢物信息。

点击图上的相关代谢物的名称，可以跳转到相关代谢物的信息页面。



文献列表

  • Keyi Fu, Christopher L Schardl, Daniel Cook, Xuanli Cao, Ning Ling, Chunyu He, Dandan Wu, Longhai Xue, Yanzhong Li, Zunji Shi. Multiomics Reveals Mechanisms of Alternaria oxytropis Inhibiting Pathogenic Fungi in Oxytropis ochrocephala. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2024 Jan; 72(4):2397-2409. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09049. [PMID: 38230662]
  • María E Pistán, Daniel Cook, Susana A Gutiérrez, Leonhard Schnittger, Dale R Gardner, Luciana A Cholich, Ana M Gonzalez. Identification and distribution of a fungal endosymbiotic Alternaria species (Alternaria section Undifilum sp.) in Astragalus garbancillo tissues. Mycologia. 2024 Jan; ?(?):1-8. doi: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2299191. [PMID: 38294503]
  • Luciana Cholich, María Pistán, Ana Torres, David Hernández, Ramiro Moro, Tamara Gómez, Dale Gardner, Bustillo Soledad. Ipomoea carnea alkaloid extract vs swainsonine: A comparative study on cytotoxic activity against glial cells. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2023 Oct; ?(?):107325. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107325. [PMID: 37838004]
  • Shuai Wang, Panpan Tan, Hongwei Wang, Jicang Wang, Cai Zhang, Hao Lu, Baoyu Zhao. Swainsonine inhibits autophagic degradation and causes cytotoxicity by reducing CTSD O-GlcNAcylation. Chemico-biological interactions. 2023 Jul; ?(?):110629. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110629. [PMID: 37442287]
  • Min Shi, Yan-Zhong Li. Alternaria gansuense, a Plant Systematic Fungal Pathogen Producing Swainsonine in Vivo and in Vitro. Current microbiology. 2023 Jun; 80(7):232. doi: 10.1007/s00284-023-03341-w. [PMID: 37264252]
  • Quynh N Quach, Keith Clay, Stephen T Lee, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook. Phylogenetic patterns of bioactive secondary metabolites produced by fungal endosymbionts in morning glories (Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae). The New phytologist. 2023 05; 238(4):1351-1361. doi: 10.1111/nph.18785. [PMID: 36727281]
  • Huirui Guan, Xin Liu, Yanping Fu, Xiaomin Han, Yanli Wang, Qing Li, Liang Guo, Luis A J Mur, Yahui Wei, Wei He. The locoweed endophyte Alternaria oxytropis affects root development in Arabidopsis in vitro through auxin signaling and polar transport. Journal of experimental botany. 2023 Feb; 74(3):931-944. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erac430. [PMID: 36306203]
  • Chie Morikawa, Kanako Sugiura, Keina Kondo, Yurie Yamamoto, Yuma Kojima, Yurika Ozawa, Hiroki Yoshioka, Nobuaki Miura, Jinhua Piao, Kazue Okada, Hisatoshi Hanamatsu, Masumi Tsuda, Shinya Tanaka, Jun-Ichi Furukawa, Yasuro Shinohara. Evaluation of the context of downstream N- and free N-glycomic alterations induced by swainsonine in HepG2 cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects. 2022 09; 1866(9):130168. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130168. [PMID: 35594965]
  • Raul E Marin, Dale R Gardner, Anibal G Armien, Renée H Fortunato, Francisco A Uzal. Intoxication of llamas by Astragalus punae in Argentina. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 2022 Jul; 34(4):674-678. doi: 10.1177/10406387221094272. [PMID: 35524435]
  • Shien Ren, Chao Fan, Liangzhi Zhang, Xianjiang Tang, Haibo Fu, Chuanfa Liu, Shangang Jia, Yanming Zhang. The plant secondary compound swainsonine reshapes gut microbiota in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae). Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 2021 Aug; 105(16-17):6419-6433. doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11478-6. [PMID: 34402940]
  • Carlos Alberto Oliveira, Gabriela Riet-Correa, Everton Lima, Rosane M T Medeiros, Cecilia Miraballes, James A Pfister, Dale Gardner, Daniel Cook, Franklin Riet-Correa. Toxicity of the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa for goats and sheep. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2021 Jul; 197(?):40-47. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.013. [PMID: 33887299]
  • Shuai Wang, Rong Guo, Yongxia Su, Chen Yang, Yazhou Guo, Chengjian Tan, Baoyu Zhao. Swainsonine promotes apoptosis by impairing lysosomal function and inhibiting autophagic degradation in rat primary renal tubular epithelial cells. Chemico-biological interactions. 2021 Feb; 336(?):109319. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109319. [PMID: 33186601]
  • André Tadeu Gotardo, Luciana Lucinio Lippi, Kalan Bastos Violin, Estela Maris Andrade Forell Bevilacqua, Silvana Lima Górniak. The effect of Ipomoea carnea on maternal reproductive outcomes and fetal and postnatal development in rats. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2021 Jan; 190(?):3-10. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.012. [PMID: 33253700]
  • Kelan Zha, Qiang Ye. Golgi a-mannosidase II mediates the formation of vascular smooth muscle foam cells under inflammatory stress. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica. 2021; 59(2):134-143. doi: 10.5603/fhc.a2021.0015. [PMID: 34151999]
  • Xiangmei Tan, Yanduo Wang, Zhenliang Liu, Liliang Liu, Meng Yu, Gang Ding. Systematical NMR analysis of swainsonine, a mycotoxin from endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC. 2021 01; 59(1):16-22. doi: 10.1002/mrc.5098. [PMID: 32910519]
  • Luciana Andrea Cholich, María Elena Pistán, Ana María Torres, Hugo Héctor Ortega, Dale R Gardner, Soledad Bustillo. Cytotoxic activity induced by the alkaloid extract from Ipomoea carnea on primary murine mixed glial cultures. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2020 Dec; 188(?):134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.019. [PMID: 33091389]
  • Feifei Luo, Song Hong, Bo Chen, Ying Yin, Guirong Tang, Fenglin Hu, Huizhan Zhang, Chengshu Wang. Unveiling of Swainsonine Biosynthesis via a Multibranched Pathway in Fungi. ACS chemical biology. 2020 09; 15(9):2476-2484. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00466. [PMID: 32786262]
  • Aziza I Noor, Marwa Neyaz, Daniel Cook, Rebecca Creamer. Molecular Characterization of a Fungal Ketide Synthase Gene Among Swainsonine-Producing Alternaria Species in the USA. Current microbiology. 2020 Sep; 77(9):2554-2563. doi: 10.1007/s00284-020-02111-2. [PMID: 32647979]
  • Agustin Martinez, Carlos A Robles, Jessie M Roper, Dale R Gardner, Marwah S Neyaz, Natalia Z Joelson, Daniel Cook. Detection of swainsonine-producing endophytes in Patagonian Astragalus species. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2019 Dec; 171(?):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.020. [PMID: 31568759]
  • Louisiane de Carvalho Nunes, Bryan L Stegelmeier, Daniel Cook, James A Pfister, Dale R Gardner, Franklin Riet-Correa, Kevin D Welch. Clinical and pathological comparison of Astragalus lentiginosus and Ipomoea carnea poisoning in goats. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2019 Dec; 171(?):20-28. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.016. [PMID: 31542469]
  • Wei He, Linwei Guo, Lei Wang, Qianqian Zhao, Lizhu Guo, Wei Cao, Luis A J Mur, Yahui Wei. Host Genotype and Precipitation Influence of Fungal Endophyte Symbiosis and Mycotoxin Abundance in a Locoweed. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Oct; 20(21):. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215285. [PMID: 31652999]
  • Shuai Wang, Jinglong Wang, Lin Yang, Rong Guo, Enxia Huang, Hanqi Yang, Yajing Zhang, Lu Sun, Runjie Song, Jingshu Chen, Yanan Tian, Baoyu Zhao, Qingyun Guo, Hao Lu. Swainsonine induces autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to injure the renal tubular epithelial cells. Biochimie. 2019 Oct; 165(?):131-140. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.018. [PMID: 31356846]
  • Xiangmei Tan, Xiaoyan Zhang, Meng Yu, Yongtao Yu, Zhe Guo, Ting Gong, Shubin Niu, Jianchun Qin, Zhongmei Zou, Gang Ding. Sesquiterpenoids and mycotoxin swainsonine from the locoweed endophytic fungus Alternaria oxytropis. Phytochemistry. 2019 Aug; 164(?):154-161. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.012. [PMID: 31151062]
  • Agustin Martinez, Catalina Lauroua, Laura B Borrelli, Dale R Gardner, Carlos A Robles. Spontaneous outbreak of Astragalus pehuenches (Fabaceae) poisoning in cattle in Argentina. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2019 Jan; 157(?):84-86. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.303. [PMID: 30468758]
  • Hong-Yeol Choi, Heajin Park, Jong Kwang Hong, Sun-Dal Kim, Jun-Young Kwon, SeungKwan You, Jonghye Do, Dong-Yup Lee, Ha Hyung Kim, Dong-Il Kim. N-glycan Remodeling Using Mannosidase Inhibitors to Increase High-mannose Glycans on Acid α-Glucosidase in Transgenic Rice Cell Cultures. Scientific reports. 2018 10; 8(1):16130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34438-z. [PMID: 30382146]
  • Xiang Zheng, Shushu Wang, Dakai Chen, Xiaoming Yang. Swainsonine induces apoptosis of rat cardiomyocytes via mitochondria‑mediated pathway. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France). 2018 Apr; 64(5):136-141. doi: . [PMID: 29729707]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Agustin Martinez, Carlos A Robles, James A Pfister. Screening for swainsonine among South American Astragalus species. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2017 Dec; 139(?):54-57. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.09.014. [PMID: 28964750]
  • Zhenhui Ren, Runjie Song, Shuai Wang, Haiyun Quan, Lin Yang, Lu Sun, Baoyu Zhao, Hao Lu. The Biosynthesis Pathway of Swainsonine, a New Anticancer Drug from Three Endophytic Fungi. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2017 Nov; 27(11):1897-1906. doi: 10.4014/jmb.1709.09003. [PMID: 29092390]
  • Mohammad S Alhawatema, Sayed Gebril, Daniel Cook, Rebecca Creamer. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of a melanin polyketide synthase (pks1) gene in the fungus Slafractonia leguminicola. World journal of microbiology & biotechnology. 2017 Sep; 33(10):179. doi: 10.1007/s11274-017-2346-y. [PMID: 28932984]
  • Daniel Cook, Bruno G G Donzelli, Rebecca Creamer, Deana L Baucom, Dale R Gardner, Juan Pan, Neil Moore, Stuart B Krasnoff, Jerzy W Jaromczyk, Christopher L Schardl. Swainsonine Biosynthesis Genes in Diverse Symbiotic and Pathogenic Fungi. G3 (Bethesda, Md.). 2017 06; 7(6):1791-1797. doi: 10.1534/g3.117.041384. [PMID: 28381497]
  • Jifeng Jiao, Shuai Wang, Ruishi Zhang, Zhiyan Ma, Guofeng Du, Xiaolu Chen, Dayong Tao, Jinxiang Zhao. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics discovering potential serum biomarkers in locoweed poisoned rabbits. Chemico-biological interactions. 2017 Apr; 268(?):111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.022. [PMID: 28284660]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister, Stephen T Lee, Kevin D Welch, Stanley L Welsh. A Screen for Swainsonine in Select North American Astragalus Species. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2017 Apr; 14(4):. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201600364. [PMID: 28155255]
  • Juan Francisco Micheloud, Raúl Marin, Luis Adrián Colque-Caro, Olga Gladys Martínez, Dale Gardner, Eduardo Juan Gimeno. Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Sida rodrigoi Monteiro in North-western Argentina. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2017 Mar; 128(?):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.011. [PMID: 28093222]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister, Clinton A Stonecipher, Joseph G Robins, Jack A Morgan. Effects of Elevated CO2 on the Swainsonine Chemotypes of Astragalus lentiginosus and Astragalus mollissimus. Journal of chemical ecology. 2017 Mar; 43(3):307-316. doi: 10.1007/s10886-017-0820-5. [PMID: 28190150]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Jessie M Roper, Corey V Ransom, James A Pfister, Kip E Panter. Fungicide treatment and clipping of Oxytropis sericea does not disrupt swainsonine concentrations. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2016 Nov; 122(?):26-30. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.012. [PMID: 27644899]
  • Chenchen Wu, Tiesuo Han, Hao Lu, Baoyu Zhao. The toxicology mechanism of endophytic fungus and swainsonine in locoweed. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology. 2016 Oct; 47(?):38-46. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.08.018. [PMID: 27606974]
  • Bruno L Anjos, Paulo V Peixoto, Saulo A Caldas, Daniel Bhaltazar, Ticiana N França, Aníbal G Armién. POISONING BY THE SWAINSONINE-CONTAINING PLANT SIDA CARPINIFOLIA IN CAPTIVE SAMBAR DEER (CERVUS UNICOLOR). Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 2016 Sep; 47(3):862-867. doi: 10.1638/2015-0104.1. [PMID: 27691940]
  • Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook. Analysis of Swainsonine and Swainsonine N-Oxide as Trimethylsilyl Derivatives by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Their Relative Occurrence in Plants Toxic to Livestock. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2016 Aug; 64(31):6156-62. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02390. [PMID: 27436221]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Stephen T Lee, James A Pfister, Clinton A Stonecipher, Stanley L Welsh. A swainsonine survey of North American Astragalus and Oxytropis taxa implicated as locoweeds. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2016 Aug; 118(?):104-11. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.033. [PMID: 27085305]
  • André T Gotardo, James A Pfister, Paulo C F Raspantini, Silvana L Górniak. Maternal Ingestion of Ipomoea carnea: Effects on Goat-Kid Bonding and Behavior. Toxins. 2016 Mar; 8(3):. doi: 10.3390/toxins8030074. [PMID: 26999204]
  • Chenchen Wu, Ke Feng, Dezhang Lu, Dujian Yan, Tiesuo Han, Baoyu Zhao. Reproductive Toxicities Caused by Swainsonine from Locoweed in Mice. BioMed research international. 2016; 2016(?):6824374. doi: 10.1155/2016/6824374. [PMID: 27999809]
  • Yanchun Hu, Lei Wu, Chengmin Wang, Jing Luo, Fei Liao, Hui Tan, Hongxuan He. Swainsonine exposure induces impairment of host immune response in pregnant BALB/c mice. BMC immunology. 2015 Sep; 16(?):53. doi: 10.1186/s12865-015-0114-z. [PMID: 26335138]
  • L An, W W Li, G C Cheng. Fyn arrests swainsonine-induced apoptosis in 293T cells via Akt and its phosphorylation. Genetics and molecular research : GMR. 2015 May; 14(2):5304-9. doi: 10.4238/2015.may.18.23. [PMID: 26125726]
  • Daniel Cook, Carlos A Oliveira, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister, Gabriela Riet-Correa, Franklin Riet-Correa. Changes in swainsonine, calystegine, and nitrogen concentrations on an annual basis in Ipomoea carnea. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2015 Mar; 95(?):62-6. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.002. [PMID: 25572338]
  • Chenchen Wu, Xiaoxue Liu, Feng Ma, Baoyu Zhao. Hematological and histopathological effects of swainsonine in mouse. BMC veterinary research. 2015 Feb; 11(?):16. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0336-6. [PMID: 25644684]
  • Jiutao Wang, Lingzhen Song, Qi Zhang, Wei Zhang, Lei An, Yamei Zhang, Dewen Tong, Baoyu Zhao, Shulin Chen, Shanting Zhao. Exposure to swainsonine impairs adult neurogenesis and spatial learning and memory. Toxicology letters. 2015 Jan; 232(1):263-70. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.017. [PMID: 25448288]
  • Hao Lu, Shan-shan Wang, Wen-long Wang, Liang Zhang, Bao-yu Zhao. Effect of swainsonine in Oxytropis kansuensis on Golgi α-mannosidase II expression in the brain tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2014 Jul; 62(30):7407-12. doi: 10.1021/jf501299d. [PMID: 24741992]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister. Swainsonine-containing plants and their relationship to endophytic fungi. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2014 Jul; 62(30):7326-34. doi: 10.1021/jf501674r. [PMID: 24758700]
  • Shuji Takeda, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Akinori Shimada, Takehito Morita, Atsushi Ishihara, Altanchimeg Adilbish, Bayarmunkh Delgermaa, Oyuntsetseg Gungaa. Cerebellar ataxia suspected to be caused by Oxytropis glabra poisoning in western Mongolian goats. The Journal of veterinary medical science. 2014 Jun; 76(6):839-46. doi: 10.1292/jvms.14-0023. [PMID: 24572629]
  • Wu Chenchen, Wang Wenlong, Liu Xiaoxue, Ma Feng, Cao Dandan, Yang Xiaowen, Wang Shanshan, Geng Pengshuai, Lu Hao, Zhao Baoyu. Pathogenesis and preventive treatment for animal disease due to locoweed poisoning. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology. 2014 Jan; 37(1):336-47. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.013. [PMID: 24388907]
  • Yan Wang, Yanhong Li, Yanchun Hu, Jincheng Li, Guodong Yang, Danju Kang, Haili Li, Jianhua Wang. Potential degradation of swainsonine by intracellular enzymes of Arthrobacter sp. HW08. Toxins. 2013 Nov; 5(11):2161-71. doi: 10.3390/toxins5112161. [PMID: 24240642]
  • Daniel S Grum, Daniel Cook, Deana Baucom, Ivan W Mott, Dale R Gardner, Rebecca Creamer, Jeremy G Allen. Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endophyte in the host Swainsona canescens. Journal of natural products. 2013 Oct; 76(10):1984-8. doi: 10.1021/np400274n. [PMID: 24053110]
  • Hao Lu, Liang Zhang, Shan-shan Wang, Wen-long Wang, Bao-yu Zhao. The study of the Oxytropis kansuensis-induced apoptotic pathway in the cerebrum of SD rats. BMC veterinary research. 2013 Oct; 9(?):217. doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-217. [PMID: 24148892]
  • Digar Singh, Gurvinder Kaur. Preparative-cum-quantitative mass-directed analysis of swainsonine and its in situ activity against Sf-21 cell line. FEMS microbiology letters. 2013 Oct; 347(1):7-13. doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12214. [PMID: 23841458]
  • Daniel Cook, Wesley T Beaulieu, Ivan W Mott, Franklin Riet-Correa, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Grum, James A Pfister, Keith Clay, Clairton Marcolongo-Pereira. Production of the alkaloid swainsonine by a fungal endosymbiont of the Ascomycete order Chaetothyriales in the host Ipomoea carnea. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2013 Apr; 61(16):3797-803. doi: 10.1021/jf4008423. [PMID: 23547913]
  • Daniel Cook, Daniel S Grum, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, James A Pfister. Influence of endophyte genotype on swainsonine concentrations in Oxytropis sericea. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2013 Jan; 61(?):105-11. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.018. [PMID: 23149419]
  • Qinfan Li, Yingzi Wang, Rudolf Moldzio, Weimin Lin, Wolf-Dieter Rausch. Swainsonine as a lysosomal toxin affects dopaminergic neurons. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2012 Dec; 119(12):1483-90. doi: 10.1007/s00702-012-0827-6. [PMID: 22729518]
  • Daniel S Grum, Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Jessie M Roper, James A Pfister, Michael H Ralphs. Influence of seed endophyte amounts on swainsonine concentrations in Astragalus and Oxytropis locoweeds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2012 Aug; 60(33):8083-9. doi: 10.1021/jf3024062. [PMID: 22844873]
  • Qin-Fan Li, Cai-Ju Hao, Yong-Ping Xu, Jie Liang, Kai Yang, Zhong-Hua Cui. Identification of a new locoweed (Oxytropis serioopetala) and its clinical and pathological features in poisoned rabbits. The Journal of veterinary medical science. 2012 Aug; 74(8):989-93. doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0557. [PMID: 22446407]
  • C A Retamal, A J B Dias, F C Brasil, F R Lanzana, M L López. Alpha-mannosidase activity in stallion epididymal fluid and spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2012 Jul; 78(2):252-62. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.033. [PMID: 22578623]
  • Kevin D Welch, Kip E Panter, Dale R Gardner, Bryan L Stegelmeier. The good and the bad of poisonous plants: an introduction to the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology. 2012 Jun; 8(2):153-9. doi: 10.1007/s13181-012-0215-5. [PMID: 22367563]
  • D-L Li, C-Y Dong, Y Gao. A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the determination of swainsonine in rat plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2012 May; 62(5):209-12. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1301293. [PMID: 22286975]
  • Jorge Achata Böttger, Rebecca Creamer, Dale Gardner. Seasonal changes in Undifilum colonization and swainsonine content of locoweeds. Journal of chemical ecology. 2012 May; 38(5):486-95. doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0120-z. [PMID: 22544335]
  • Daniel Cook, Lei Shi, Dale R Gardner, James A Pfister, Daniel Grum, Kevin D Welch, Michael H Ralphs. Influence of phenological stage on swainsonine and endophyte concentrations in Oxytropis sericea. Journal of chemical ecology. 2012 Feb; 38(2):195-203. doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0067-0. [PMID: 22281718]
  • Fábio S Mendonça, Raquel F Albuquerque, Joaquim Evêncio-Neto, Sílvio H Freitas, Renata G S Dória, Fabiana M Boabaid, David Driemeier, Dale R Gardner, Franklin Riet-Correa, Edson M Colodel. Alpha-mannosidosis in goats caused by the swainsonine-containing plant Ipomoea verbascoidea. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc. 2012 Jan; 24(1):90-5. doi: 10.1177/1040638711425948. [PMID: 22362938]
  • Klaus Dragull, John J Beck. Isolation of natural products by ion-exchange methods. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2012; 864(?):189-219. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-624-1_8. [PMID: 22367898]
  • Iliyana Mikell, Leonidas Stamatatos. Evolution of cross-neutralizing antibody specificities to the CD4-BS and the carbohydrate cloak of the HIV Env in an HIV-1-infected subject. PloS one. 2012; 7(11):e49610. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049610. [PMID: 23152926]
  • Avinash Kumar, Sushama M Gaikwad. Jack bean α-mannosidase (Jbα-man): tolerance to alkali, chelating and reducing agents and energetics of catalysis and inhibition. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2011 Dec; 49(5):1066-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.08.033. [PMID: 21924285]
  • Kevin J Delaney, Nina Klypina, Janakiraman Maruthavanan, Carol Lange, Tracy M Sterling. Locoweed dose responses to nitrogen: Positive for biomass and primary physiology, but inconsistent for an alkaloid. American journal of botany. 2011 Dec; 98(12):1956-65. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100133. [PMID: 22130270]
  • Isis M Hueza, Silvana L Górniak. The immunomodulatory effects of Ipomoea carnea in rats vary depending on life stage. Human & experimental toxicology. 2011 Oct; 30(10):1690-700. doi: 10.1177/0960327110399477. [PMID: 22021224]
  • Andre T Gotardo, James A Pfister, Marcos Barbosa Ferreira, Silvana Lima Górniak. Effects of prepartum ingestion of Ipomoea carnea on postpartum maternal and neonate behavior in goats. Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology. 2011 Apr; 92(2):131-8. doi: 10.1002/bdrb.20291. [PMID: 21465638]
  • Dale R Gardner, Daniel Cook. A comparison of alternative sample preparation procedures for the analysis of swainsonine using LC-MS/MS. Phytochemical analysis : PCA. 2011 Mar; 22(2):124-7. doi: 10.1002/pca.1257. [PMID: 20799276]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Daniel Grum, James A Pfister, Michael H Ralphs, Kevin D Welch, Benedict T Green. Swainsonine and endophyte relationships in Astragalus mollissimus and Astragalus lentiginosus. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2011 Feb; 59(4):1281-7. doi: 10.1021/jf103551t. [PMID: 21214242]
  • Md Anowar Hossain, Ryohei Nakano, Kosuke Nakamura, Md Tofazzal Hossain, Yoshinobu Kimura. Molecular characterization of plant acidic alpha-mannosidase, a member of glycosylhydrolase family 38, involved in the turnover of N-glycans during tomato fruit ripening. Journal of biochemistry. 2010 Nov; 148(5):603-16. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvq094. [PMID: 20798166]
  • Marisete Bedin, Edson Moleta Colodel, Marli Viapiana, Ursula Matte, David Driemeier, Roberto Giugliani. Alpha-mannosidase activity in goats fed with Sida carpinifolia. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 2010 Mar; 62(2):191-5. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.03.007. [PMID: 19428229]
  • Ji-Yuan Sun, Hao Yang, Shan Miao, Ji-Peng Li, Si-Wang Wang, Miao-Zhang Zhu, Yan-Hua Xie, Jian-Bo Wang, Zhe Liu, Qian Yang. Suppressive effects of swainsonine on C6 glioma cell in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2009 Nov; 16(11):1070-4. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.02.012. [PMID: 19427771]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Michael H Ralphs, James A Pfister, Kevin D Welch, Benedict T Green. Swainsoninine concentrations and endophyte amounts of Undifilum oxytropis in different plant parts of Oxytropis sericea. Journal of chemical ecology. 2009 Oct; 35(10):1272-8. doi: 10.1007/s10886-009-9710-9. [PMID: 19904570]
  • Daniel Cook, Dale R Gardner, Kevin D Welch, Jessie M Roper, Michael H Ralphs, Benedict T Green. Quantitative PCR method to measure the fungal endophyte in locoweeds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2009 Jul; 57(14):6050-4. doi: 10.1021/jf901028z. [PMID: 19545150]
  • Marisete Bedin, Edson M Colodel, Roberto Giugliani, Priscila Zlotwski, Cláudio E F Cruz, David Driemeier. Urinary oligosaccharides: a peripheral marker for Sida carpinifolia exposure or poisoning. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2009 Apr; 53(5):591-4. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.024. [PMID: 19673106]
  • Bryan L Stegelmeier, Russell J Molyneux, Naoki Asano, Alison A Watson, Robert J Nash. The comparative pathology of the glycosidase inhibitors swainsonine, castanospermine, and calystegines A3, B2, and C1 in mice. Toxicologic pathology. 2008 Jul; 36(5):651-9. doi: 10.1177/0192623308317420. [PMID: 18497426]
  • M H Ralphs, R Creamer, D Baucom, D R Gardner, S L Welsh, J D Graham, C Hart, D Cook, B L Stegelmeier. Relationship between the endophyte Embellisia spp. and the toxic alkaloid swainsonine in major locoweed species (Astragalus and Oxytropis). Journal of chemical ecology. 2008 Jan; 34(1):32-8. doi: 10.1007/s10886-007-9399-6. [PMID: 18060459]
  • I-Ju Chen, Hung-Lin Chen, Michael Demetriou. Lateral compartmentalization of T cell receptor versus CD45 by galectin-N-glycan binding and microfilaments coordinate basal and activation signaling. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2007 Nov; 282(48):35361-72. doi: 10.1074/jbc.m706923200. [PMID: 17897956]
  • Xinghua Zhao, Zhonghua Cui, Guoxia Geng, Jianhua Wang, Zhimin Zhang, Yumin Song, Zhibin Liu. [Determination of swainsonine in A. variabilis bunge by gas chromatography with methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside internal standard method]. Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography. 2007 Sep; 25(5):781-2. doi: ". [PMID: 18161343]
  • Isis M Hueza, José L Guerra, Mitsue Haraguchi, Dale R Gardner, Naoki Asano, Kyoko Ikeda, Silvana L Górniak. Assessment of the perinatal effects of maternal ingestion of Ipomoea carnea in rats. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 2007 Aug; 58(6):439-46. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.01.001. [PMID: 17418550]
  • José R Valdez Barillas, Mark W Paschke, Michael H Ralphs, R Dennis Child. White locoweed toxicity is facilitated by a fungal endophyte and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Ecology. 2007 Jul; 88(7):1850-6. doi: 10.1890/06-0728.1. [PMID: 17645031]
  • J A Pfister, B L Stegelmeier, C D Cheney, D R Gardner. Effect of previous locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis species) intoxication on conditioned taste aversions in horses and sheep. Journal of animal science. 2007 Jul; 85(7):1836-41. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0046. [PMID: 17431041]
  • Dewen Tong, Peihong Mu, Qiang Dong, Baoyu Zhao, Wenming Liu, Jun Zhao, Li Li, Tao Zhou, Jinyi Wang, Guodong Sui. Immunological evaluation of SW-HSA conjugate on goats. Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces. 2007 Jul; 58(1):61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.10.014. [PMID: 17126535]
  • A F M Dantas, F Riet-Correa, D R Gardner, R M T Medeiros, S S Barros, B L Anjos, R B Lucena. Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats caused by the ingestion of Turbina cordata in Northeastern Brazil. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2007 Jan; 49(1):111-6. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.08.012. [PMID: 17030054]
  • Hermann Walzel, Abdelgawad A Fahmi, Mohamed A Eldesouky, Ehab F Abou-Eladab, Grit Waitz, Josef Brock, Markus Tiedge. Effects of N-glycan processing inhibitors on signaling events and induction of apoptosis in galectin-1-stimulated Jurkat T lymphocytes. Glycobiology. 2006 Dec; 16(12):1262-71. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwl037. [PMID: 16917081]
  • Max Crispin, David J Harvey, Veronica T Chang, Chao Yu, A Radu Aricescu, E Yvonne Jones, Simon J Davis, Raymond A Dwek, Pauline M Rudd. Inhibition of hybrid- and complex-type glycosylation reveals the presence of the GlcNAc transferase I-independent fucosylation pathway. Glycobiology. 2006 Aug; 16(8):748-56. doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwj119. [PMID: 16672288]
  • R C Barbosa, F Riet-Correa, R M T Medeiros, E F Lima, S S Barros, E J Gimeno, R J Molyneux, D R Gardner. Intoxication by Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii in goats in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology. 2006 Mar; 47(4):371-9. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.11.010. [PMID: 16488457]
  • A K Ashley, M Custis, R Ashley, J R Strickland. Toxicokinetic profile of swainsonine following exposure to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in naïve and previously exposed sheep. New Zealand veterinary journal. 2006 Feb; 54(1):34-40. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2006.36601. [PMID: 16528392]
  • Philip E Shaheen, Walter Stadler, Paul Elson, Jennifer Knox, Eric Winquist, Ronald M Bukowski. Phase II study of the efficacy and safety of oral GD0039 in patients with locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Investigational new drugs. 2005 Dec; 23(6):577-81. doi: 10.1007/s10637-005-0793-z. [PMID: 16034517]
  • J R Strickland, M A Custis, A K Ashley, L L Smith, J L Klotz, C R Krehbiel. Clearance of para-aminohippuric acid in wethers consuming locoweed. New Zealand veterinary journal. 2005 Oct; 53(5):288-92. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36562. [PMID: 16220119]
  • Isis M Hueza, José L Guerra, Mitsue Haraguchi, Asano Naoki, Silvana L Górniak. The role of alkaloids in Ipomoea carnea toxicosis: a study in rats. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 2005 Aug; 57(1):53-8. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.02.004. [PMID: 16089319]
  • Tomohiro Mega. Glucose trimming of N-glycan in endoplasmic reticulum is indispensable for the growth of Raphanus sativus seedling (kaiware radish). Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 2005 Jul; 69(7):1353-64. doi: 10.1271/bbb.69.1353. [PMID: 16041142]
  • B S Obeidat, J R Strickland, M L Vogt, J B Taylor, C R Krehbiel, M D Remmenga, A K Clayshulte-Ashley, K M Whittet, D M Hallford, J A Hernandez. Effects of locoweed on serum swainsonine and selected serum constituents in sheep during acute and subacute oral/intraruminal exposure. Journal of animal science. 2005 Feb; 83(2):466-77. doi: 10.2527/2005.832466x. [PMID: 15644521]
  • Tomohiro Mega. Conversion of the carbohydrate structures of glycoproteins in roots of Raphanus sativus using several glycosidase inhibitors. Journal of biochemistry. 2004 Oct; 136(4):525-31. doi: 10.1093/jb/mvh153. [PMID: 15625323]
  • J McLain-Romero, R Creamer, H Zepeda, J Strickland, G Bell. The toxicosis of Embellisia fungi from locoweed (Oxytropis lambertii) is similar to locoweed toxicosis in rats. Journal of animal science. 2004 Jul; 82(7):2169-74. doi: 10.2527/2004.8272169x. [PMID: 15309966]