Reaction Process: Reactome:R-CFA-8939211

Guanosine diphosphate

C10H15N5O11P2 (443.02433)

Guanosine diphosphate, also known as gdp or 5-diphosphate, guanosine, is a member of the class of compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. Purine ribonucleoside diphosphates are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Guanosine diphosphate is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Guanosine diphosphate can be found in a number of food items such as strawberry, onion-family vegetables, walnut, and scarlet bean, which makes guanosine diphosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Guanosine diphosphate can be found primarily in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Guanosine diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine diphosphate is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include betahistine h1-antihistamine action, fexofenadine h1-antihistamine action, clocinizine h1-antihistamine action, and bepotastine h1-antihistamine action. Guanosine diphosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (APRT), canavan disease, gout or kelley-seegmiller syndrome, and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Moreover, guanosine diphosphate is found to be associated with epilepsy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neuroinfection, and stroke. Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine . Guanosine diphosphate, also known as 5-GDP or 5-diphosphate, guanosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. Guanosine diphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, guanosine diphosphate is involved in intracellular signalling through adenosine receptor A2B and adenosine. Outside of the human body, Guanosine diphosphate has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as devilfish, java plums, green beans, almonds, and orange mints. Guanosine diphosphate is a purine ribonucleoside 5-diphosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at the 5 position of guanosine with pyrophosphoric acid. COVID info from COVID-19 Disease Map, PDB, Protein Data Bank Corona-virus Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 SARS-CoV COVID19 SARS2 SARS

27-Hydroxycholesterol

C27H46O2 (402.34976159999997)

27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC), also known as (25R)-cholest-5-ene-3β,26-diol or by its conventional name 26-hydroxycholesterol, is an oxygenated derivative of cholesterol and a major oxysterol in circulation (PMID: 7749852). 27-Hydroxycholesterol is the product of the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. The enzyme is critical for the degradation of the steroid side-chain and a genetic deficiency of the enzyme leads to reduced formation of bile acids in humans. There is a correlation between 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol in the circulation, and females have lower levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol than males. A strong correlation is observed between circulating levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, in both healthy subjects and subjects with hypercholesterolemia and documented atherosclerosis. 27-Hydroxycholesterol is metabolized by an oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the liver. Changes in the activity of this enzyme may lead to the accumulation of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation. It has been reported that patients with a genetic deficiency of oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the liver had markedly increased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation. However, under normal conditions and in the absence of liver or kidney disease, changes in the levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation are likely to be caused by changes in the rate of synthesis of these steroids rather than by the rate of metabolism. There are three possible explanations for the high concentrations of 27-hydroxycholesterol found in the circulation of three subjects with atherosclerosis: (1) increased expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase owing to a genetic factor or some other factor completely unrelated to atherosclerosis, (2) the extrahepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase may be up-regulated by circulating factors (e.g. cytokines) that are directly or indirectly related to the development of atherosclerosis, and (3) the high amounts of cholesterol accumulating in macrophages in some patients with atherosclerosis may result in an increased flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol from the macrophages to the circulation. Since there is a close relation between levels of cholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation, the possibility must be considered that the flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the brain may be part of the yet unexplained link between hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimers disease. 27-Hydroxysterol is the most dominant oxysterol in human atheromas where it may reflect a mechanism for eliminating excessive cholesterol, and thus have a protective role. Hypercholesterolemia and chronic low-grade immunological activation are pivotal in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the interconnections between these two factors are not well known. The CD40 system, as measured by the plasma level of soluble CD40 (sCD40), is associated with cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic patients. When combined, a decreased cholesterol synthesis rate and increased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol may be a consequence of high levels of cellular cholesterol, and therefore be related to sCD40. However, sCD40 had no significant correlation with total plasma cholesterol. This suggests that the cellular cholesterol synthesis rate and 27-hydroxycholesterol production are more importantly linked with the plasma levels of sCD40 than total cholesterol (PMID: 16081359, 17012138, 11504730, 9144161). 27-hydroxycholesterol is an oxygenated derivative of cholesterol and a major oxysterol in circulation. 27-hydroxycholesterol is the product of the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. The enzyme is critical for degradation of the steroid side-chain and a genetic deficiency of the enzyme leads to reduced formation of bile acids in humans. There is a correlation between 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol in the circulation, and females have lower levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol than males. A strong correlation is observed between circulating levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, in both healthy subjects and subjects with hypercholesterolemia and documented atherosclerosis. 27-hydroxycholesterol is metabolized by an oxysterol 7a-hydroxylase in the liver, and changes in the activity of this enzyme may lead to accumulation of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation. It has been reported that patients with a genetic deficiency of oxysterol 7a-hydroxylase in the liver had markedly increased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation. Under normal conditions, however, and in the absence of liver or kidney disease, changes in the levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in the circulation are likely to be caused by changes in the rate of synthesis of these steroids rather than by the rate of metabolism. Three possible explanations for the high concentrations of 27-hydroxycholesterol found in the circulation of the three subjects with atherosclerosis could be: 1) Increased expression of sterol 27-hydroxylase owing to a genetic factor or some other factor completely unrelated to atherosclerosis. 2) The extrahepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase may be up-regulated by circulating factors (e.g. cytokines) that are directly or indirectly related to the development of atherosclerosis. 3) The high amounts of cholesterol accumulating in macrophages in some patients with atherosclerosis may result in increased flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol from the macrophages to the circulation. (25R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol is a 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, a neuroprotective agent, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a cholesterol. 27-Hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous metabolite of cholesterol produced by the hydroxylation of the carbon at position 27 by the enzyme sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial (CYP27A1). Some neoplasms produce excess of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) or inhibit its catabolism, and high cholesterol levels are correlated with elevated levels of 27HC; under these conditions, 27HC may have deleterious selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and liver X receptor (LXR) agonistic activities. As a SERM, 27HC binds to and prevents the activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the vasculature. This prevents ER-mediated vasodilation and abrogates the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen. However, 27HC binds to and activates ERs and LXRs in breast tissue, which stimulates ER-dependent breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and an agonist of the liver X receptor. 27-Hydroxycholesterol is a selective estrogen receptor modulator and an agonist of the liver X receptor.

S-Adenosylmethionine

C15H23N6O5S+ (399.1450568)

S-adenosylmethionine, also known as sam or adomet, is a member of the class of compounds known as 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides. 5-deoxy-5-thionucleosides are 5-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5position by a S-alkyl group. S-adenosylmethionine is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). S-adenosylmethionine can be found in a number of food items such as common grape, half-highbush blueberry, jerusalem artichoke, and thistle, which makes S-adenosylmethionine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. S-adenosylmethionine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), feces, and urine, as well as throughout most human tissues. S-adenosylmethionine exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, S-adenosylmethionine is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:1(13Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(22:0/18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)), phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(24:0/24:0), and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis PC(20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:0). S-adenosylmethionine is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD), 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), and aromatic l-aminoacid decarboxylase deficiency. Moreover, S-adenosylmethionine is found to be associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 and neurodegenerative disease. S-adenosylmethionine is a non-carcinogenic (not listed by IARC) potentially toxic compound. S-Adenosyl methionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation. Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM-e is produced and consumed in the liver. More than 40 methyl transfers from SAM-e are known, to various substrates such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and secondary metabolites. It is made from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.6). SAM was first discovered by Giulio Cantoni in 1952 . Significant first-pass metabolism in the liver. Approximately 50\\\% of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is metabolized in the liver. SAMe is metabolized to S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is then metabolized to homocysteine. Homocysteine can either be metabolized to cystathionine and then cysteine or to methionine. The cofactor in the metabolism of homocysteine to cysteine is vitamin B6. Cofactors for the metabolism of homocysteine to methionine are folic acid, vitamin B12 and betaine (T3DB). S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.

5-S-[(3S)-3-azaniumyl-3-carboxylatopropyl]-5-thioadenosine

C14H20N6O5S (384.12158300000004)