NCBI Taxonomy: 33194
Bipolaris (ncbi_taxid: 33194)
found 167 associated metabolites at genus taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Pleosporaceae
Child Taxonomies: Bipolaris maydis, Bipolaris zeicola, Bipolaris sacchari, Bipolaris zeae, Bipolaris victoriae, Bipolaris oryzae, Bipolaris iridis, Bipolaris woodii, Bipolaris cookei, Bipolaris heveae, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Bipolaris petchii, Bipolaris bicolor, Bipolaris yamadae, Bipolaris clavata, Bipolaris secalis, Bipolaris marantae, Bipolaris coffeana, Bipolaris leersiae, Bipolaris gigantea, Bipolaris setariae, Bipolaris crotonis, Bipolaris chusqueae, Bipolaris urochloae, Bipolaris tetramera, Bipolaris alocasiae, Bipolaris chloridis, Bipolaris omanensis, Bipolaris gossypina, Bipolaris salviniae, Bipolaris incurvata, Bipolaris mediocris, Bipolaris eleusines, Bipolaris heliconiae, Bipolaris shoemakeri, Bipolaris simmondsii, Bipolaris luttrellii, Bipolaris drechsleri, Bipolaris adikaramae, Bipolaris cynodontis, Bipolaris curvispora, Bipolaris euphorbiae, Bipolaris stenospila, Bipolaris variabilis, Bipolaris sorghicola, Bipolaris axonopicola, Bipolaris bamagaensis, Bipolaris multiformis, Bipolaris microlaenae, Bipolaris microstegii, Bipolaris triticicola, Bipolaris brachiariae, Bipolaris prieskaensis, Bipolaris austrostipae, Bipolaris distoseptata, unclassified Bipolaris, Bipolaris microconidia, Bipolaris pluriseptata, Bipolaris saccharicola, Bipolaris sivanesaniana, Bipolaris subramanianii, Bipolaris peregianensis, Bipolaris louisemackiae, Bipolaris mariehareliae, Bipolaris maryandersoniae, Bipolaris panici-miliacei, Bipolaris cf. multiformis G6
Sterigmatocystin
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1); INTERNAL_ID 2320
Victorin C
A heterodetic cyclic peptide produced by the fungus Cochliobolus victoriae that is required for pathogenicity in the organism
HC Toxin
A homodetic cyclic tetrapeptide made up from L-alanyl, D-alanyl, L-prolyl and 2-amino-8-oxo-9,10-epoxydecanoyl residues.
Versiconol acetate
An acetate ester that is the O-acetyl derivative of versiconol. An intermediate in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin.
Versiconol
A polyphenol that is 9,10-anthraquinone substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 8 by hydroxy groups and at position 2 by a 1,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl group.
Melanins
Dermal melanin is produced by melanocytes, which are found in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Although human beings generally possess a similar concentration of melanocytes in their skin, the melanocytes in some individuals and races more frequently or less frequently express the melanin-producing genes, thereby conferring a greater or lesser concentration of skin melanin. Some individual animals and humans have no or very little melanin in their bodies, which is a condition known as albinism. Higher eumelanin levels also can be a disadvantage, however, beyond a higher disposition toward vitamin D deficiency. Dark skin is a complicating factor in the laser removal of port-wine stains. Effective in treating fair skin, lasers generally are less successful in removing port-wine stains in Asians and people of African descent. Higher concentrations of melanin in darker-skinned individuals simply diffuse and absorb the laser radiation, inhibiting light absorption by the targeted tissue. Melanin similarly can complicate laser treatment of other dermatological conditions in people with darker skin. Under the microscope melanin is brown, non-refractile and finely granular with individual granules having a diameter of less than 800 nanometers. This differentiates melanin from common blood breakdown pigments which are larger, chunky and refractile and range in color from green to yellow or red-brown. In heavily pigmented lesions, dense aggregates of melanin can obscure histologic detail. A dilute solution of potassium permanganate is an effective melanin bleach. Pigments causing darkness in skin, hair, feathers, etc. They are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom. Because melanin is an aggregate of smaller component molecules, there are a number of different types of melanin with differing proportions and bonding patterns of these component molecules. Both pheomelanin and eumelanin are found in human skin and hair, but eumelanin is the most abundant melanin in humans, as well as the form most likely to be deficient in albinism. Freckles and moles are formed where there is a localized concentration of melanin in the skin. They are highly associated with pale skin. Melanin is a biopolymer and a neuropeptide. In the early 1970s, John McGinness, Peter Corry, and Peter Proctor reported that melanin is a high-conductivity organic semiconductor (Science, vol 183, 853-855 (1974)). Studies revealed that melanin acted as a voltage-controlled solid-state threshold switch. Further, it emitting a flash of light electroluminescence when it switched. Dermal melanin is produced by melanocytes, which are found in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Although human beings generally possess a similar concentration of melanocytes in their skin, the melanocytes in some individuals and races more frequently or less frequently express the melanin-producing genes, thereby conferring a greater or lesser concentration of skin melanin. Some individual animals and humans have no or very little melanin in their bodies, which is a condition known as albinism.
Cochliobolin A
Secosterigmatocystin
D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins
Sterigmatocystin
An organic heteropentacyclic compound whose skeleton comprises a xanthene ring system ortho-fused to a dihydrofuranofuran moiety. The parent of the class of sterigmatocystins. D009676 - Noxae > D011042 - Poisons > D009183 - Mycotoxins CONFIDENCE Reference Standard (Level 1)
ethyl 2-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate
Versicolorin B
An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,12a-tetrahydroanthra[2,3-b]furo[3,2-d]furan-5,10-dione carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 4, 6 and 8.
(3S)-versiconol acetate
An optically active form of versiconol acetate having 3S-configuration.