NCBI Taxonomy: 1219
Prochlorococcus marinus (ncbi_taxid: 1219)
found 12 associated metabolites at species taxonomy rank level.
Ancestor: Prochlorococcus
Child Taxonomies: environmental samples, Prochlorococcus marinus str. SB, Prochlorococcus marinus str. GP2, Prochlorococcus marinus str. DV1, Prochlorococcus marinus str. PAC1, Prochlorococcus marinus str. NATL2A, Prochlorococcus marinus str. TATL1A, Prochlorococcus marinus str. TATL1B, Prochlorococcus marinus 150NLHA, Prochlorococcus marinus 150SLHA, Prochlorococcus marinus 150SLHB, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1402, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1404, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1405, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1406, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1410, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1411, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1412, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1414, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1415, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1416, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1417, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1419, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1408, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1403, Prochlorococcus marinus str. LG, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1420, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1421, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1422, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1423, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1424, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1425, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1426, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1427, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1428, Prochlorococcus marinus XMU1429, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1430, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1431, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1432, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1433, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1434, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1435, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1436, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1437, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1438, Prochlorococcus marinus CUG1439, Prochlorococcus marinus str. SS2, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9107, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9303, Prochlorococcus marinus bv. HNLC1, Prochlorococcus marinus bv. HNLC2, Prochlorococcus marinus str. UW97, Prochlorococcus marinus str. SS35, Prochlorococcus marinus str. SS51, Prochlorococcus marinus str. PAC2, Prochlorococcus marinus str. TATL1, Prochlorococcus marinus str. PAC1A, Prochlorococcus marinus str. PAC1B, Prochlorococcus marinus str. RS810, Prochlorococcus marinus str. RS2001, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1402, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1403, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1404, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1405, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1406, Prochlorococcus marinus str. EQPAC1, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1410, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1411, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1412, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1414, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1415, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1416, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MU1417, Prochlorococcus marinus str. NATL1A, Prochlorococcus marinus str. AS9601, Prochlorococcus marinus str. XMU1419, Prochlorococcus marinus str. XMU1408, Prochlorococcus marinus str. TAK9803, Prochlorococcus marinus str. XMU1401, Prochlorococcus marinus str. XMU1401E, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9302, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9312, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9313, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0918, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0919, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1013, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1214, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9515, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9116, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9123, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9301, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9311, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9314, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9321, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9322, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9401, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9201, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9202, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9211, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9215, Prochlorococcus marinus str. NATL1MIT, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1312, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1318, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1320, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1313, Prochlorococcus marinus str. CCMP1377, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1323, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1327, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1342, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0911, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0912, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0913, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0914, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0915, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0916, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 0917, Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 1012, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01A11RW, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01A8EHK, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01ALDMW, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01AOMD5, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01AOVCY, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01AYYJS, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01B15ME, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01B4J8X, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01B7XD2, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01BMGJ7, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01BTJFH, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01BU7IP, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01BUBRI, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01BXSIL, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01C9GST, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CB6OE, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CBOOW, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CFX6L, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CJQ6T, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CLCPY, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CPSFQ, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CSLT8, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01CU503, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01D1XKW, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DD30E, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DHPX8, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DJG5R, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DJH7Q, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DM9NW, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DQBCB, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DT6B7, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01DU1R1, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01E463Y, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01E4SC8, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01EBVRO, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01ECTJ9, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01ECYAC, Prochlorococcus marinus IR7HD8K01EOKHX, Prochlorococcus marinus str. TAK9803-2, Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. marinus, Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. pastoris, Prochlorococcus marinus str. P0903-H212, Prochlorococcus marinus str. P0902-H212, Prochlorococcus marinus Sample_003_bin_1.filtered
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid xanthophyll and is one of the most common carotenoid found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color. Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid soluble antioxidants. Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids (the other is lutein) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataract (up to 20\\%) and for age-related macular degeneration (up to 40\\%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations. (PMID: 11023002). Zeaxanthin has been found to be a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Algibacter, Aquibacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Formosa, Gramella, Hyunsoonleella, Kordia, Mesoflavibacter, Muricauda, Nubsella, Paracoccus, Siansivirga, Sphingomonas, Zeaxanthinibacter and yeast (https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0924224417302571?token=DE6BC6CC7DCDEA6150497AA3E375097A00F8E0C12AE03A8E420D85D1AC8855E62103143B5AE0B57E9C5828671F226801). It is a marker for the activity of Bacillus subtilis and/or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intestine. Higher levels are associated with higher levels of Bacillus or Pseudomonas. (PMID: 17555270; PMID: 12147474) Zeaxanthin is a carotenol. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite, a cofactor and an antioxidant. It derives from a hydride of a beta-carotene. Zeaxanthin is a most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature that is involved in the xanthophyll cycle. As a coexistent isomer of lutein, zeaxanthin is synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms. It gives the distinct yellow color to many vegetables and other plants including paprika, corn, saffron and wolfberries. Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye and plays a predominant component in the central macula. It is available as a dietary supplement for eye health benefits and potential prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Zeaxanthin is also added as a food dye. Zeaxanthin is a natural product found in Bangia fuscopurpurea, Erythrobacter longus, and other organisms with data available. Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA. See also: Saffron (part of); Corn (part of); Lycium barbarum fruit (part of). D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids
Zeaxanthin
Meso-zeaxanthin (3R,3´S-zeaxanthin) is a xanthophyll carotenoid, as it contains oxygen and hydrocarbons, and is one of the three stereoisomers of zeaxanthin. Of the three stereoisomers, meso-zeaxanthin is the second most abundant in nature after 3R,3´R-zeaxanthin, which is produced by plants and algae. To date, meso-zeaxanthin has been identified in specific tissues of marine organisms and in the macula lutea, also known as the "yellow spot", of the human retina . Meso-zeaxanthin is a member of the class of compounds known as xanthophylls. Xanthophylls are carotenoids containing an oxygenated carotene backbone. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Xanthophylls arise by oxygenation of the carotene backbone. Meso-zeaxanthin is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Meso-zeaxanthin can be found in channel catfish, crustaceans, and fishes, which makes meso-zeaxanthin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. D020011 - Protective Agents > D000975 - Antioxidants > D002338 - Carotenoids Window width for selecting the precursor ion was 3 Da.; This record was created by the financial support of MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16HP2005 to the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan.