Exact Mass: 423.3461
Exact Mass Matches: 423.3461
Found 124 metabolites which its exact mass value is equals to given mass value 423.3461,
within given mass tolerance error 0.05 dalton. Try search metabolite list with more accurate mass tolerance error
0.01 dalton.
alpha-Tocotrienoxyl radical
This compound belongs to the family of Diterpenes. These are terpene compounds formed by four isoprene units.
O-Linoleoylcarnitine
O-Linoleoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an linoleic ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. O-Linoleoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine O-Linoleoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular O-Linoleoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with Parkinson disease (PMID: 29294246), chronic heart failure (PMID: 26796394, PMID: 27473038), carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency (PMID: 15057979 ), and ischaemia/reperfusion (PMID: 26936967, PMID: 22607863, PMID: 24468136). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(10Z,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoylcarnitine
(10Z,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (10Z,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (10Z,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (10Z,12Z)-octadeca-10,12-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(9Z,11E)-Octadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine
(9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular (9Z,11E)-octadeca-9,11-dienoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with Parkinson disease (PMID: 29294246), chronic heart failure (PMID: 26796394, PMID: 27473038), carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency (PMID: 15057979 ), and ischaemia/reperfusion (PMID: 26936967, PMID: 22607863, PMID: 24468136). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(6Z,9Z)-Octadeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine
(6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular (6Z,9Z)-octadeca-6,9-dienoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with Parkinson disease (PMID: 29294246), chronic heart failure (PMID: 26796394, PMID: 27473038), carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency (PMID: 15057979 ), and ischaemia/reperfusion (PMID: 26936967, PMID: 22607863, PMID: 24468136). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
(2E,4E)-Octadeca-2,4-dienoylcarnitine
(2E,4E)-octadeca-2,4-dienoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an (2E,4E)-octadeca-2,4-dienoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. (2E,4E)-octadeca-2,4-dienoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine (2E,4E)-octadeca-2,4-dienoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. In particular (2E,4E)-octadeca-2,4-dienoylcarnitine is elevated in the blood or plasma of individuals with Parkinson disease (PMID: 29294246), chronic heart failure (PMID: 26796394, PMID: 27473038), carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency (PMID: 15057979 ), and ischaemia/reperfusion (PMID: 26936967, PMID: 22607863, PMID: 24468136). Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
9-(3-Methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine
9-(3-methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 9-(3-methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)nonanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 9-(3-methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 9-(3-methyl-5-propylfuran-2-yl)nonanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
5-(5-Heptyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine
5-(5-heptyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 5-(5-heptyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)pentanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 5-(5-heptyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 5-(5-heptyl-3-methylfuran-2-yl)pentanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
7-(3-Methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine
7-(3-Methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 7-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)heptanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 7-(3-Methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 7-(3-Methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)heptanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
8-(5-Pentylfuran-2-yl)octanoylcarnitine
8-(5-Pentylfuran-2-yl)octanoylcarnitine is an acylcarnitine. More specifically, it is an 8-(5-pentylfuran-2-yl)octanoic acid ester of carnitine. Acylcarnitines were first discovered more than 70 year ago (PMID: 13825279). It is believed that there are more than 1000 types of acylcarnitines in the human body. The general role of acylcarnitines is to transport acyl-groups (organic acids and fatty acids) from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria so that they can be broken down to produce energy. This process is known as beta-oxidation. According to a recent review [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews], acylcarnitines (ACs) can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the type and size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain ACs; 2) medium-chain ACs; 3) long-chain ACs; 4) very long-chain ACs; 5) hydroxy ACs; 6) branched chain ACs; 7) unsaturated ACs; 8) dicarboxylic ACs and 9) miscellaneous ACs. Short-chain ACs have acyl-groups with two to five carbons (C2-C5), medium-chain ACs have acyl-groups with six to thirteen carbons (C6-C13), long-chain ACs have acyl-groups with fourteen to twenty once carbons (C14-C21) and very long-chain ACs have acyl groups with more than 22 carbons. 8-(5-Pentylfuran-2-yl)octanoylcarnitine is therefore classified as a long chain AC. As a long-chain acylcarnitine 8-(5-Pentylfuran-2-yl)octanoylcarnitine is generally formed through esterification with long-chain fatty acids obtained from the diet. The main function of most long-chain acylcarnitines is to ensure long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria (PMID: 22804748). Altered levels of long-chain acylcarnitines can serve as useful markers for inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I, EC:2.3.1.21) is involved in the synthesis of long-chain acylcarnitines (more than C12) on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Elevated serum/plasma levels of long-chain acylcarnitines are not only markers for incomplete FA oxidation but also are indicators of altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. High serum concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitines in the postprandial or fed state are markers of insulin resistance and arise from insulins inability to inhibit CPT-1-dependent fatty acid metabolism in muscles and the heart (PMID: 19073774). Increased intracellular content of long-chain acylcarnitines is thought to serve as a feedback inhibition mechanism of insulin action (PMID: 23258903). In healthy subjects, increased concentrations of insulin effectively inhibits long-chain acylcarnitine production. Several studies have also found increased levels of circulating long-chain acylcarnitines in chronic heart failure patients (PMID: 26796394). The study of acylcarnitines is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel acylcarnitines will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered. An excellent review of the current state of knowledge for acylcarnitines is available at [Dambrova et al. 2021, Physiological Reviews].
N-Nervonoyl Glycine
N-nervonoyl glycine belongs to the class of compounds known as N-acylamides. These are molecules characterized by a fatty acyl group linked to a primary amine by an amide bond. More specifically, it is a Nervonic acid amide of Glycine. It is believed that there are more than 800 types of N-acylamides in the human body. N-acylamides fall into several categories: amino acid conjugates (e.g., those acyl amides conjugated with amino acids), neurotransmitter conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated with neurotransmitters), ethanolamine conjugates (e.g., those acylamides conjugated to ethanolamine), and taurine conjugates (e.g., those acyamides conjugated to taurine). N-Nervonoyl Glycine is an amino acid conjugate. N-acylamides can be classified into 9 different categories depending on the size of their acyl-group: 1) short-chain N-acylamides; 2) medium-chain N-acylamides; 3) long-chain N-acylamides; and 4) very long-chain N-acylamides; 5) hydroxy N-acylamides; 6) branched chain N-acylamides; 7) unsaturated N-acylamides; 8) dicarboxylic N-acylamides and 9) miscellaneous N-acylamides. N-Nervonoyl Glycine is therefore classified as a very long chain N-acylamide. N-acyl amides have a variety of signaling functions in physiology, including in cardiovascular activity, metabolic homeostasis, memory, cognition, pain, motor control and others (PMID: 15655504). N-acyl amides have also been shown to play a role in cell migration, inflammation and certain pathological conditions such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and obesity (PMID: 23144998; PMID: 25136293; PMID: 28854168).N-acyl amides can be synthesized both endogenously and by gut microbiota (PMID: 28854168). N-acylamides can be biosynthesized via different routes, depending on the parent amine group. N-acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) are formed via the hydrolysis of an unusual phospholipid precursor, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), by a specific phospholipase D. N-acyl amino acids are synthesized via a circulating peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), which can catalyze the bidirectional the condensation and hydrolysis of a variety of N-acyl amino acids. The degradation of N-acylamides is largely mediated by an enzyme called fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylamides into fatty acids and the biogenic amines. Many N-acylamides are involved in lipid signaling system through interactions with transient receptor potential channels (TRP). TRP channel proteins interact with N-acyl amides such as N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (Anandamide), N-arachidonoyl dopamine and others in an opportunistic fashion (PMID: 23178153). This signaling system has been shown to play a role in the physiological processes involved in inflammation (PMID: 25136293). Other N-acyl amides, including N-oleoyl-glutamine, have also been characterized as TRP channel antagonists (PMID: 29967167). N-acylamides have also been shown to have G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) binding activity (PMID: 28854168). The study of N-acylamides is an active area of research and it is likely that many novel N-acylamides will be discovered in the coming years. It is also likely that many novel roles in health and disease will be uncovered for these molecules.
(6S,7R,10E,14E)-16-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadeca-2,10,14-triene-6,7-diol
Linoleyl carnitine
Gallamine
D018373 - Peripheral Nervous System Agents > D009465 - Neuromuscular Agents > D009466 - Neuromuscular Blocking Agents M - Musculo-skeletal system > M03 - Muscle relaxants > M03A - Muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents D018377 - Neurotransmitter Agents > D018678 - Cholinergic Agents > D018680 - Cholinergic Antagonists C78272 - Agent Affecting Nervous System > C66880 - Anticholinergic Agent
Octadecadienoylcarnitine
mecetronium etilsulfate
C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C28394 - Topical Anti-Infective Agent
O-linoleyl-L-carnitine
An O-octadecadienoyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is linoleyl.
3-Octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyicosa-4,8-dien-2-yl]hexanamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxytricosa-4,8-dien-2-yl]propanamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxynonadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]heptanamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyhenicosa-4,8-dien-2-yl]pentanamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxynon-4-en-2-yl]heptadec-9-enamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyheptadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]nonanamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxytetracosa-4,8-dien-2-yl]acetamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxydocosa-4,8-dien-2-yl]butanamide
(9Z,12Z)-N-(1,3-dihydroxynonan-2-yl)heptadeca-9,12-dienamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyoctadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]octanamide
(9Z,12Z)-N-(1,3-dihydroxyoctan-2-yl)octadeca-9,12-dienamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxyoct-4-en-2-yl]octadec-9-enamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxydodec-4-en-2-yl]tetradec-9-enamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxydodeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]tetradecanamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxyundec-4-en-2-yl]pentadec-9-enamide
(9Z,12Z)-N-(1,3-dihydroxydecan-2-yl)hexadeca-9,12-dienamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxydec-4-en-2-yl]hexadec-9-enamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyhexadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]decanamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxypentadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]undecanamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxytridec-4-en-2-yl]tridec-9-enamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxytrideca-4,8-dien-2-yl]tridecanamide
N-[(4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxytetradeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]dodecanamide
(Z)-N-[(E)-1,3-dihydroxytetradec-4-en-2-yl]dodec-5-enamide
N-[(2S,3R,4E,6E)-1,3-dihydroxytetradeca-4,6-dien-2-yl]dodecanamide
N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxyhexadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]decanamide
N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-1,3-dihydroxytetradeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]dodecanamide
N-[(2S,3R,4E,6E)-1,3-dihydroxyhexadeca-4,6-dien-2-yl]decanamide
O-linoleoylcarnitine
An O-acylcarnitine having linoleoyl as the acyl substituent.
3-[(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy]-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
O-octadecadienoylcarnitine
An O-acylcarnitine in which the acyl group specified is octadecadienoyl.
O-octadecadienoyl-L-carnitine
An O-acyl-L-carnitine that is L-carnitine having a octadecadienoyl group as the acyl substituent in which the positions of the two double bonds are unspecified.
O-linoelaidylcarnitine
An O-octadecadienoylcarnitine having linoelaidyl as the acyl substituent.
SPHP(21:0)
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