Classification Term: 699
Hypoxanthines (ontology term: CHEMONTID:0000246)
Compounds containing the purine derivative 1H-purin-6(9H)-one. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring." []
found 42 associated metabolites at family metabolite taxonomy ontology rank level.
Ancestor: Purinones
Child Taxonomies: There is no child term of current ontology term.
Hypoxanthine
Hypoxanthine, also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purines. Purines are a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Hypoxanthine is also classified as an oxopurine, Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Hypoxanthine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish (var.), mountain yams, welsh onions, greenthread tea, and common beets. Hypoxanthine is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. Biologically, hypoxanthine can be formed a number of ways. For instance, it is one of the products of the action of xanthine oxidase on xanthine. However, more frequently xanthine is formed from oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. The enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase converts hypoxanthine into IMP in the nucleotide salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. In this process, hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Molecular oxygen, the oxidant in both reactions, is reduced to H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species. In humans, uric acid is the final product of purine degradation and is excreted in the urine. Within humans, hypoxanthine participates in a number of other enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from inosine through its interaction with the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hypoxanthine is also involved in the metabolic disorder called the purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency) characterized by recurrent infections, neurologic symptoms, and autoimmune disorders. PNP deficiency causes a shortage of white blood cells, called T-cells, that help fight infection. Affected individuals develop neurologic symptoms, such as stiff or rigid muscles (spasticity), uncoordinated movements (ataxia), developmental delay, and intellectual disability. PNP deficiency is associated with an increased risk to develop autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), autoimmune neutropenia, thyroiditis, and lupus. [Spectral] Hypoxanthine (exact mass = 136.03851) and Adenine (exact mass = 135.0545) were not completely separated on HPLC under the present analytical conditions as described in AC$XXX. Additionally some of the peaks in this data contains dimers and other unidentified ions. Occurs widely in plant and animal tissue (CCD). Hypoxanthine is found in many foods, some of which are japanese chestnut, parsnip, okra, and horned melon. Hypoxanthine. CAS Common Chemistry. CAS, a division of the American Chemical Society, n.d. https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=68-94-0 (retrieved 2024-07-02) (CAS RN: 68-94-0). Licensed under the Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia. Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.
Aciclovir
Aciclovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a guanosine analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes. [PubChem]Viral (HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV) thymidine kinase converts aciclovir to the aciclovir monophosphate, which is then converted to the diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase, and finally to the triphosphate by phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate kinase. Aciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase and competes with the natural deoxyguanosine triphosphate, for incorporation into viral DNA. Once incorporated, aciclovir triphosphate inhibits DNA synthesis by acting as a chain terminator. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BB - Antivirals S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AD - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent KEIO_ID A071; [MS2] KO008862 KEIO_ID A071 Acyclovir (Aciclovir) is a potent, orally active antiviral agent. Acyclovir has antiherpetic activity with IC50 values of 0.85 μM and 0.86 μM for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. Acyclovir induces cell cycle perturbation and apoptosis. Acyclovir prevents bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia[1][2][3][4].
7-Methylguanine
7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882). 7-Methylguanine has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212). 7-Methylguanine is a metabolite of DNA methylation and depurination observed in normal human biofluids; however, it has been found significantly higher in the urine of smokers than in nonsmokers. (PMID 16059882) [HMDB] KEIO_ID M043
Penciclovir
Penciclovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections. It is a nucleoside analogue which exhibits low toxicity and good selectivity. [Wikipedia]Penciclovir has in vitro activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). In cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2, viral thymidine kinase phosphorylates penciclovir to a monophosphate form. The monophosphate form of the drug is then converted to penciclovir triphosphate by cellular kinases. The intracellular triphosphate of penciclovir is retained in vitro inside HSV-infected cells for 10-20 hours, compared with 0.7-1 hour for acyclovir. in vitro studies show that penciclovir triphosphate selectively inhibits viral DNA polymerase by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate. Inhibition of DNA synthesis of virus-infected cells inhibits viral replication. In cells not infected with HSV, DNA synthesis is unaltered. Resistant mutants of HSV can occur from qualitative changes in viral thymidine kinase or DNA polymerase. The most commonly encountered acyclovir-resistant mutants that are deficient in viral thymidine kinase are also resistant to penciclovir. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors D - Dermatologicals > D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use > D06B - Chemotherapeutics for topical use > D06BB - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent CONFIDENCE standard compound; EAWAG_UCHEM_ID 3288 KEIO_ID P157; [MS2] KO009149 KEIO_ID P157 Penciclovir (VSA 671) is a potent and selective anti-herpesvirus agent with EC50 values of 0.5, 0.8 μg/ml for HSV-1 (HFEM), HSV-2 (MS), respectively. Penciclovir shows anti-herpesvirus activity with no-toxic. Penciclovir preventes mortality in mouse[1][2].
Ganciclovir
Ganciclovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [PubChem]Ganciclovirs antiviral activity inhibits virus replication. This inhibitory action is highly selective as the drug must be converted to the active form by a virus-encoded cellular enzyme, thymidine kinase (TK). TK catalyzes phosphorylation of ganciclovir to the monophosphate, which is then subsequently converted into the diphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and into the triphosphate by a number of cellular enzymes. In vitro, ganciclovir triphosphate stops replication of herpes viral DNA. When used as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase, ganciclovir triphosphate competitively inhibits dATP leading to the formation of faulty DNA. This is where ganciclovir triphosphate is incorporated into the DNA strand replacing many of the adenosine bases. This results in the prevention of DNA synthesis, as phosphodiester bridges can longer to be built, destabilizing the strand. Ganciclovir inhibits viral DNA polymerases more effectively than it does cellular polymerase, and chain elongation resumes when ganciclovir is removed. J - Antiinfectives for systemic use > J05 - Antivirals for systemic use > J05A - Direct acting antivirals > J05AB - Nucleosides and nucleotides excl. reverse transcriptase inhibitors S - Sensory organs > S01 - Ophthalmologicals > S01A - Antiinfectives > S01AD - Antivirals D000890 - Anti-Infective Agents > D000998 - Antiviral Agents C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C29575 - DNA Polymerase Inhibitor C254 - Anti-Infective Agent > C281 - Antiviral Agent KEIO_ID G088; [MS2] KO008989 KEIO_ID G088 Ganciclovir (BW 759), a nucleoside analogue, is an orally active antiviral agent with activity against CMV. Ganciclovir also has activity in vitro against members of the herpes group and some other DNA viruses. Ganciclovir inhibits the in vitro replication of human herpes viruses (HSV 1 and 2, CMV) and adenovirus serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 19, 22 and 28. Ganciclovir has an IC50 of 5.2 μM for feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) and can diffuse into the brain[1][2][3].
6,8-Dihydroxypurine
6,8-Dihydroxypurine is an endogenous nucleoside found in human fluids. Purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls. DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. When chemical bonds to DNA, the DNA becomes damaged and proper and complete replication cannot occur to make the normal intended cell. A DNA adduct is an abnormal piece of DNA covalently-bonded to a cancer-causing chemical. This has shown to be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as bio-markers and as such are themselves measured to reflect quantitatively, for comparison, the amount of cancer in the subject. (PMID: 3506820, 17044778, 17264127, 16799933).
8-Hydroxy-7-methylguanine
8-Hydroxy-7-methylguanine is a modified nucleoside. 8-Hydroxy-7-methylguanine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls. Human exposure to carcinogenic alkylating agents can lead to the formation of covalently bound adducts in DNA, some of which are excreted in urine as alkylated purines following DNA degradation and repair; the N2 position of guanine is one of the major sites for DNA modification by various carcinogens. Measurements of RNA or DNA catabolites in urine can be used as a measure for the metabolism of each of the three major species of RNA. An accumulation of modified ribonucleosides appears in the serum of uremic patients. (PMID: 3506820, 5961889, 16527824, 16061253, 8043914, 2428556, 7159514, 9607216) [HMDB] 8-Hydroxy-7-methylguanine is a modified nucleoside. 8-Hydroxy-7-methylguanine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls. Human exposure to carcinogenic alkylating agents can lead to the formation of covalently bound adducts in DNA, some of which are excreted in urine as alkylated purines following DNA degradation and repair; the N2 position of guanine is one of the major sites for DNA modification by various carcinogens. Measurements of RNA or DNA catabolites in urine can be used as a measure for the metabolism of each of the three major species of RNA. An accumulation of modified ribonucleosides appears in the serum of uremic patients. (PMID: 3506820, 5961889, 16527824, 16061253, 8043914, 2428556, 7159514, 9607216).
N2-Methylguanine
N2-Methylguanine is a modified nucleoside. N2-Methylguanine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls. Human exposure to carcinogenic alkylating agents can lead to the formation of covalently bound adducts in DNA, some of which are excreted in urine as alkylated purines following DNA degrdn. and repair; the N2 position of guanine is one of the major sites for DNA modification by various carcinogens. Measurements of RNA or DNA catabolites in urine can be used as a measure for the metabolism of each of the three major species of RNA. An accumulation of modified ribonucleosides appears in the serum of uremic patients. (PMID: 16527824, 16061253, 8043914, 2428556, 7159514, 9607216) [HMDB] N2-Methylguanine is a modified nucleoside. N2-Methylguanine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls. Human exposure to carcinogenic alkylating agents can lead to the formation of covalently bound adducts in DNA, some of which are excreted in urine as alkylated purines following DNA degrdn. and repair; the N2 position of guanine is one of the major sites for DNA modification by various carcinogens. Measurements of RNA or DNA catabolites in urine can be used as a measure for the metabolism of each of the three major species of RNA. An accumulation of modified ribonucleosides appears in the serum of uremic patients. (PMID: 16527824, 16061253, 8043914, 2428556, 7159514, 9607216).
7-Methylhypoxanthine
7-Methylhypoxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, found occasionally in human urine. Methylated purines originate from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. Purine derivatives in urinary calculi could be considered markers of abnormal purine metabolism. The content of a purine derivative in stone depends on its average urinary excretion in the general population, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and content of the latter in stone. This suggests that purines in stones represent a solid solution with uric acid as solvent. It is also plausible that methylxanthines, ubiquitous components of the diet and drugs, are involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Caffeine is metabolized via successive pathways mainly catalyzed by CYP1A2, xanthine oxidase or N-acetyltransferase-2 to give 14 different metabolites. CYP1A2 activity shows an inter-individual variability among the population. CYP1A2, an isoform of the CYP1A cytochrome P450 super-family, is involved in the metabolism of many drugs and plays a potentially important role in the induction of chemical carcinogenesis. (PMID: 11712316, 15833286, 3506820, 15013152) [HMDB] 7-Methylhypoxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, found occasionally in human urine.
1-Methylhypoxanthine
1-Methylhypoxanthine is a methylated hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. [HMDB] 1-Methylhypoxanthine is a methylated hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.
9-Carboxymethoxymethylguanine
9-Carboxymethoxymethylguanine is a metabolite of aciclovir. Aciclovir or acyclovir, chemical name acycloguanosine, abbreviated as ACV, is a guanosine analogue antiviral drug, marketed under trade names such as Cyclovir, Herpex, Acivir, Acivirax, Zovirax, and Xovir. One of the most commonly used antiviral drugs, it is primarily used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections, as well as in the treatment of varicella zoster (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). (Wikipedia)
6-oxo-famciclovir
6-oxo-famciclovir is a metabolite of famciclovir. Famciclovir is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster (shingles). It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability. Famciclovir is marketed under the trade name Famvir. On August 24, 2007, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the first generic version of famciclovir. (Wikipedia)
(2-Amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl) dihydrogen phosphate
2-Amino-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]-3H-purin-6-one
2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine
9-(4-Fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl)guanine
N-(Dimethylamino)methylene-9-((2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methyl)guanine
Acyclovir monophosphate
Acyclovir triphosphate
hydroxydeoxyguanosine
N7-(2-((Hydroxyethyl)thio)ethyl)guanine
N7-(2-Carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)guanine
1-((2-Methyl-5-methylene-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)guanine
o6-Benzylguanine
C471 - Enzyme Inhibitor > C2134 - O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase Inhibitor D000970 - Antineoplastic Agents D004791 - Enzyme Inhibitors
